Cluster Analysis of Hourly Usage Ratio of Lighting and Equipments Energy Use in Office Buildings

The hourly usage ratio is very important for lighting and equipment energy predicting of office buildings and energy saving calculation of energy efficient retrofit. 17 office buildings in Chongqing were selected to calculate daily usage ratio by using whole-year electrical consumption data of lighting and equipments energy system. According to the different hourly usage ratio, office buildings have been categorized into two main types by using cluster analysis method. Then, the typical hourly usage ratios of two types of office buildings were calculated.     

A new method for calculating the vacancy formation energy of typical structure metals

Based on the model proposed by Tiwari and Patil, we improved the calculation method for surface energy, and calculated the vacancy formation energy for typical metals such as fcc, bcc and hcp metals. The calculated results and experimental values agree with each other when an energy modification coefficient is introduced. The energy modification coefficients of fcc, bcc and hcp metals are 1.292, 1.265 and 1.357, respectively. The proposed method can calculate and predict the vacancy formation energy of metals efficiently.     

Dropwise Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient on the Horizontal Circular Surface with Radial Gradient Surface Energy

A theoretical model is developed for the dropwise condensation heat transfer on the horizontal circular surface with radial gradient surface energy based on the heat transfer model of individual condensate drop and the size distribution model of condensate drop on homogeneous condensation surface.The effect of variation of contact angle on the gradient surface on condensation heat transfer and condensate drop size distribution is taken account of in this model.The theoretical calculation method was obtained to predict the dropwise condensation heat transfer coefficient on the horizontal circular surface with radial gradient surface energy under various wall subcooled temperature,contact angle profile on wall surface,and working fluid.The effects of surface energy gradient,wall subcooled temperature,and thermophysical properties of condensate on the condensation heat transfer are discussed respectively.The calculation results show that the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases slightly with the increase of wall subcooled temperature.As latent heat and surface tension increasing,the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases.A larger surface energy gradient induces a larger condensation heat transfer coefficient.     

Sludge Treatment and Energy Consumption of Urban Water Plant

This paper introduces the composition and the treatment process of sludge and energy consumption of dewaterizers in urban water treatment plant, the new development of sludge treatment techniques and the comprehensive uses of the sludge are evaluated. The calculation formulas for power consumption and economical benefit of wastewater recovery are presented with examples, offering a basis for economical evaluation to energy consumption of the technology of wastewater recovery in water works .     

The EELVFM for Judging the Energy Conservation of CHP

Based on the Exergy Energy Level(EEL) in the process of work energy conversion about the Cogeneration Combined heat&cool and Power(CHP)and the Heating/Generating/ Cooling /Parted/Generation(HGCPG),and combined reasonably with the time infected factor of its founds(initial and operation expenses), a new method Exergy Energy Level Value Factor Method (EELVFM) ,which is more scientific for judging the energy conservation of the system , is put forward. The example is given. And the results show that the EELVFM, which can be used to judge the economical in CHP before operation, is a comprehensive thermodynamics and economics index.     

Establishment of a crop evapotranspiration calculation model and its validation

In order to contribute knowledge on the method used to calculate the actual crop evapotranspiration, soil, crop, atmosphere, and water spatial structure were integrated into a complete system. Based on the energy balance equation and aerodynamic equation, the meteorological data was reduced and the crop physiological parameter was increased, then the crop evapotranspiration calculation model under natural conditions was derived. The crop evapotranspiration calculation model was verified by the water balance formula using data generated from corn, potato, and flue-cured tobacco grown under field conditions for three consecutive years from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that: from 2017 to 2019, the average root mean square error for measured and calculated evapotranspiration of corn, potato, and flue-cured tobacco at different growth times were 0.5948, 0.4753, and 0.3326, respectively, the mean deviation, mean absolute error, and mean relative error were small, and the coefficient of determination and consistency index were both greater than 0.9100. The measured and calculated crop evapotranspiration of the selected crops increased at first and then decreased gradually as the crops matured, and finally decreased to harvest evapotranspiration, showing a parabolic trend. The crop evapotranspiration calculation model not only reflects the actual evapotranspiration of crops at different growth time but also reflects the change law of actual crop evapotranspiration. The model does not need the correction of soil moisture content, irrigation method, and crop coefficient and can directly calculate the actual crop evapotranspiration. It has the characteristics of consistency between the calculated value and the measured value, strong applicability, simple calculation process, and high accuracy and has the best effect on monitoring soil moisture and crop water shortage sensitivity. The model is significance in that it guides for monitoring soil moisture, determining actual crop evapotranspiration, crop water shortage index, and high yield and efficiency under water-saving conditions.     

Computation Method and for Thermal Transmittance of Glass Curtain walls Appllcation

The heat conduction characteristic of glass curtain wall was investigated. Based on one dimensional steady heat conduction theory, the numerical calculation model of glass system thermal transmittance was set up by using insulating glass as an example. Based on two dimensional steady heat conduction theory and finite element method, both the thermal transfer matrix and temperature load array of 3 DOFs triangular element were derived. Then the revised formulas about the heat transfer matrix and temperature load array under the boundary conditions of constant heat flux, heat convective, radiation and coupled of them were also derived. Then the numerical calculation models of glass curtain wall frame and linear thermal transmittance were set up. The program TJCW based on the Visual C++ and ObjectARX was developed for calculating the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall and was validated by contrast with the results calculated by thermal software LBNL. Finally, TJCW program was used to calculate and check the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall in a practical project. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall can be calculated correctly by adopting the presented model, and the program based on this model can be used in energy conservation calculation and analysis in the actual projects.     

新旧动能转换背景下山东省生鲜农产品循环物流模式研究

本文在调研山东省现有的农产品物流模式基础上提出农产品循环物流模式,运用SWOT法进行分析提出新旧动能转换背景下生鲜农产品循环物流的优势、劣势、机会与威胁,并在此基础上从政府、企业、消费者三个层面提出运作策略与展望,以期为山东省新旧动能转换以及生鲜农产品物流模式发展献计献策。     

槽式太阳能集热器传热模型及性能分析

槽式太阳能集热器一维和二维传热数学模型是一组非线性代数方程,为改进求解的稳定性和计算精度,将槽式太阳能集热器一维和二维传热模型的求解看作有约束优化问题,建立了集热器传热过程求解的有约束优化数学模型,应用MATLAB软件优化函数fmincon进行求解。分析了传热流体入口温度及太阳能辐射热流密度变化对集热器性能的影响。采用fmincon函数求解集热器传热过程,计算速度快,计算过程稳定。分析表明,传热流体温度变化对集热器效率的影响大于太阳能辐射热流密度对集热器效率的影响。     

SEEIP核心企业局域智慧能源网络框架及优化配置方法

智慧节能工业园区（SEEIP）的核心企业能源配置对产业集群的循环经济节能降耗具有重要作用。针对SEEIP建设与既有工业园区核心企业能源系统的智慧化改造,提出一种基于信息和通信技术（ICT）的局域智慧能源网络框架,并给出了能源生产模块、能源转换模块与能源蓄存模块中各种能源介质及品位的能量计算数学模型。以经济成本与环境影响为目标的函数,给出了SEEIP企业能源网络系统配置的优化模型,并采用改进的差异演化算法（DE）结合数据库查询技术求解该混合整数非线性规划（MINLP）优化问题,给出企业能源系统最佳配置方案,以满足用户冷、热、电需求。     

Analyses of Chongqing''s Complex Energy Consumption

This paper and studied the energy economy in the light of the system theory and method. An energy input-output table has been compiled and an energy input-output model has been set up to analyse in a broad sense the energy consumption in Chongqing with a new generalized method.     

不同杀菌剂对能源甜菜乙醇发酵的效果

为了进一步提高能源甜菜发酵乙醇的转化率,本研究采用三种杀菌剂对发酵底物进行试验。结果表明：与对照相比,分别使用漂白粉、甲醛和五氯苯酚钠三种杀菌剂后发酵效果均有提高,且三种杀菌剂均为水平2效果最好。三种杀菌剂的发酵效果顺序为：五氯苯酚钠>甲醛> >漂白粉,采用发酵前利用0.004%五氯苯酚钠50?C处理半小时。四种处理发酵前后pH值的变化幅度依次为：空白（CK）>甲醛>五氯苯酚钠>漂白粉,但根据乙醇转化率的高低确定使用五氯苯酚钠作为杀菌剂。     

小波分析在大豆叶绿素含量高光谱反演中的应用

实测了不同水肥耦合作用下,大豆冠层高光谱反射率与叶绿素含量数据,并对光谱反射率、微分光谱与叶绿素含量进行了相关分析;采用叶绿素A与叶绿素B诊断波段构建了特定植被指数,对叶绿素A、叶绿素B进行了回归分析;采用小波分析对采集的光谱反射率数据进行了能量系数提取,并以小波能量系数作为自变量进行了单变量与多变量回归分析,对叶绿素含量进行估算。经分析发现,叶绿素A、B与光谱反射率在可见光与近红外波段的相关系数的变化趋势基本一致——在可见光谱波段呈负相关,近红外波段呈正相关,红边处相关系数由负变正。特定色素植被指数可以提高大豆叶绿素估算精度（R2>0.73）;小波能量系数回归模型可以进一步提高大豆叶绿素含量的估算水平,以一个特定小波能量系数作为自变量的回归模型,叶绿素A其确定性系数R2为0.76,叶绿素B为0.78;以4变量与9变量回归分析结果表明：叶绿素A实测值与预测值的线性回归确定性系数R2分别大于0.85、0.89;叶绿素B实测值与预测值的线性回归确定性系数R2分别为0.86、0.90。     

Study on Energy - Saving Strategy and Application of Intelligent Buildings

Intelligent buildings are more convenient and comfortable, however, their energy consumption during the operation arouses a big concern in society. In this article air - conditioning system operation control is studied mainly, meanwhile, to develop a kind of energy - saving air - conditioning system and put forward a strategy of energy conservation in air - conditioning, based on the calculation of the target on - line optimized function.     

Building Energy Conservation with MARKAL Model

MARKAL is a generic model tailored by the input data to represent the evolution over a period of usually 40 to 50 years of a specific energy system at the national, regional, state or province, or community level. The database specifies the energy demands -industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation that need to be satisfied over the next several decades. It describes the available sources of supply of energy, either domestic resources or imports of oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear fuel, and renewable. A menu of technologies is provided for extracting, transporting, converting, and using energy, both existing technologies and those expected to be available within the time horizon of the model. The essential characteristics of the technologies are specified, such as their investment cost, operating and maintenance costs, service life, fuel use, efficiency, availability, output, and maximum expected market penetration. As a linear program, the model then chooses the best combination of these technologies to satisfy the projected energy demands. The basic components in a MARKAL model are specific types of energy or emission control technology. Both the supply and demand sides are integrated, so that one side responds automatically to changes in the other. The model selects that combination of technologies that minimizes total energy system cost. In the end, the article describes energy conservation for building in Chongqing.     

基于能量守恒定律对西原模型的改进与验证

在油气钻井工程中,由岩石蠕变引起的井眼缩径或井壁坍塌时有发生,本文基于能量守恒定律分析岩石蠕变的3个阶段,阐述传统的蠕变模型难以研究岩石加速蠕变阶段的原因。为此,在西原模型的基础上串联了一个绕组元件,建立改进西原模型及相应的本构方程。根据油气开发过程中所钻遇地层部分岩心的蠕变实验数据,对建立的改进西原模型进行验证,表明该模型能够很好地反映出岩石的蠕变特性,尤其是在岩石所受荷载大于长期强度的情况下,对凸显岩石加速蠕变阶段效果明显。该改进西原模型的提出可为进一步揭示岩石蠕变的客观规律提供理论依据。     

Energy Saving Principle and Design Experience of a New Type Curtain Wall

The energy consumption and sight pollution of glazing curtain wall are two problems to be urgently managed. Intelligent curtain wall is a new type one of energy conservation and environment protection, in which the thermal channel to save building energy consumption and automatic sunshade to adjust sunlight are adopted. Four engineering examples of oversea intelligent curtain wall are briefed. The construction and energy saving principle of ventilative curtain wall as the core technique of intelligent curtain wall are presented. The earliest ventilative curtain wall in China Mainland, and its test results of heat preservation in winter are stressed. The design experience of how to choose three key parameters: the width of thermal channel, the layout of inlet and outlet and the type of glass is discussed.     

Energy Consumption and Energy Use Characteristics of High-Rise Hotels: A Case Study of Xi'an,Shaanxi

In this paper, 5 high-rise hotels in Xi'an were selected for research, their energy consumption data from 2015 to 2016 were collected and analyzed, their comprehensive energy consumption per unit area was compared by using the standard coal coefficient, and their energy use characteristics and influencing factors were obtained. The test analyzed various parameters of the indoor environment and evaluated the indoor environmental quality according to the specifications and standards. Starting from the perspective of energy use systems, this paper found energy consumption priorities and problems of these hotels, and proposed feasible energy conservation measures, in a view to providing a reference for energy conservation design of high-rise hotels in Xi'an.     

Overview of Technology and Measures to Building Energy Conservation

Improvement of building energy efficiency, as a part of sustainable development strategy, makes great contribution to global environmental protection and energy security. Presented in this paper are: the history of energy conservation, a comprehensive overview of the technological options for building energy conservation, measures taken to improve building energy efficiency and some suggestions suitable for China.     

One-loop Electroweak Corrections to Muons Pair Production via Two Photon Collisions in the SM

The authors calculate the cross-section with one-loop electroweak corrections to the process in the standard model(SM),including virtual corrections and soft photon radiative correction.They discuss the relations between the cross-sections in tree level(and one-loop corrected cross sections) and center-mass energy s in the luminosity measuring ranges of GLC.