避蚊胺与避蚊酯对柞园蜱的驱避效果试验观察

柞园中蜱对饲养人员的危害十分严重,传统的驱避药剂避蚊胺对其具有良好的驱避作用,但对人体易造成不适,而避蚊酯被认为是其替代药品。通过这两种药物对柞园蜱的驱避效果试验和野外现场观察,发现在相同浓度下,避蚊胺的驱蜱活性高于避蚊酯,且10%避蚊酯不能有效驱蜱。     

柞园中蜱杀灭药剂的实验室筛选

对10种杀虫杀螨药剂进行了柞园中蜱的实验室杀灭效果试验,同时对二龄柞蚕和柞树分别进行了安全性试验。结果:1 500mg/L乐果乳油24h杀蜱效果为90%以上,且对柞蚕柞树安全,其它药剂虽有一定的杀蜱活性,但对柞蚕或柞树均有一定危害。综合各项指标,在供试药剂中以1 500mg/L乐果乳油防治柞园蜱较好。     

大蒜素对鸡皮刺螨的驱避活性

为研究大蒜素对鸡皮刺螨的驱避效果和持效时间，本试验使用滤纸片法进行体外试验，测定0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、3.0和4.0 mg/mL大蒜素溶液对鸡皮刺螨的驱避效果，并绘制驱避活性曲线；使用0.5%、1.0%、3.0%大蒜素水乳剂和长效驱避剂作为处理组，OFF驱蚊液和1.0%驱蚊酯长效驱避剂作为对照组，蒸馏水作为空白对照组，对不同浓度和剂型的大蒜素进行比较，在14 d内每2 d测定1次驱避率，并绘制驱避率变化曲线进行差异性分析。结果显示，大蒜素溶液驱避50%鸡皮刺螨时的大蒜素使用浓度(RC₅₀)和驱避100%鸡皮刺螨时的大蒜素使用浓度(RC₁₀₀)分别为1.98和3.74 mg/mL。随着大蒜素浓度增加，其驱避率升高，持效时间变长；3.0%大蒜素水乳剂在0～4 d内驱避效果优于0.5%和1.0%的大蒜素水乳剂，1.0%和3.0%大蒜素长效驱避剂在0～8 d内驱避效果优于0.5%大蒜素长效驱避剂。大蒜素长效驱避剂在相同时间内的驱避效果优于同浓度大蒜素水乳剂。与市售驱避剂相比，1.0%和3.0%大蒜素长效驱避剂驱避效果更好，且3.0%大蒜素长...     

柞蚕病虫害防治用药应注意的问题

正柞蚕生产要保持稳产、高产必须做好柞蚕的病虫害防治工作,而柞蚕的病虫害防治又离不开药剂,所以药剂的使用情况直接关系到柞蚕生产的丰欠。柞蚕放养常用的药剂分为杀虫剂、杀菌剂和驱鸟剂等,剂型分为粉剂、乳油和烟剂等。为了使蚕药发挥应有的作用,在使用蚕药时必须注意掌握蚕药的规格、浓度、施药量、时期、方法、防治对象、气候条件及对人、畜、保护对象的安全等方面问题,才能取得较好的防治效果。1掌握好药剂用途     

柞蚕病虫害防治用药需注意的问题

<正>柞蚕生产要保持稳产、高产,必须做好柞蚕的病虫害防治工作。而柞蚕的病虫害防治又离不开药剂。柞蚕放养常用的药剂分为杀虫剂、杀菌剂和驱鸟剂等,剂型分为粉剂、乳油和烟剂等。为了使蚕药发挥应有的作用,在使用蚕药时必须注意掌握蚕药的规格、浓度、施药量、时期、方法、防治对象、气候条件及对人、畜、保护对象的安全。1掌握好药剂用途各种蚕药都有特点和适用范围,由于药剂的有效成分不同,对病、虫和杂草的作用也不一样。同时病、虫     

蚕康宁防治柞蚕空胴病的室内试验效果初报

柞蚕空胴病严重威胁着柞蚕生产的安全,为有效控制该病的发生,研制出一种防治柞蚕空胴病的新药蚕康宁。将蚕康宁与现行生产中应用的防治柞蚕空胴病的药剂保蚕宁3号和蚕得乐进行了抑菌和防病效果比较试验。抑菌试验结果表明,蚕康宁的抑菌圈平均直径为47 mm,明显大于保蚕宁3号的25 mm和蚕得乐的24 mm。防治柞蚕空胴病试验结果表明,蚕康宁对柞蚕空胴病的防治效果显著优于保蚕宁3号和蚕得乐,且对柞蚕安全。     

新型杀虫剂和驱避剂在兽医临床上的应用

本文主要介绍几种杀灭或驱除动物体外寄生虫的新型药物及其临床应用。新型杀虫剂包括苯甲酸苄酯、氟虫氰和氰氟虫腙。苯甲酸苄酯能驱除大多数体外寄生虫,但仅用于犬疥螨的治疗。氟虫氰为苯吡唑类杀虫剂,有效驱杀犬和猫的跳蚤、蜱、螨虫。氰氟虫腙可有效驱杀犬、猫的跳蚤和蜱。新型驱避剂包括驱蚊胺和丙蝇驱,二者都可驱除动物的多种体外寄生虫。     

新型驱蜱贴对警犬驱蜱效果分析

近年来,通过蜱虫传播给人和动物的相关疾病受到社会广泛关注。其中,蜱虫叮咬犬会引起犬发热并传播相关疾病。如带犬人与受感染的犬亲密接触,带犬人就有可能受到蜱及蜱媒疾病感染的威胁。由于工作犬的野外训练和工作需求,尤其是在蜱虫流行季节,不可避免的会受到蜱虫感染。为保障警犬和相关人员的健康,课题组研制了一种针对警犬的驱蜱贴,通过对该驱蜱贴的实验室有效保护时间和田间实验,表明该驱蜱贴能够较好的阻止蜱虫附着在犬体上。     

栎粉舟蛾微粒子病原虫对柞蚕的感染

<正> 关于柞蚕微粒子病对野外昆虫的感染,日本学者广濑安春、上田金时等曾用人工接种的方法,证明柞蚕微粒子孢子可感染美国白蛾等八种野外昆虫,而野外昆虫的微粒子孢子对柞蚕的感染却未见报道。我们在进行柞蚕微粒子病研究过程中,发现秋柞蚕场中主要食叶昆虫——栎粉舟蛾(Fentonia ocypete Bremer)、梨刺蛾(Naroseideus flaridorsoli Sdaud)被微粒子孢子寄生的个体,并提纯出孢子,对柞蚕进行了感染试验。现已查明,它不仅对柞蚕有较强的感染性,而且是柞蚕微粒子病蚕场自然感染的重要传染源,是影响柞蚕茧质量的重要因素之一。本文主要报告柞蚕场内患微粒子病的主要昆虫种类,栎粉舟蛾微粒子病与柞蚕的交叉感染,以及药剂防治蚕场昆虫对控制柞蚕微粒子病的效果等,现将试验结果报告如下。     

兽用昆虫驱避剂筛选方法的研究：引诱性对驱避剂活性的影响

以食物为引诱剂，观察不同饥饿状态的家蝇对已知驱避剂的反应。结果表明，随着家蝇饥饿时间的延长，食物对家蝇的引诱性增加，而驱避剂的活性相对降低。为了克服由于引诱性的差异给驱避剂的筛选带来的不利影响，提出了以百分驱避率Ｒ＝（Ｃ－Ｓ）／Ｃ×１００％来表示驱避剂的生物活性的大小。     

Laboratory and field observations on anti-tick properties of the plant Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig.

A shrubby plant, abundant in east Kenya, Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig., was shown to exhibit repellent and acaricidal properties to larvae, nymphs and adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. All stages of ticks avoided the leaves of the plant and a high percentage of the ticks which were continuously exposed to its leaves died; surviving ticks were weak and inactive but regained activity when exposed to fresh air. The effectiveness of the plant's leaves as a repellent and acaricide was most pronounced on nymphs and least pronounced on adults. Field investigations indicated that ticks were not found up to 2-5 m from the plant in areas where the plant was predominant. The potential of using the plant for tick control within an integrated tick management system in the resource-poor farming context in Africa was highlighted.     

Attitudes and practices of Queensland dairy farmers to the control of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus

Objective To determine practices for the control of cattle ticks on dairy farms in Queensland, the attitudes of farmers to tick infestations and to identify opportunities for and barriers against the introduction of non-chemical methods of tick control.
Design A survey of 199 dairy farmers from tick-infested parts of Queensland was undertaken by 20 dairy advisers and stock inspectors from October 1996 to June 1997. The sample was a proportional, random selection of dairy farms from four regions. A personal interview was conducted with each farmer and answers to 134 questions were obtained.
Results and conclusions Most farmers were not concerned by cattle ticks on their own farms, although they believed that ticks are important to the dairy industry. They were most concerned about the development of chemical resistance by cattle ticks. Inadequate facilities and lack of motivation appeared to be the factors most limiting to improving the methods of control. Most farmers claimed to have only small numbers of ticks at worst. Although a control program recom mended by the Queensland Dairyfarmers' Organisation was well regarded by farmers, few had adopted it. Many farmers saw no need to implement a strategic control program.     

Communal cattle farmer’s knowledge,attitudes and practices on ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), tick control and acaricide resistance

The aim of this study was to reveal communal farmer’s knowledge, attitudes and practice on ticks and tick-borne diseases affecting cattle, tick control methods used and their knowledge on acaricide resistance. A total of 160 structured questionnaires are prepared and randomly administered to cattle farmers in Sinqu and Elundini communities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Associations between the area, gender, age, employment, source of income, level of education and farming experience were statistically tested using Chi-square test. Gall sickness (63%) was the most prevailing tick-borne disease in cattle during the summer season (61%). About 59% of the farmers had no knowledge of the effect of tick-borne diseases on cattle production, and 78% of respondents reported that ticks are the major challenge to cattle farming. Pour-on (61%) was the most commonly used acaricidal treatment system with every fortnight (40%) treatment frequency during the summer season and (31%) during the winter season. Pyrethroids (73%) were the most used acaricide compounds to control ticks, and about 65% of respondents perceived to have no knowledge of the use of ethnoveterinary medicines used to control ticks. Inefficacy of acaricide (44%) and undipped animals (42%) were regarded as the major contributing factors to the increased tick population and acaricide resistance. About 85% of respondents perceived that they do not practice acaricide rotation and 88% of the respondents had no knowledge of the acaricide resistance. Within the context of this study, ticks and tick-associated diseases are perceived by these farmers as the most important disease problem their cattle face. Thus, knowledge regarding the epidemiology of ticks and tick-borne diseases is key to control strategies, and farmer training should be encouraged to achieve better control of ticks and the diseases they transmit.

     

Cattle farmers' perception of the nuisances caused by insects and ticks to cattle in the Canton Jura

During summer 2005, a survey of 172 farmers from the Canton Jura was carried out to determine their perception of the nuisances caused by insects and ticks to cattle. The presence of ticks was significantly more often spontaneously mentioned by farmers in the Clos-du-Doubs and in the district of Delémont (95% and 72%, respectively) than in Ajoie and in the Franches-Montagnes (29% and 19%, respectively, p < 0.0001). 20% of the farmers perceived the tick populations to be increasing. The following diseases were spontaneously listed: keratoconjunctivitis (59%), mastitis related to flies (31%), hypodermosis (15%), ehrlichiosis (12%) and babesiosis (10%). Suspicion of ehrlichiosis was significantly more often mentioned in the district of Delémont than in the rest of the canton (p < 0.001) which was associated with the presence of ticks observed by farmers (p < 0.001). Cases of clinical babesiosis, which is common in the Clos_du_Doubs, were mentioned by farmers outside this area: Delémont (3/57) and Ajoie (1/26). In this study babesiosis depends on the production area, on the presence of ticks observed by farmers and on the presence of water in the pasture (p < 0.05). This study shows that cattle farmers are well aware of the presence of the diseases linked to insects and ticks and that the perception of their distribution is in accordance with the epidemiological data. An overview of the epidemiology of tick- and insect-related diseases can therefore be established by surveying farmers' perception, but should then be confirmed by a biomedical study. Due to their accurate observations, farmers are key participants at the first level of surveillance systems of animal diseases.     

Repellent effects of the essential oil of Lavendula angustifolia against adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes

The repellent effects of the essential oil of Lavendula angustifolia on adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes was studied at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20% v/v. A suitable tick climbing bioassay based on the questing behaviour of ticks was used to test for repellency. High percentage repellency (range 70-100) was shown at all concentrations of the essential oil of L. angustifolia, although at 5% v/v it only persisted for the first 40 minutes compared with 120 minutes at other concentrations (10 and 20% v/v). The repellent strength of L. angustifolia compared well (P > 0.05) with that of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), a commercial reference repellent, for the 2-hour period of the study.     

Knowledge,beliefs, and practices regarding tick bites in the Turkish population in a rural area of the Middle Anatolian Region

The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge, beliefs, and practices of a population living in a rural area in regards to tick bites and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). The study was conducted in a rural area located in Central Anatolia in the region of Eskişehir. A total of 1,500 individuals aged 20 years and older chosen by a stratified random sample were enrolled. A questionnaire was administered in person. In 264 (17.4%) participants, there was a history of being bitten by a tick. This rate was higher in older persons, males, married persons, and farmers. The most commonly reported protective behavior was wearing long sleeves and long pants when wandering in rural areas (65.1% of participants). The least commonly reported behavior was using insect repellent on skin or clothes (3.3% of participants). Only 799 participants (54%) had heard about CCHF as a disease associated with ticks. Females, those with primary school education, housewives, and male farmers had a high frequency of having heard about CCHF. Tick bites and CCHF are important public health problems, yet the current knowledge of these problems is not sufficient in populations living in rural areas of the Middle Anatolian Region of Turkey.     

氟雷拉纳在动物寄生虫疾病控制中的应用进展

氟雷拉纳是一种新型应用于动物的驱体外寄生虫长效药，属于异噁唑啉类的广谱驱虫药，最早被使用在农业杀虫，新型的高效 GABA 控氯离子通道干扰剂，与环戊二烯类、苯基吡唑类和大环内酯类等杀虫剂的作用靶标类似。氟雷拉纳对蜱目、蚤目、虱目、半翅目和双翅目等昆虫均表现出很好的杀灭效果，并且对哺乳动物无明显的毒性影响。近年来，氟雷拉纳被国内外动物医学和农业科学学者关注，用于动物体外寄生虫病的治疗和预防。本文就氟雷拉纳国内外动物寄生虫方面的研究进展进行了分析。     

Tick control methods used by resource-limited farmers and the effect of ticks on cattle in rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

A survey to document tick control methods used by resource-limited farmers in the control of cattle ticks in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa was conducted by interviewing 59 cattle farmers using structured questionnaires and general conversation. Information collected was on external parasites of cattle, their effects and their control methods. Ticks were reported to be a major problem causing diseases like anaplasmosis (89.8%), babesiosis (55.9%) and ehrlichiosis (16.9%), as well as wounds that predispose to screwworm infestation, tick worry and teat damage to cows troubling farmers in their farming enterprises. The main tick control methods were; acaricides provided by government, however 94.9% of the farmers interviewed were of the opinion that the dip wash is not effective in killing the ticks. As a result, farmers complement the government dipping service with their own initiatives like spraying with conventional acaricides (22%), household disinfectants such as Jeyes fluid (18.6%), used engine oil (10.2%), chickens (5.1%), manual removal (5.1%), and pouricides (1.7%). In addition, some farmers also use plants (6.8%), mainly the leaf of Aloe ferox and the bark of Ptaeroxylon obliquum. The study revealed ticks to be a major problem in the study area.     

Pseudoparasitism of broiler chicks by mites of the family Uropodidae, genus Fuscuropoda

Seven 6-day-old broiler chicks were presented dead and heavily infested with ectoparasites. Tentatively identified as Argas ticks, the parasites were later determined to be non-parasitic mites of the family Uropodidae, genus Fuscuropoda.     

The control of heartwater by means of tick control

Two main methods are currently being used by farmers in the heartwater regions to control this disease in cattle and other stock, namely strategic control of ticks and total control of ticks. Some farmers make successful use of the latter method, particularly in areas which are marginal for the disease. Total tick control requires top managerial skills, which includes continual expert supervision, a relatively rare asset. The majority of farmers, often unintentionally, apply strategic control of ticks to control heartwater, either without or with vaccination against the disease. In this case the objective of tick control is to minimize "tick worry" without interfering too drastically with natural transmission of the disease. This method would make provision for natural immunization of young animals (a more uncertain method than vaccination) and the maintenance of immunity. In practice these methods appear to diminish deaths from heartwater appreciably, but do not protect all animals from the disease. Furthermore, they appear to be more effective in cattle than other stock. Although strategic control has an evolutionary background and considerable merit under African conditions, it is being applied in an empirical way because of paucity of information on the epidemiology of heartwater. More information on the infection rate in and infectivity of ticks (percentage of infected ticks) offer challenging research possibilities.