水利工程中水土流失防止对策

近几年,随着我国社会经济的发展,民众生活质量的提高,水利工程项目建设也逐渐增多,随之而来的水土流失问题愈发严重,对周围环境造成了严重破坏。基于此,分析水利工程中水土流失因素,如气候地形、破坏地表植物、施工占地等,并以此为基础,探究防止水土流失的措施,旨在保证当地生态环境,确保水利工程能够安全运行。     

提高黄土高原杏树经济林效益的技术措施

杏树的生物学特性决定了它可以在黄土高原种植,而且在黄土高原种植杏树也能够在一定程度上减少水土流失,使当地的环境得到改善。当地的农民在种植杏树的过程中也能得到一定的回报,但是,由于黄土高原的环境比较恶劣,杏树在当地能够产生的经济效益并不高。因此,本文对如何提高黄土高原杏树经济林效益进行了分析,并提出了一些解决这一问题的技术措施,希望能够对杏树经济林效益的提高有所帮助。     

淳安县山核桃林发展生态种养循环经营模式的探讨

淳安县的山核桃是当地4大支柱产业之一,为当地带来了可观的经济效益,对于当地生态环境的保护也起着一定的作用。但是,随着山核桃纯林面积的不断扩大,致使生态环境存在着水土流失等问题,因此,发展生态种植,发展山核桃林是一个值得探讨的问题。     

浅谈落叶松育苗技术

落叶松在山西省是一种十分常见的树种,不管是在种植规模还是种植技术方面都具有较高的优势。特别是在海拔较高的山西省五台山种植落叶松,可以有效改善当地的水土流失现象,同时也能够大大降低自然灾害的发生率,促进当地生态建设的健康发展。基于此,本文主要针对落叶松育苗及抚育管理展开了深入的分析。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区梨树规范化栽培技术

宁夏黄土丘陵区水土流失严重,生态条件脆弱,为了有效地保护当地生态条件,提高农民收入,近年在实施退化生态系统恢复和强化生态与经济协调发展的过程中,根据当地自然特点和生产经营方式,本着因地制宜、因害设防的原则,按照宜林地立地条件有针对性、指导性地制定了宁夏黄土丘陵区梨树规范化栽培技术。     

陕北林业生产建设中的问题讨论

随着我国经济快速发展,人们的生活不断在提高,但是对生态环境的意识越来越差。陕北地区处于黄土高原与黄河流域中游,是我国老革命根据地,地形复杂,环境恶劣,常年遭受风沙,森林不断被破坏,这在很大程度上影响人与自然和谐相处,同时也造成了当地经济水平的落后。林业的保护和建设可以加快当地的经济发展,也能够调节生态环境,防治水土流失。本文针对目前陕北林业发展现状以及建设中应解决的问题进行讨论,并给出相应解决措施。     

提升西北地区苗木培育质量的方法

在我国西北地区,因为各种自然和人为因素的影响,荒漠化及水土流失较严重,严重影响到了当地居民的日常生活,并且限制了我国西北地区的社会和经济发展。提出了一些有效的方法以及建议,讨论和分析了提高育苗的质量的一些方法。     

杏树秋冬季主要管理措施

杏树因具有耐寒耐旱耐贫瘠、适应性强等特性,作为先锋树种,在保持水土流失和风沙治理工作中发挥非常重要的作用,并且经济价值相对较高,成为平山县当地农户种植主要经济树种之一,为当地群众带来一定经济效益。但多数农户在种植杏树过程中,不重视秋冬季管理,造成林地经营经济效益低,农户收益不太理想。因此,结合实践,探讨与分析杏树秋冬季主要管理措施,旨在指导当地农户在种植杏树过程中,更好地进行杏树秋冬管理,为杏树生长创造有利条件,促进杏树丰产丰收,增加经济效益,推动当地杏树产业的持续健康发展。     

百色石山地区造林技术及适用树种探讨

广西百色是一个典型山地地区,山地丘陵面积多达95%,石山地区土地荒漠化水土流失严重。本文结合当地多年植树造林研究经验,对石山地区适用树种和造林技术进行应用探究,为广大林业工作者提供参考。     

对朝阳地区枣生产的建议

朝阳地区属干旱半干旱气候,年降水量400～600mm,且70%以上集中在6-9月份.1999-2002年连续4年的大旱,使农作物严重减产甚至绝收,土地严重沙化,水土流失面积加大,恶化了当地的生态环境.     

不同坡度及牧草种植对紫色土幼龄柑桔园水土流失的影响

通过对紫色土幼龄柑桔园不同坡度及牧草间作条件下水土流失情况的模拟研究看出，实行清耕的坡地柑桔园，随着坡度增大，地表径流和土壤侵蚀量均大幅度增加，反之，20cm深处土层的渗透水量则相应下降。果园地面问种牧草可大幅度减少水土流失，其效果与地面覆盖率、刈割时间等有关。地面覆盖率高时水土流失量大幅度减少；下雨前刈割会加大水土流失。     

Agricultural land-use patterns and soil erosion vulnerability of watershed units in Vietnam’s northern highlands

Since the mid eighties, agricultural development and increased population growth in Vietnam’s northern highlands have modified land use patterns and thus, increased the runoff process and soil degradation induced by water erosion. In the last decade, Vietnamese literature has focused on the computation of soil losses over large areas. Most of these spatial and quantitative soil erosion studies do not consider the impact of agricultural land use diversity (spatial heterogeneity), particularly at the watershed scale, and the annual variability of seasonal landscape factors on soil erosion vulnerability and hence, landscape dynamics. We present an integrated approach combining field measurements and observations, GIS and modeling to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil erosion vulnerability according to watershed units and hence, the impact of physical environment components and agricultural land use patterns on landscape evolution. Tables and graphics showing the cropping systems, the periods within a year, and the watershed units that are most vulnerable are presented. The double cultivation cycles for paddy rice fields not only imply two periods of land preparation and establishment that expose the soil surface to raindrop impacts, but also increased soil management practices that decrease the soil’s resistance to detachment. Despite the low levels of soil management practices for the shifting cultivation system, the near absence of soil conservation practices clearly increases their vulnerability. Hence, rainfed cropping systems, mainly soya and cassava, cultivated on sloping lands (hills and mountains) where soil erosion vulnerability is the highest represent the watershed units which are the most prone to soil loss.     

Bush cover and range condition assessments in relation to landscape and grazing in southern Ethiopia

Progressive growth of bush cover in dry savannahs is responsible for declines in range conditions. In southern Ethiopia, the Booran pastoralists assisted our understanding of spatial patterns of bush cover and range conditions in 54 landscape patch types grouped into six landscape units within an area of 30000 km². The size of landscape patches sampled was 625 m². We assessed the relationships between bush cover, grass cover and bare soil and grazing pressure and soil erosion and changes in range condition. Externally, political conflicts and internally, break down of land use, and official bans on the use of fire promoted bush cover and the decline in range conditions. Bush cover was negatively correlated with grass cover, and positively correlated with bare soil. Grass cover was negatively correlated with bare soil and grazing pressure in most landscape patch types. Grazing pressure was not significantly correlated with bush cover or bare soil, while soil erosion was directly related to bare soil. Soil erosion was absent in 64% of the landscape patch types, and seemingly not a threat to the rangelands. The relationship between bush cover, grass cover, bare soil and soil erosion is complex and related to climate, landscape geology, and patterns of land use. Main threats to range conditions are bush climax, loss of grass cover and unpalatable forbs. Currently, >70% of the landscape patch types are in poor to fair range conditions. Decline in range conditions, unless reversed, will jeopardise the pastoral production system in southern Ethiopia.     

Global vulnerability of soil ecosystems to erosion

Landscape Ecology - Soil erosion is one of the main threats driving soil degradation across the globe with important impacts on crop yields, soil biota, biogeochemical cycles, and ultimately human...     

Erosion regulation as a function of human disturbances to vegetation cover: a conceptual model

Human-induced land cover changes are causing important effects on the ecological services rendered by mountain ecosystems, and the number of case-studies of the impact of humans on soil erosion and sediment yield has mounted rapidly. In this paper, we present a conceptual model that allows evaluating overall changes in erosion regulation after human disturbances. The basic idea behind this model is that soil erosion mechanisms are independent of human impact, but that the frequency–magnitude distributions of erosion rates change as a response to human disturbances. Pre-disturbance (or natural) erosion rates are derived from in situ produced ¹⁰Be concentrations in river sediment, while post-disturbance (or modern) erosion rates are derived from sedimentation rates in small catchments. In its simplicity, the model uses vegetation cover change as a proxy of human disturbance. The erosion regulation model is here applied in two mountainous regions with different vegetation dynamics, climatic and geological settings: the Austro Ecuatoriano, and the Spanish Betic Cordillera. Natural erosion benchmarks are necessary to assess human-induced changes in erosion rates. While the Spanish Betic Cordillera is commonly characterized as a degraded landscape, there is no significant difference between modern catchment-wide erosion and long-term denudation rates. The opposite is true for the Austro Ecuatoriano where the share of natural erosion in the total modern erosion rate is minimal for most disturbed sites. When pooling pre- and post-disturbance erosion data from both regions, the data suggest that the human acceleration of erosion is related to vegetation disturbances. The empirical regression model predicts human acceleration of erosion, here defined as the ratio of post-disturbance to pre-disturbance (or natural benchmark) erosion rate, as an exponential function of vegetation disturbance. This suggests that the sensitivity to human-accelerated erosion would be ecosystem dependent, and related to the potential vegetation cover disturbances as a result of human impact. It may therefore be expected that the potential for erosion regulation is larger in well-vegetated ecosystem where strong differences may exist in vegetation cover between human disturbed and undisturbed or restored sites.     

Making use of the ecosystem services concept in regional planning—trade-offs from reducing water erosion

In this article we demonstrate how to integrate the ecosystem services concept into regional planning using the example of a case study in Saxony, Germany. We analysed how the reduction of water erosion as a regulating service impacts six other ecosystem services. Ecological integrity, provisioning services (provision of food and fibre, provision of biomass), regulating services (soil erosion protection, drought-risk regulation, flood regulation), and the cultural service landscape aesthetics are taken into account. Using a decision support software, we found that the greening of preferential discharge paths can reduce water erosion by 2–7 %. The introduction of hedgerows and the change in the soil management system from tillage to no-till practices revealed a reduction in the total soil loss by 33 and 89 %, respectively. A combination of the three erosion control measures—greening, hedgerows, and no-till management—reduced the soil loss most efficiently by 92 %. We found synergies between the measures for reducing erosion and the provision of ecological integrity, of regulating and cultural ecosystem services. In contrast, the impact on provisioning services was slightly negative. For the land use planning in the case study region we recommend therefore a combination of greening, hedges, and management change. We found that the applied integrated ecosystem services assessment approach, in combination with stakeholder involvement in the scenario development, helped communicating cross-sectoral effects of different management strategies in a comprehensive way and therefore supports regional planning.     

废弃矿山挂网喷播土壤理化性质动态变化

对徐州市王山废弃矿山挂网喷播前后土壤理化性质动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:挂网喷播后,土壤水土流失量降低,抗蚀性明显提高,土壤总孔隙度和田间持水量增加,土壤密度和pH值降低,土壤养分含量及综合肥力指数明显提高.     

四个苹果新品种果园土壤培肥与节水技术操作规程

总结了4个早熟苹果新品种“七月鲜”、“绿帅”、“凉香”、“昂林”果园土壤培肥与节水技术,初步制定出了“七月鲜”、“绿帅”、“凉香”、“昂林”苹果果园土壤培肥与节水技术操作规程(SOP),为早熟苹果新品种产业化生产提出了地方行业标准.     

基于粒子群算法优化BP神经网络的土壤含水量短期预测模型

为提高土壤含水量预测精度,基于物联网监测数据,提出了粒子群算法(PSO)优化BP神经网络的土壤含水量预测方法。首先应用主成分分析法筛选出影响土壤含水量的关键影响因子,然后构建8-5-1的BP神经网络拓扑结构,应用粒子群算法优化BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值。结果表明:与传统BP神经网络相比,新模型优化了网络结构,避免了陷入局部最优解,具有良好的预测效果;模型的评价指标平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分误差、误差均方根分别为0.259 2、0.010 5和0.135 6,与单一BP神经网络相比,预测精度更高,可满足实际的土壤含水量预测的需要。     

Agricultural soil redistribution and landscape complexity

A number of hypotheses and conceptual models, particularly those emphasizing nonlinear dynamics and self-organization, postulate increases or decreases in complexity in the evolution of drainage basins, topography, soils, ecosystems, and other earth surface systems. Accordingly, it is important to determine under what circumstances and at what scales either trend might occur. This paper is concerned with changes in soil landscape complexity due to redistribution of sediment by fluvial, aeolian, and tillage processes at historical time scales in an agricultural field system near Grifton, North Carolina. Soil mapping and soil stratigraphic investigations were used to identify and map soil changes associated with erosion and deposition by water, wind, and tillage; reconstruct the pre-agricultural soil pattern; and identify transformations between soil types. The Kolmogorov entropy of the pre- and post- agricultural landscapes was then compared. The soil transformations associated with erosion and deposition created four distinct new soils and made possible new transformations among soil series, increasing the number of soil types from seven to 11 and the number of possible transformations from 14 to 22. However, the entropy and complexity of the soil landscape decreased, with associated increases in information and redundancy. The mass redistributions created a lower-entropy landscape by concentrating particular soils and soil transformations in specific landscape settings. This result is contrary to studies showing a trend toward increasing pedological complexity at comparable spatial scales, but over much longer time scales. These results point to the importance of temporal scale, and to the fact that environmental complexity is influenced by factors other than the number of different landscape units present.