滨海盐渍土适宜土壤盐碱改良剂的筛选研究

针对黄河三角洲地区的实际情况和滨海盐渍土特点,进行利用土壤盐碱改良剂改良盐渍土的研究。引进了4种土壤盐碱改良剂,通过在中度和重度盐渍土上的试验,分析化验土壤含盐量和测定作物产量,对所测定结果进行综合分析,筛选出适宜于滨海盐渍土的最佳改良剂。试验分析结果表明,4种土壤盐碱改良剂都能降低土壤含盐量,其中盐碱土壤修复材料效果最好,是滨海盐渍土适宜的土壤盐碱改良剂。     

变化环境下土壤生物多样性潜在威胁与影响因素

作为地球上生物最为丰富的生境,土壤生态系统具有高度的生物多样性,并与地上生态系统有着密切联系。随着经济快速发展,人为干扰日益严重,土壤生物多样性遭受严重威胁,在物种大量灭绝及对土壤生物多样性总体认识相对局限的双重背景下,有效保护土壤生物多样性迫在眉睫。首先,提出了土壤生物多样性的威胁框架,并详述了土地利用变化、农业管理措施、土壤退化、转基因作物、外来植物入侵五大威胁因素在生态系统,物种,基因三个尺度下的不同作用过程。其次,阐明了各威胁因素对土壤生物多样性的具体影响及其驱动机制。最后指出,尽管人们对于上述威胁因素的研究已经有了部分成果,但对于研究各威胁因素在不同尺度下的影响,明确因素间相互作用方式及贡献程度,进行土壤生物多样性威胁的空间精细化制图等方面还面临着巨大挑战。分析土壤生物多样性潜在威胁能够为实现对其综合定量评估、保护土壤生物多样性以及城市规划等提供有力依据。     

Relating microarthropod community structure and diversity to soil fertility manipulations in temperate grassland

We aimed to identify patterns of diversity in a below-ground community of microarthropods (mites and Collembola) after 15 months of a nutrient (calcium and nitrogen) manipulation experiment, located at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Soil Biodiversity Site in Scotland, UK. We found that microarthropod densities increased with elevated soil fertility, but we detected no concurrent change in the diversity of soil microarthropods (mites and Collembola combined). That microarthropod density increased concurrently with improvements in soil fertility and plant productivity suggests that soil microarthropod communities are predominately regulated by bottom-up forces, driven by increased energy transfer via plant inputs to soil, providing increased food resources for fauna. However, that we found no concurrent change in the diversity of soil microarthropods provides little support for the idea that the diversity of soil fauna is positively related to their population density, primary productivity or improvements in soil conditions resulting from nutrient manipulations. However, we did find that microarthropod communities of more fertile sites contained a greater proportion of predators suggesting that more energy was transferred to higher trophic levels under elevated soil fertility. Our findings suggest that unlike plant communities, soil faunal diversity may not be strongly regulated by competition in productive situations, since competitive exclusion might not occur due to increased predation. Whilst we conclude that soil microarthropod diversity at our study site has not been affected by the nutrient additions to date, in the longer term we predict that changes in community composition and diversity could arise, most likely through top-down regulation of the soil food web.     

鲁中山区小流域坡面土壤侵蚀强度与磁化率的空间分异特征研究

研究选取泰安市和曲阜市典型小流域，系统地研究了小流域坡面土壤磁化率与土壤侵蚀状况的空间分异特征，明确了土壤磁性与土壤侵蚀强度的关系。结果表明：自山顶往下，坡面空间尺度上的土壤磁化率均呈波状变化，总的趋势是底部高于上部。坡面中部表土磁化率为林地〉草地〉农地，坡面不同空间部位的土壤侵蚀强度为上部〉底部，农地〉草地〉林地。从不同坡向的比较来看，阳坡的土壤磁化率低且变异幅度大，其土壤侵蚀强度大于阴坡。土壤磁化率与土壤侵蚀强度呈反相关关系．不同空间部位的土壤磁化率高低可直观地反映土壤侵蚀强度的空间分异特征。     

基于模糊k-均值算法模型的土壤数值化分类——以河南省境内分布的雏形土为例

本研究基于《中国土系志·河南卷》中的97个雏形土土壤样本点,根据土壤系统分类标准遴选并确定用于划分雏形土纲中不同层级分类单元的16个土壤诊断层和诊断特性,并依据这些不同指标的属性特征值和不同层级指标的权重建立属性数据集。基于此数据集运用模糊k-均值算法模型,确定6个聚类中心土壤,计算样本土壤与中心土壤之间的分类距离,并对研究区97个土壤样本实施数值化分类。研究表明,基于97个样本点与各中心土壤之间的分类距离进行土壤数值化分类,并通过检验数值化土壤分类结果与谱系式层级土壤分类单元的一致性,可以评价传统的谱系式层级土壤分类系统的合理性。     

探索“透明”土壤体：土壤孔隙学的时代已经启航

土壤是地球表面由固、液、气三相组成的疏松多孔介质体,土壤物理、化学和生物学等过程主要发生在液相和气相填充的土壤孔隙中及其与固相的交界面。随着无损探测土壤孔隙结构、土壤生物化学原位分析和计算机模拟等技术的快速发展和计算能力的提升,从土壤孔隙的形态、结构和功能的角度,原位、直观、精确地研究土壤中动态发生的各种过程成为可能,推动了对真实土壤中各种微观过程与机制的研究。基于前期的研究进展,本文提出,研究透明土壤体的物理学—土壤孔隙学（Soilporelogy）的时代已经启航。土壤孔隙学主要针对土壤孔隙空间,研究其动态变化与土壤物理、土壤化学和土壤生物（生态）互作过程及其效应。以土壤孔隙学为主线,本文首先介绍了获取土壤孔隙方法的进步,进而论述了基于土壤孔隙的流体运动、生物化学过程、根系和生物活动以及土壤微观生态学等的试验和模拟研究。最后,本文对土壤孔隙学的研究方法和理论发展方向进行了展望,相信基于土壤孔隙的研究会推动土壤学研究新的发展。     

Changes in plant community structure and soil biota along soil nitrate gradients in two deciduous forests

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is a serious threat to biodiversity and the functioning of many ecosystems, particularly so in N-limited systems, such as many forests. Here we evaluate the associations between soil nitrate and changes in plant community structure and soil biota along nitrate gradients from croplands into closed forests. Specifically, we studied the composition of the understory plant and earthworm communities as well as soil microbial properties in two deciduous forests (Echinger Lohe (EL) and Wippenhauser Forst (WF)) near Munich, Germany, which directly border on fertilized agricultural fields. Environmental variables, like photosynthetically active radiation, distance to the edge and soil pH were also determined and used as co-variates. In both forests we found a decrease in understory plant coverage with increasing soil nitrate concentrations. Moreover, earthworm biomass increased with soil nitrate concentration, but this increase was more pronounced in EL than in WF. Soil microbial growth after addition of a nitrogen source increased significantly with soil nitrate concentrations in WF, indicating changes in the composition of the soil microbial community, although there was no significant effect in EL. In addition, we found changes in earthworm community composition along the soil nitrate gradient in WF. Taken together, the composition and functioning of forest soil communities and understory plant cover changed significantly along soil nitrate gradients leading away from fertilized agricultural fields. Inconsistent patterns between the two forests however suggest that predicting the consequences of N deposition may be complicated due to context-dependent responses of soil organisms.     

中国土地资源的土壤侵蚀状况分析

土壤侵蚀不仅会导致土地资源的退化 ,而且会造成环境恶化。在定义土壤侵蚀指数的基础上 ,以土地资源类型为单元 ,以遥感与 GIS技术为支撑 ,分析不同土地资源类型下土壤侵蚀类型与强度 ,阐明土地资源的土壤侵蚀背景 ,揭示出两者之间的关系 ,并作出区域上的分析。在我国的北方以还草为主 ,南方以还林为主。     

中国土壤侵蚀现状及综合防治对策研究

阐述应用 RS和 GIS技术相结合进行全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查的方法和流程 ,建立全国土壤侵蚀分类系统和强度分级指标 ,采用全数字作业的人机交互判读分析方法编制全国土壤侵蚀图 ,依靠 GIS技术建立全国土壤侵蚀属性数据库和图形数据库 ;并对调查结果进行全面深入的分析 ,揭示出其分布规律及特点 :全国土壤侵蚀从面积和强度上都是由东向西递增 ,并存在集中连片分布。最后针对其特点提出了综合防治的对策     

PAM对土壤物理性状影响的试验研究及机理分析

通过试验模拟,研究了关中土娄土中施加聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)后对土壤基本物理性状的影响。结果表明,经PAM处理后,土壤水稳性团聚体含量均高于对照,在同一施用方式下,有随PAM浓度的加大其含量呈上升趋势。同时,PAM可有效降低土壤容重,增加土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量。研究结果还表明,PAM施用量过大时会降低土壤的渗透性。在试验研究的基础上对PAM的改土、保水机理进行了分析     

Soil compression influences the avoidance behavior of Allonychiurus kimi (Collembola) to cadmium and copper

The behavior of soil organisms inhabiting soil pore spaces can be influenced by soil compression, which can affect their avoidance behavior to pollutants. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of soil compression on the avoidance behavior of Allonychiurus kimi (Collembola) to heavy metals cadmium and copper. Initially, to assess the applicability of the avoidance test guideline of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed for Folsomia candida, we investigated the avoidance behavior of A. kimi to cadmium and copper in an artificial soil with a loose structure (bulk density of 0.25 g cm-3), the porous texture of which was sufficiently loose to enable A. kimi to move between pore spaces. The effect of soil compression on the avoidance behavior of A. kimi to both metals was evaluated in compressed soil (bulk density of 0.64 g cm^-3) with a uniformly compressed soil surface, and avoidance behavior was investigated at 24-h intervals over a 120-h period. Given that A. kimi is unable to burrow into compressed soil, the compressed soil test can minimize the effects of differences in soil factors, such as soil porosity and bulk density, on the behavior of this collembolan. In the artificial soil, a statistically significant avoidance behavior of A. kimi was observed at cadmium and copper concentrations greater than 50 and 200 mg kg^-1, respectively, thereby indicating the applicability of the ISO avoidance test guidelines for A. kimi. When compared at the same exposure time point, the avoidance response to both metals in compressed soil was less sensitive than that in uncompressed soil. In addition, we observed differences in the effects of metals on avoidance response in the compressed soil over time, with the effect of cadmium increasing with time and the effect of copper showing the opposite trend. Overall, we found that soil compression can affect the avoidance behavior of A. kimi to cadmium and copper, and we discussed the advantages and limitations of using compressed soil for assessments of pollutant toxicity.     

基于热红外发射率光谱的土壤盐分预测模型的建立与验证

该研究尝试性地分析盐渍化土壤热红外发射率光谱特征,并建立土壤盐分高光谱预测模型,旨在为遥感传感器识别土壤盐分信息奠定基础。首先,采用FTIR（Fourier transform infrared spectrometer）温度与发射率分离处理软件进行土壤温度和发射率的分离。运用高斯滤波平滑法对研究区野外测的土壤样品热红外发射率光谱数据进行滤波去噪处理。其次,对不同土壤含盐量热红外发射率光谱数据进行特征分析;然后在原始热红外发射率光谱数据的基础上进行4种形式的数学变换,分析热红外发射率光谱数据的变换处理形式与土壤含盐量之间的定量相关性。最后,使用多元回归方法建立预测模型并进行精度评价。结果表明：经过数据变换处理后,发射率光谱差异性有所提高;以平方根变换后的热红外光谱数据建立的预测模型效果较好,R2达到0.82。该研究将热红外遥感独特的发射率光谱特性应用于土壤盐渍化的实际科学问题中,为定量地分析盐渍土热红外发射率光谱信息提供参考。     

Utilization of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify the impact of earthworms on soil and carbon erosion in steep slope ecosystem: A study case in Northern Vietnam

This work focuses on a new approach to quantify the effects of above-ground earthworm's activity on soil erosion in steep slope ecosystems such as in Northern Vietnam. In these areas and in many others in the world, soil erosion becomes a major issue while the factors that determine it are still misunderstood. Earthworm's activity is believed to influence soil erosion rate, but we are still unable to precisely quantify their contribution to soil erosion. In this study, we used Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify the proportion of soil aggregate in eroded soil coming from earthworm activity. This was done by generating NIRS signatures corresponding to different soil surface aggregates (above-ground soil casts produced by earthworms vs. surrounding topsoil).     

石漠化地区水土地下漏失治理

岩溶区的水土流失具有特殊性,地上与地下流失并存,而且水土的地下漏失常被忽视。本文从自然因素和人为影响两个方面简述了石漠化产生的原因。在此基础上,重点分析了石漠化地区水土地下漏失的危害、水土地下漏失的作用机制,并通过综述土壤地下漏失研究方法,提出了石漠化地区水土地下漏失防治措施建议。研究旨为岩溶石漠化水、土地下侵蚀控制提供依据和参考。     

不同措施对退化草地土壤和植被的影响

在我国干旱、半干旱草原区,草场沙退化和水土流失等现象十分严重,而要解决这一问题,首先应搞好水土保持生态环境监测。为了客观地分析和评价各项水土保持措施实施后给生态环境带来的效应,我们在京津风沙源科技支撑项目实施过程中,在我所建立的草地水土保持生态技术试验基地,对各项措施实施前后的生态指标进行了连续4年的动态监测。主要研究了退化草地围封前后及围栏内不同恢复措施对土壤水分与养分及草场植被的影响。结果表明：围栏前后土壤水分、养分和草场植被都发生了变化,尤其对草场植被的影响极其明显,封育草场的植被盖度较未封育的天然草场植被盖度平均增加了58.66%。围栏内不同恢复措施对土壤水分、养分和草场植被也都有明显的影响。     

Dynamics of water, temperature, and salts in typical aridic soils after artificial rainstorms

In order to learn more about soil genesis, and ecology in the extremely dry desert of southwestern Egypt, we carried out irrigation experiments at four sites representing four typical (Solonchak and Yermosol) types of soil occurrence in this region. The irrigations simulated the rare episodic rainstorms. We measured water content, temperature, and salt content at various depths in the soil profiles for several weeks, at first hourly, then daily; we also observed changes in soil morphology. Thus, we obtained the rates of evaporation, water penetration, and salt migration at these sites. We speculate on the meaning of these data regarding soil genesis, and ecology in hyperarid deserts.     

三峡库区砾石坡耕地农林复合经营效益研究

在三峡库区砾石坡耕地采用水平阶整地方式 ,布设等高植物篱 ,实施农林复合经营技术。通过近 1年的实地观测 ,对此项技术在防治水土流失、改土方面的效益作了初步研究 ,结果发现 :农林复合经营技术可以增加土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度 ,降低土壤容重 ;有效减少水土流失量 ,复合经营小区的土壤流失量仅是对照 (CK)的1 1 .4 2 %。因此 ,在三峡库区值得推广此项技术     

太原东山试验林场土壤理化性质及饱和导水率的坡向分异规律研究

为了探究太原东山试验林场不同坡向条件土壤性质及饱和导水率变化的规律,选取东山林场无植被覆盖裸地和油松林地的阳坡、阴坡、半阴半阳坡共6个样地进行土壤采样,测定了土壤基本性质及养分含量,并用环刀分层取土,测定土壤饱和导水率,对比分析了土壤性质、养分及饱和导水率的坡向分异规律。结果表明:坡向对土壤密度无影响;裸地土壤含水率表现为阴坡 > 半阴半阳坡 > 阳坡;油松林地土壤含水率、土壤养分元素含量、土壤饱和导水率表现为阳坡 > 半阴半阳坡 > 阴坡,阳坡表层土壤（0—30 cm）石砾含量少于其他坡向,总孔隙度高于其他坡向。坡向对土壤性质及饱和导水率的影响是通过植被产生作用。在今后对林地土壤性质及水分入渗的研究中不能忽略坡向的影响。     

Mineralization of native soil organic matter is not regulated by the size,activity or composition of the soil microbial biomass—a new perspective

Soil organic matter is extensively humified; some fractions existing for more than 1000 years. The soil microbial biomass is surrounded by about 50 times its mass of soil organic matter, but can only metabolize it very slowly. Paradoxically, even if more than 90% of the soil microbial biomass is killed, the mineralization of soil organic matter proceeds at the same rate as in an unperturbed soil. Here we show that soil organic matter mineralization is independent of microbial biomass size, community structure or specific activity. We suggest that the rate limiting step is governed by abiological processes (which we term the Regulatory Gate hypothesis), which convert non-bioavailable soil organic matter into bioavailable soil organic matter, and cannot be affected by the microbial population. This work challenges one of the long held theories in soil microbiology proposed by Winogradsky, of the existence of autochthonous and zymogenous microbial populations. This has significant implications for our understanding of carbon mineralization in soils and the role of soil micro-organisms in the global carbon cycle. Here we describe experiments designed to determine if the Regulatory Gate operates. We conclude that there is sufficient experimental evidence for it to be offered as a working hypothesis.     

Plant biomass, soil water content and soil N:P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe: A regional scale study

Soil microorganisms are influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors at the field plot scale. Little is known, however, about the factors that determine soil microbial community functional diversity at a larger spatial scale. Here we conducted a regional scale study to assess the driving forces governing soil microbial community functional diversity in a temperate steppe of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Redundancy analysis and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between soil microbial community properties and environmental variables. The results showed that the functional diversity of soil microbial communities was correlated with aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, soil water content and soil N: P ratio, suggesting that plant biomass, soil water availability and soil N availability were major determinants of soil microbial community functional diversity. Since plant biomass can indicate resource availability, which is mainly constrained by soil water availability and N availability in temperate steppes, we consider that soil microbial community functional diversity was mainly controlled by resource availability in temperate steppes at a regional scale.