桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征

由于缺乏长期定位观测资料,西南喀斯特山区坡地水土流失规律一直不明确,严重影响了该区石漠化综合治理和水土流失防治工作的成效和进程。该文基于13个大型径流小区(宽20m、投影面积>1000m2)5a(2006-2010年)的定位观测资料,分析了桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地不同利用方式坡面降雨产流规律和地表侵蚀产沙特征。结果表明:观测期内年降雨量为1300～2000mm,无论平水年还是丰水年,不同利用方式坡面次降雨径流系数<5%,地表产流很少,降雨几乎全部入渗。不同利用方式地表侵蚀产沙模数虽有较大差异,但土壤侵蚀以微度(<30t/(km2a))为主,部分甚至只有0～5t/(km2a)。植被类型、土地利用方式对坡面降雨产流的影响较小,但人为干扰会增加地表侵蚀产沙量。该文为喀斯特坡地植被恢复重建和水土流失防治提供参考。     

密云水库上游流域次降雨坡面产流产沙特征

以北京市密云县石匣小流域为研究区,利用2006-2010年连续5 a的坡面径流试验小区观测资料,运用统计方法,分析了密云水库上游流域的降雨、产流产沙特征以及在不同土地利用和不同坡度条件下,降雨量、降雨强度与产流、产沙之间的关系。结果表明:1)该研究区域水土保持治理措施实施的关键时间为每年的7、8月份,当降雨量大于10 mm时,应注意采取水土保持措施;2)在裸地、耕地和林地条件下,高雨量、中雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型,在草地条件下,中雨量、高雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型;3)中雨量高雨强型降雨条件下,林地的减流效益最好,低雨量低雨强型降雨和高雨量中雨强型降雨条件下,耕地的减流效益相对较低,草地和林地的减流效益差异不大;在3种不同雨型条件下,耕地、草地和林地的减沙效益差别不大;4)裸地条件下,降雨量与产流量间的关系更为密切,尤其在14.4°坡面下相关性最高;耕地条件下,产流量与降雨量的相关性较好,产沙量则与降雨强度的相关性较好,11.4°的坡面产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关系数最高;草地条件下,降雨强度与产流量间的关系较为密切;林地条件下,产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关性均不显著。研究结果可为密云水库上游水土保持措施及农业面源污染管理措施的科学实施提供依据。     

南方红壤区坡面次降雨产流产沙特征

研究坡面次降雨土壤入渗及产流产沙特征,对于坡地水土流失防治及水土资源管理利用具有重要意义.基于广东省五华县水土保持试验推广站野外径流场2014年的观测数据,研究不同下垫面条件下坡面入渗及产流产沙特征.次降雨入渗量与地表植被盖度间存在显著相关关系(P ＜0.05,R=0.95).入渗量随降雨强度增加,呈先增后减的变化趋势,存在入渗量达最大值的临界降雨强度;人工林及灌草地临界降雨强度为19.9 ～ 27.8 mm/h,均高于自然撂荒地.次降雨径流深和土壤流失量与地表植被盖度间,存在显著负相关关系(P＜0.05),相关系数超过0.9.土壤侵蚀率随径流系数呈幂函数增加趋势,径流中泥沙浓度随径流系数、降雨侵蚀力呈对数函数增加趋势,土壤流失量随降雨侵蚀力及次降雨径流深均呈线性递增趋势.次降雨径流深20 mm为土壤流失量变化拐点,径流深超过20 mm后,土壤流失量随径流深递增速率较快.     

Land‐use change in subalpine grassland soils: Effect on particulate organic carbon fractions and aggregation

Abandonment of mountain grassland often changes vegetation composition and litter quantity and quality, but related effects on labile soil organic matter (SOM) are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of grassland management and abandonment on soil carbon distribution in light (< 1.6 g cm^–3) particulate organic matter (POM) and aggregation along a gradient of management intensity including hay meadows, pastures, and abandoned grasslands. The reduction of management intensity is an interregional phenomenon throughout the European Alps. We therefore selected sites from two typical climate regions, namely at Stubai Valley, Austria (MAT: 3°C, MAP: 1097 mm) and Matsch Valley, Italy (MAT: 6.6°C, MAP: 527 mm), to evaluate effects of land‐use change in relation to climate. Free water‐floatable and free POM (wPOM, fPOM), and an occluded POM fraction (oPOM), were isolated from three water‐stable aggregate size classes (2–6.3 mm, 0.25–2 mm, < 0.25 mm) using density fractionation. Aggregate mean weight diameter slightly decreased with decreasing management intensity. In contrast to absolute POM‐C, fPOM‐C increased in aggregates at both sites with abandonment. Because the oPOM‐C was less affected by abandonment, the ratio of oPOM‐C : fPOM‐C shifted from > 1 to < 1 from meadow to abandoned grassland in aggregates at both sites and thus independent of climate. This suggests that in differently managed mountain grasslands free and occluded POM are functionally different SOM fractions. In bulk soil, the oPOM‐C : fPOM‐C ratio is better suited as an indicator for the response of SOM to management reduction in subalpine grasslands than the total soil C, absolute or relative POM‐C content.     

南方红壤区不同利用土地产流产沙特征试验研究

研究不同类型降雨下土地利用/覆被对水土流失过程的影响,对于科学指导植被建设和控制水土流失具有重要意义。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤区典型小流域8种不同利用土地的径流、泥沙在不同降雨条件下的流失特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同利用土地的径流和泥沙流失差异明显,且各利用土地的径流和泥沙流失的变化对雨量雨强变化的响应不同;相同降雨条件下径流调控排序为果园>旱平地>油茶>弃土场>水保林>坡耕地>水田>裸地,泥沙调控排序为果园>油茶>旱平地>水田>裸地>水保林>坡耕地>弃土场。因此,具有水土保持措施的果园保水保土最好,而裸地产流最大,坡耕地和弃土场泥沙流失最多,产流和产沙没有完全的对应关系,该研究结果为南方红壤区的水土保持规划与水土流失综合治理提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

半干旱典型草原区退耕地土壤结构特征及其对入渗的影响

坡地土壤降雨入渗、径流和侵蚀过程与土壤结构密切相关。试验样地为宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区的坡耕地、退耕6 a、退耕11 a（前8 a放牧,后3 a禁牧）和退耕16 a坡地,室内测定土壤结构指标,野外采用基于径流－入流－产流方法的新型降雨仪器在17、43和56 mm/h雨强下观测坡地土壤的入渗性能,分析土壤结构特征对入渗的影响。对土壤结构的稳定性指标、孔隙性指标和分形维数指标进行分析,结果表明,随着退耕年限的延长,土壤团聚体稳定性增强,土壤结构孔隙状况得到明显改善。模拟降雨结果显示,随着雨强的增大,退耕地的土壤入渗率增加,但坡耕地反而降低。退耕11 a样地受放牧牲畜践踏影响,入渗性能最差。通过逐步回归分析可知,在17 mm/h和56 mm/h雨强下,影响土壤稳定入渗率的土壤结构因子主要是容重和有机碳含量,而在43 mm/h雨强下主要是毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度。土壤有机碳含量和孔隙状况的差异致使土壤结构特征不同,从而对入渗性能和过程产生明显的影响。     

坡面径流类型对侵蚀产沙及水沙传递关系的影响

降雨-径流格局对土壤侵蚀过程具有重要影响,以团山沟七号全坡面径流场1961-1969年间65次径流事件的径流泥沙数据为基础,选取历时、径流深和径流变率为径流过程的特征指标,采用K均值聚类和判别分析相结合的方法,将坡面径流划分为5种类型。其中,A型径流具有超长历时、低变率、小径流的特点,是较为特殊的类型,B、C型径流具有中长历时、中高变率、大径流的特点,D型径流具有短历时、低变率、小径流的特点,是最为普遍的类型。E型径流具有中历时、中变率、中径流的特点。不同径流类型下的输沙模数、平均含沙量及最大含沙量由大到小依次为:CBEDA,B、E、C型径流应是坡面径流调控的重点。不同径流类型输沙模数的差异主要来源于径流量(深)的变化,相同径流量(深)条件下,不同径流类型输沙模数的差异主要来源于由径流历时和径流变率所引起的水沙传递关系的改变;与A型径流相比,其作用使D、E、B、C型径流的输沙模数相对增大7.9、6.3、4.8和4.5倍,增大倍数随径流量(深)的增加呈逐渐减小趋势。通过构建包含主要径流特征指标的动力参数ξ,对不同径流类型及径流阶段的径流-泥沙传递关系进行数学描述,其最优回归关系均符合S=alnξ+b的一般形式,能合理解释不同径流类型及不同径流阶段含沙量变化的主要驱动因素。研究结果可为坡面径流类型划分、水沙传递关系构建、全面评估坡面径流调控系统的水土保持意义、进一步丰富坡面径流调控理论的内涵提供一定的参考。     

Cesium‐137‐based erosion‐rate determination of a steep mountainous region

Data on quantification of erosion rates in alpine grasslands remain scarce but are urgently needed to estimate soil degradation. We determined soil‐erosion rates based on ¹³⁷Cs in situ measurements. The method integrates soil erosion over the last 22 y (time after the Chernobyl accident). Measured erosion rates were compared with erosion rates modeled with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The comparison was done in order to find out if the USLE is a useful tool for erosion prediction in steep mountainous grassland systems. Three different land‐use types were investigated: hayfields, pasture with dwarf shrubs, and pasture without dwarf shrubs. Our test plots are situated in the Urseren Valley (Central Switzerland) with a mean slope steepness of 37°. Mean annual soil‐erosion rates determined with ¹³⁷Cs of the investigated sites ranged between the minimum of 4.7 t ha^–1 y^–1 for pastures with dwarf shrubs to >30 t ha^–1 y^–1 at hayfields and pastures without dwarf shrubs. The determined erosion rates are 10 to 20 times higher compared to previous measurements in alpine regions. Our measurements integrated over the last 22 y, including extreme rainfall events as well as winter processes, whereas previous studies mostly reported erosion rates based on summer time and short‐term rainfall simulation experiments. These results lead to the assumption that heavy‐rainfall events as well as erosion processes during winter time and early spring do have a considerable influence on the high erosion amounts that were measured. The latter can be confirmed by photographs of damaged plots after snowmelt. Erosion rates based on the USLE are in the same order of magnitude compared to ¹³⁷Cs‐based results for the land‐use type “pasture with dwarf shrubs”. However, erosion amounts on hayfields and pasture without dwarf shrubs are underestimated by the USLE compared to ¹³⁷Cs‐based erosion rates. We assume that the underestimation is due to winter processes that cause soil erosion on sites without dwarf shrubs that is not considered by the USLE. Dwarf shrubs may possibly prevent from damage of soil erosion through winter processes. The USLE is not able to perform well on the affected sites. Thus, a first attempt was done to create an alpine factor for the USLE based on the measured data.     

前期土壤含水量对坡面产流产沙特性影响的模拟试验(简报)

为了研究黄土区降雨前期土壤含水量对不同土壤坡面降雨入渗、产流和产沙特性的影响,采用室内降雨模拟试验方法,探讨了前期土壤含水量从风干土状态至近饱和条件下塿土和砂黄土坡面降雨入渗、产流产沙的特征。研究结果表明：在雨强（80 mm/h）和坡度(10°)较大情况下,前期土壤含水量对塿土坡面产流时刻、入渗和产流过程影响不明显;砂黄土坡面产流时刻受前期土壤含水量影响显著,随着前期土壤含水量的增大先延长后缩短,其极差值达到28.91 min;前期土壤含水量在风干土～10%和15%～25%两段范围内,砂黄土坡面入渗产流规律差异十分显著。基于土壤水分累积入渗过程特征,塿土前期含水量可分成“三区”,砂黄土则可分成“两区”;利用前期土壤含水量与坡面土壤流失量的二次多项式关系,分别确定出塿土和砂黄土坡面土壤流失量最少的前期含水量值为11.25%和12.74%,为黄土区坡地水土管理提供理论依据。     

不同碎石含量的土壤降雨入渗和产沙过程初步研究

碎石的存在改变了均质土壤的某些物理特性，降雨入渗和侵蚀产沙过程也因此受到影响，获取相关知识有助于模拟和预测土石混合介质中发生的水土过程。试验在模拟降雨条件下，对4种不同碎石含量(质量含量分别为0%，10%，20%和30%)的土壤入渗和产沙过程进行了室内研究。结果表明，碎石含量为10%时，土壤入渗率最大，当碎石含量超过10%时，入渗率反而降低；4种不同碎石含量的土壤侵蚀产沙高峰期均出现在降雨初期0～20 min，此后土壤侵蚀产沙相对稳定且在不同碎石含量的土壤间差别不大；降雨过程中，10%碎石含量的土壤侵蚀含沙率一直保持稳定较低水平，其他碎石含量的土壤侵蚀含沙率起初很高并在0～10 min内急剧下降，此后与10%碎石含量的土壤侵蚀含沙率接近。     

地形和土壤/土地利用空间聚合对径流和输沙量影响的AnnAGNPS模拟

为进一步揭示分布式水文模型子流域划分对径流和输沙量模拟的影响,以东南沿海桃溪流域为研究区,构建日尺度产流产沙的AnnAGNPS模型,基于9种不同临界源面积(critical source area,CSA),分析了不同子流域划分对输入参数空间聚合的影响,并设置7种组合情景,分别从年和日尺度,定量区分了地形与土壤/土地利用参数的空间聚合对产流产沙过程的影响。结果表明:1)随着CSA取值的增加,地形、土壤和土地利用类型在空间上存在明显的聚合。2)土壤/土地利用参数空间聚合导致年平均径流量和输沙量减少,且对输沙量影响更显著;地形参数的空间聚合导致年输沙量减少,但对年平均径流量无显著影响。3)地形参数的空间聚合造成的洪峰流量增加、峰现时间提前,是影响日径流过程变化的主要因素。4)土壤/土地利用参数的空间聚合对多年平均最大1 d、连续最大5 d输沙量的影响随着聚合程度的增加而显著下降,而地形参数的空间聚合造成日输沙过程峰值的出现时间提前。     

Some effects of tramlines on surface runoff, sediment and phosphorus mobilization on an erosion-prone soil

Although introduced into UK farming to help ensure more even application of agrochemicals, tramlines (marked wheelways through crops) are a potential cause of surface runoff and transfer of diffuse pollutants, including sediment and phosphorus (P), into watercourses. To help quantify these potential effects, the impact of tramlines on sediment and P movement in surface runoff was assessed on an erosion‐prone sloping (5°) fine sandy soil over two successive winters. Three replicate and hydrologically isolated runoff plots measuring 15 m long and 2 m wide, and either with, or without, a tramline, were established on field demonstration areas which had received different soil (traditionally ploughed vs. reduced cultivated) and crop (early vs. late drilling) management practices. Reduced cultivation (minimum tillage) consisted of heavy discing (5–8 cm depth) instead of ploughing (20–25 cm depth). Over monitoring periods ranging up to 5 months, plots with tramlines running up and down the slope generated, on average, 46% more runoff (+1–2 mm) compared with plots without tramlines on ploughed soils. This extra runoff resulted in up to fivefold greater sediment loss (+0.4 t ha^?1) and up to fourfold greater total P loss (+0.3 kg ha^?1) from the plots. However, the presence of tramlines had no significant impact on runoff, or sediment and P transfers, where the soil received reduced cultivation. Plots with tramlines that were partially crop covered, or which ran across the slope rather than up and down the slope, produced the same amount of runoff, sediment and P transfer as plots without tramlines. Greatest entrainment of sediment and P in runoff occurred where tramlines coarsely indented the soil, or caused erosion rills to form. Establishing tramlines in dry soils reduced the degree of soil indentation and the risk of channelled runoff causing sediment and P entrainment. The data suggest that tramlines can be managed more sensitively on erosion vulnerable soils to help minimize the risk of sediment and P pollution of our surface waters, and various options are discussed.     

Seed removal on loess slopes in relation to runoff and sediment yield

Overland flow and sediment transport can carry away seeds at the soil surface and in the soil, cause a secondary seed dispersal event, lead to seed redistribution, and influence the spatial distribution of seedling renewal, which plays an important role in vegetation restoration and succession. The objectives of this study were to investigate the process of seed loss on loess slopes and its relationship to the yield of runoff and sediment, the effects of rainfall intensity, slope gradient and seed morphology on seed removal.     

交替冻融对坡面产流产沙的影响

冻融作用使土壤更容易成为侵蚀的物质来源,进而加剧土壤侵蚀程度。为了揭示冻融作用对坡面土壤水蚀的影响,该文通过室内交替冻融循环试验和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了交替冻融作用下坡面的降雨产流产沙特征。试验以未经过任何冻融作用的风干土壤为对照,设计了2种交替冻融循环周期处理(3和6)、2种土壤质量含水率水平(10%和20%)、4种降雨强度(25、50、75、100 mm/h)。结果表明,相对于对照,降雨强度相同时,2种土壤含水率下的交替冻融作用都可以使产流产沙强度增大,且产沙强度的增大幅度大于产流强度。交替冻融循环周期相同时,各降雨强度下的产流产沙强度随含水量的增加而增加。质量含水率相同时,各降雨强度下的产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的变化相对较为复杂,当质量含水率为10%时,产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的增加而增大,当质量含水率为20%时,产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的增加而减小。当质量含水率为10%,交替冻融循环周期为3和6时,增流百分比分别为3.52%、4.71%,增沙百分比分别为6.13%、16.95%。当质量含水率为20%,交替冻融循环次数为3和6时,增流百分比分别为10.24%、5.01%,增沙百分比分别为81.99%、53.07%。相同降雨强度下,土壤质量含水率对产流产沙强度的影响大,交替冻融作用对产流产沙强度的影响小。该研究为冻融侵蚀机理的研究提供参考依据。     

甘肃天水市对比小流域暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙特性

 为分析黄土丘三区水土保持综合治理对小流域典型暴雨产汇流特性的影响,依据桥子东、西沟对比小流域暴雨洪水泥沙观测资料,结合实地调查对比分析雨、洪、沙特性。结果表明:在降雨差异很小的情况下,其水沙特性差异明显,桥子东沟较西沟洪峰削减率达66.9%,单位面积减洪量1万3336m3/km2,减沙量8534t/km2,2流域的流量和含沙量过程变化趋势基本一致,但西沟变率均大于东沟,且西沟流域侵蚀模数是东沟的3.5倍。桥子东沟流域各项水土保持措施发挥了显著的蓄洪拦沙作用,减洪效益59.9%,减沙效益79.5%;桥子西沟的林草措施减洪效益为6.9%,减沙效益8.4%。     

不同复垦模式下铁尾矿坡面产流产沙与水力特性

为了揭示降雨条件下铁尾矿复垦坡面的产流产沙特征与水力特性,该文采用室内人工模拟降雨方法研究了不同降雨强度（60、90、120 mm/h）和不同复垦模式（T,铁尾矿;TSH,铁尾矿与高比例生土;TM,铁尾矿与菌糠;TSM,铁尾矿、菌糠与生土;TSL,铁尾矿与低比例生土;植被类型均为胡枝子）25°坡度条件下的侵蚀过程。结果表明：1）产流速率在降雨初期迅速增长,中后期趋于稳定。添加菌糠的复垦模式产流速率高于未添加菌糠的复垦模式;2）产沙速率随降雨历时变化呈现两种模式,添加菌糠的复垦模式为减少型,未添加菌糠的复垦模式为增加型,TSL的减沙效果最为显著,T对降雨强度的响应最为敏感且高雨强下产沙量最大;3）所有复垦坡面平均径流深度范围在0.23～0.93 mm,水流流态均为层流,大部分情况下水流流型为缓流,但TSH在中高雨强下以及T在高雨强下为急流。添加菌糠模式的曼宁糙率系数和水流阻力系数高于未添加菌糠的复垦模式,流速低于未添加菌糠的复垦模式,添加菌糠的基质表面粗糙度较大;4）各复垦坡面的侵蚀形式以溅蚀和片蚀为主,高雨强下T出现细沟侵蚀,其余复垦模式未观察到明显细沟侵蚀;5）产流速率与水流功率、雷诺数（R2＞0.998）呈极显著的线性关系,产沙速率与水流功率（R2 ＞0.733）、雷诺数（R2＞0.744）呈极显著的幂函数、指数函数关系。该研究可为铁尾矿坡面的复垦模式选择提供理论依据。     

递增式连续降雨条件下典型山区坡面径流产沙水动力学特征

山区复杂的下垫面条件导致了山区小流域水文响应过程的复杂性,山区坡面作为山区小流域水文响应的基本单元,研究其不同下垫面条件下径流产沙水动力特征具有重要意义。为明晰山区坡面不同下垫面条件下径流水沙水动力特征,该研究选用官山河小流域作为研究对象,基于室内模拟递增式连续降雨试验方法,研究了坡度、土层厚度分布和土层底部透水性等山区坡面下垫面特性共同作用下的坡面径流产沙水动力学特征。结果表明：1）连续降雨条件下,雷诺数、水流剪切力和径流功率随着产流时间和雨强增加呈现增加趋势,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数呈降低趋势。2）雨强增加使雷诺数均值和径流功率均值显著增加（P<0.05）,设计雨强60、90、120 mm/h时的雷诺数均值、径流功率均值分别比30 mm/h的雷诺数均值、径流功率均值增加了130%、276%、366%和171%、328%、435%;坡度增加使水流剪切力均值和径流功率均值显著增加（P<0.05）,坡度15°、25°的水流剪切力均值分别比坡度5°的增加了135%和187%,坡度15°、25°的径流功率均值分别比坡度5°的均值增加了224%和357%;土层厚度分布对阻力系数 均值和土层底部透水的雷诺数均值、径流功率均值有显著影响（P<0.05）,土层底部透水性仅对土层厚度分布为上薄下厚的雷诺数均值和水流剪切力均值有显著影响（P<0.05）。3）雨强是影响坡面产流产沙水动力特征的主导因素,对雷诺数的方差贡献率高达83.11%,水流剪切力主要受到雨强和坡度的影响,累计贡献率达67.64%,径流功率主要受到雨强和坡度的影响,累计贡献率达80.58%。在单一雨强条件下,坡度和土层厚度分布是影响水动力参数的主要因素,土层厚度分布和坡度的交互作用、土层底部透水性和土层厚度分布的交互作用对水动力参数也有一定影响。因此,在研究坡面产流产沙规律时,除考虑雨强和坡度外,还应兼顾考虑土层厚度分布和土层底部透水性及其交互作用的影响。该研究结果可为山区坡面复杂下垫面条件下的坡面产流产沙机理提供一定的理论支撑,并为改进山区小流域水文过程分布式模拟提供参数率定依据。     

Using the VS‐Fast methodology for soil degradation assessment: a case study from Senegal

Soil degradation threatens sustainable food production and accelerates global warming. Poorer countries, whose agricultural sectors are highly dependent on their natural resource bases, are hit particularly hard by declining soil productivity. Calls for soil‐quality monitoring are therefore, justified and this could inform decision‐makers on the preparation of appropriate interventions. However, the provision of monitoring methodologies is not an easy task. Soil degradation affects several soil characteristics that at larger scales cannot be evaluated with models or remote‐sensing techniques. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the use of field‐based soil assessment methodologies to differentiate degrees of soil degradation. Specifically, we test the Visual Soil Field Assessment Tool (VS‐Fast) for detecting and monitoring soil degradation using a cross‐section of 71 sites in Senegal, the soil quality of which were classed by local experts. We found low correlation between VS‐Fast classes and expert assessments. By using an ordered logit model to quantify class boundaries, we show that experts categorized areas as ‘degraded’ for a wider range and higher VS‐Fast scores than the corresponding VS‐Fast class. Yet, from general linear models and analysis of variance procedures we found that areas classed by experts as ‘degraded’ had statistically significant lower VS‐Fast scores compared to those that were judged as ‘normal’ and ‘good’, while differences of the VS‐Fast scores between the latter two were negligible. It is remarkable that the visual assessment, the cheaper component of the VS‐Fast score, performs better in differentiating degradation status than its measured counterpart. The results support the need to investigate the applicability of other VSA methodologies that only use field observations and tactile methods.     

土壤结皮对降雨入渗和产流产沙的影响

 依据250场次人工降雨和相应的径流、泥沙资料,采用对比法,分析结皮与无结皮土壤对降雨入渗和产流产沙的影响。结果表明,非结皮土壤的平均入渗率是结皮土壤的1.25倍,平均产沙总量为1.28倍,而结皮土壤的平均产流总量是非结皮土壤的1.15倍。因此,土壤结皮具有减缓降雨入渗、增大地表径流和抑制产沙的作用,且雨强愈小影响作用愈大,雨强愈大,影响作用愈小。     

Soil cultivation effects on sediment and phosphorus mobilization in surface runoff from three contrasting soil types in England

To encourage the adoption of best management practices in a priority catchment (Hampshire Avon) in south-west England suffering from diffuse pollution, field demonstration areas were established over a 2-year period on three major soil types (a Chalk soil with an 8° slope, a Greensand soil on a 5° slope and an underdrained Clay soil with a 1° slope). Within each demonstration area, three replicate runoff plots measuring 15 m long and 2 m wide and each containing a tramline were established to monitor the effectiveness of cultivation date (early versus late) and cultivation method (traditional versus reduced) on suspended sediment and P mobilization in surface runoff. Reduced cultivation consisted of heavy discing (5–8 cm depth) instead of ploughing (20–25 cm depth). Soil cultivation effects were variable and site specific depending on weather, inherent soil susceptibility to structural degradation and management. Surface sealing of the Greensand soil, tramline compaction on the Chalk soil and direction of drilling on the Clay soil were key contributing factors. Late cultivation increased surface runoff up to 5-fold and mobilization of sediment and P by up to an order of magnitude compared to early drilling using traditional cultivation techniques. Concentrations of sediment and P in runoff from the Greensand and Chalk soils were consistently lower when the soil was minimally tilled than ploughed, even though a range of soil physical measurements indicated greater soil consolidation where the soil was not inverted. The benefits of reduced cultivation were attributed to better surface cover and a firmer surface for tractor wheelings. Early drilling, timeliness of cultivation to avoid soil compaction, better tramline management and reduced cultivation techniques would help reduce agriculture's impact on water quality in the catchment area.