兴凯湖兴凯Bo渔业生物学研究

2001年在兴凯湖档壁镇对兴凯Bo进行渔业生物学调查，共采集兴凯Bo203尾。捕捞群体体长由15.3-26.3cm组成，平均为20.6cm；体得由50-270g组成，平均为125g；年龄组成为2^ - 7^ 龄；体长体重相关关系为W 0.005L^3.312，r=0.983,n=45；性比为1：1.5(♀：♂）；相对生殖力8.3-127.5粒/g，平均为62.7粒/g；绝对生殖力750-30000粒，平均为10765粒；成熟系数雌群0.56%-7.88%，平均为4.48%；雄群0.60%-1.88%，平均为1%；肥满度系数雌群为1.2-1.6%，平均为1.4%；雄群0.8-1.3%，平均为1.0%；种群数量2001年约160t。兴凯湖兴凯Bo的资源呈明显下降状态，亟待加强种质资源保护。     

乌苏里江下游海青江段黑斑狗鱼渔业生物学研究

20 0 3年 4～ 5月对乌苏里江下游海青江段黑斑狗鱼采捕 2 48尾标本挂网渔获物进行渔业生物学研究。挂网捕捞群体体长由 3 5～ 85cm组成 ,平均为 5 3cm ;体重由 2 3 0～ 5 2 5 0 g组成 ,平均为 1 95 7g ;年龄由 1～ 5龄组成 ,平均为 2 .2龄 ;绝对生殖力由 92 82～ 1 1 5 5 0粒组成 ,平均为 1 0 41 6粒 ,相对生殖力由 1 5 .3 5～ 2 9.5 9粒 /g组成 ,平均为 2 2 .99粒 /g ;成熟系数 ( 4～ 5月 )雌群由 0 .3 7%～ 2 2 .5 2 %组成 ,平均为 1 8.5 8% ;雄群由 0 .69%～ 2 .1 7%组成 ,平均为 1 .49% ;肥满度系数 4～ 5月雌群由 0 .41 3 0 %～ 2 .0 0…     

黑龙江绥滨江段翘嘴鲌渔业生物学研究

本文报道黑龙江中游绥滨江段翘嘴鱼白渔业生物学 ,对 2 0 0 1年三层流剌网～捕捞群体的体长平均为5 6 8(42～ 73)cm ;体重组成平均为 195 0 (80 0～ 4 10 0 )g ;w =0 2 4 34L2 94 0 3;年龄由 5～ 10龄组成 ,以 9龄为主 ,占33 3% ;绝对生殖力平均为 375 2 4 1(12 4 6 70～ 5 15 2 0 0 )粒 ,相对生殖力平均为 12 8 1(75 76～ 16 9 94 )粒 /g ;种群数量为 1 4 3t。调查结果表明 ,黑龙江绥滨江段翘嘴鱼白资源呈下降趋势     

黑龙江绥滨江段翘嘴鱼白渔业生物学研究

本文报道黑龙江中游绥滨江段翘嘴鱼白渔业生物学,对2001年三层流剌网～捕捞群体的体长平均为56.8(42～73)cm;体重组成平均为1950(800～4100)g;w=0.2434 L2.9403;年龄由5～10龄组成,以9龄为主,占33.3%;绝对生殖力平均为375241(124670～515200)粒,相对生殖力平均为128.1(75.76～169.94)粒 /g;种群数量为 1.43t.调查结果表明,黑龙江绥滨江段翘嘴鱼白资源呈下降趋势.     

黑龙江上游黑河江段细鳞鱼渔业生物学研究

2003年春、秋季对黑龙江上游黑河江段细鳞鱼捕捞群群体生态学特征进行研究。研究结果为：鱼体叉长由27．5～44．0cm组成，平均为32．4cm；体重由250～1250g组成，平均为176．7g。体长体重相关关系W=0．04607L；年龄由2～7组成，2龄占27．8％；绝对生殖力为3168～6248粒，平均为4807^3.0947粒；相对生殖力为3．8～4．2粒／g，平均为4．0粒／g；肥满度系数秋季为0．3720～1．2760％，平均为0．8475％；捕捞群体数量春汛为29．0kg，秋汛为87．6kg。黑龙江上游细鳞鱼资源呈现严重衰退趋势，亟待采取加强资源保护措施。     

陆封型大西洋鲑的全人工繁殖

本文报道了陆封型大西洋鲑全人工繁殖的实验结果。 2 0 0 0年 1月从美国缅因州格兰特湖增殖站引进的陆封型大西鲑发眼卵 ,在北京房山中国水产科学研究院鲟鱼繁育技术工程中心进行了发眼卵孵化、苗种培育 ,亲鱼养成实验研究。结果表明 :引进的发眼卵经 930d ( 1 1 783度日 )培育成产卵亲鱼 ,雌、雄亲鱼成熟系数分别为 42 7%、 4 2 3% ;怀卵量为 1 0 98～ 362 1粒 /尾 (叉长 36～ 5 5cm) ,平均卵径 5 4mm (吸水膨胀前 )、 6 2mm(吸水后 ) ;平均卵重 8 5粒 /g (吸水后 )、 7 5粒 /g (吸水前 ) ;精液浓度 2 0 0亿个 /ml,精子寿命 70～ 90s,精子快速运动时间为 2 0～ 40s;个体繁殖率E (粒 )与叉长 (L)的相关公式为E =1 32 5L - 3671 8,相关系数r=0 89。受精卵在水温 6～ 1 1℃进行孵化 ,达到发眼所需积温为 2 64 5℃·d ;达到破膜所需 483℃·d ;仔鱼上浮所需 880℃·d。试验亲鱼雌、雄按 2比 1配组 ,1 0 75尾雌鱼共采卵 90 47万粒 ,受精率为 89 88%、发眼率为77 83%。产卵后 ( 3个月后 )存活率分别为雌鱼 30 % ,雄鱼 1 0 %。     

黑龙江绥滨江段鲢鱼渔业生物学研究

2001年春汛期对黑龙江中游绥滨江段鲢鱼三层流刺网捕捞群体生态学特征进行研究。捕捞群体由体长47-74.5cm组成，平均为61.08cm；体重由1700-7000g组成，平均为3574.3g组成，年龄3^ - 8^ 龄组成，以4龄为主，占26.2%；绝对生殖力由318500-763125粒组成，平均为445593粒；相对生殖力81.66-231.25粒/g，平均为143.12粒/g；成熟系数雌群平均为18.68%(12.82-28.03)，雄群平均为2.12%(1.09-3.35)；肥满度雌群平均为0.0135%(0.0121-0.0146)，雄群平均为0.0140%(0.0128-0.0149)；种群数量点51.4%，重量占70.8%，共计7.8t，计2078尾。调查结果表明黑龙江绥滨江段鲢鱼资源呈下降趋势。     

洛河兴凯鱊的生物学特性初步研究

在洛河中共随机采样兴凯鱊183尾,测定了体长、全长、体重、年龄、食物组成、个体生殖力等指标,对兴凯鱊的年龄生长、食性和繁殖等基本生物学特性进行了初步的研究,得出以下主要结论:渔获兴凯鱊由0+~2+龄共3个年龄组组成;兴凯鱊全长与体重关系比体长更为密切,其关系式为:W=7.9×10-3 L,3.2564(R2=0.941 8);兴凯鱊为杂食性鱼类,主要以腐屑、浮游生物等为食。兴凯鱊个体绝对生殖力(F)范围为870~1 600粒,平均1 205.7粒。     

洛河鲹鲦个体生殖力的研究

2008年4-5月对洛河野生鲹鲦进行随机取样调查,共收集样本145(雌44,雄101)尾.测定成熟雌鱼体长(L)、体重(W)、年龄(A)、空壳重(BW)、卵巢重(GW)、怀卵量等指标,计数个体绝对生殖力(F),并计算出鲹鲦的体长相对生殖力(FL)、体重相对生殖力(FW)、肥满度(CF)和成熟系数(GSI)等,用6种数学模式拟合了鲹鲦个体生殖力与生物学指标间的关系.结果表明:①成熟雌性鲹鲦由0+-3+龄鱼组成;②个体绝对生殖力(F)范围为1937-39563粒,平均8436粒;体长相对生殖力(FL)范围为190-2586粒/cm,平均735粒/cm;体重相对生殖力(Fw)范围为110-865粒/g,平均383粒/g;③其个体绝对生殖力与体长、体重和年龄都呈抛物线函数相关,体长相对生殖力与体长、体重和年龄分别呈抛物线、直线和抛物线函数相关,体重相对生殖力与它们相关不显著.     

乌苏里江下游海青江段瓦氏雅罗鱼渔业生物学研究

2003年4月、10月对乌苏里江下游海青江段2只船渔获物瓦氏雅罗鱼234尾进行渔业生物学研究。捕捞群体平均体长16．6cm(15～29．5cm)，平均体重151．4g(50～300g)年龄由1～5龄组成，2占36％；绝对生殖力为8050～12448粒／g，平均为3700粒／g；相对生殖力9．04～100．64粒／g，平均为34．3粒／g；肥满度系数雌性为0．9436～2．0547％(平均为1．999％)，雄性为1．4577～2．050％(平均为1．6262％)。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus

The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg^-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10^-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10^-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10^-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.     

Simulation and quantification of enrichment and retention processes in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem

Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems.     

Effects of capture,loading density and transport stress on the mortality,physiological responses,bacterial density and growth of rohu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic"> rohita</Emphasis> fingerlings

This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L⁻¹) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%). Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport. The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings. Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers.     

The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity

• 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
• 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
• 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.