The Effect of Different Shade Levels on Growth and Tuber Yield of Sweet Potato: II. Tuber Yield

Eight sweet potato cultivars ( Ipomoea batatas Lam.) were grown under four different light regimes (0, 26, 42 and 60 % light reduction (LR)) at two experimental sites of the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru during the 1990 and 1991 growing season. Increasing shade diminished the tuber yield of five cultivars, two showed a tolerance for slight (26 % LR) and moderate (42 % LR) shade and one had the same yield in full sunshine and slight shade. Shade mainly reduced the sink-size (tubers m ⁻²) of sweet potato and to a lesser extent the sink-strength. The growth of the plant top was hardly affected by shade; slight shade even favoured shoot development of some cultivars. The plant top was the stronger sink under shade conditions and tuber yield was not only reduced by lesser assimilate production as a whole but also by an altered assimilate partitioning.     

Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Shading at Different Growth Stages

During 1990 and 1991 growth seasons at two locations in Peru four sweet potato cultivars were tested for their response to a short-term shading. The plants were subjected to artificial shade (42 % light reduction) for 1 month at different growth stages.
A high genetic variability was found in the extent to which tuber and total biomass yield of sweet potato was affected by sub-optimal light conditions. One cultivar was completely tolerant to shade at all growth stages, whereas the others showed a yield decline between 20 % and 55 %. Generally tuber yield was most reduced when shade was imposed at the end of the growth season (fourth and fifth months) and the least at its beginning (first and second months). Yield losses were due to a diminished biomass production and/or an altered assimilate partitioning within the plant. Tuber formation was affected rather than tuber initiation.     

Effects of moderate drought conditions on green leaf number,stem height,leaf length and tuber yield of potato cultivars

Our objective was to define sensitive morphological indicators that could be used to discriminate between drought sensitive and drought tolerant potato cultivars before final tuber yield is reached. A total of six potato cultivars contrasting for drought tolerance and earliness were subjected to three levels of water supply in two field trials in 1995 and 1996. We examined which parameter among stem height, number of green leaves and leaf length (the two latter parameters were only measured on two cultivars) was most sensitive to moderate drought conditions and responded similarly to water shortage regarding tuber yield, tuber number and average tuber dry weight. Drought reduced the number of green leaves in cultivars Krostar and Désirée, respectively, up to 22 and 25% 124 days after planting during the season but this effect levelled off towards the end of the season. Drought also induced significant length reductions (29, 43 and 53%, respectively, for the leaf numbers 17, 18 and 19) but there were no differences among the two cultivars examined. Stem height was sensitive to drought and the effect was stronger on later cultivars especially when water shortage started early as in 1996. In 1996, stem height ratios were negatively related (R²=0.80) to TDWS (tuber yield ratio indicative of drought tolerance) whereas they were positively related in 1995 (R²=0.21). However, care is needed as the negative relationship of 1996 was associated to earliness of cultivars. Indeed, stem height was less reduced in early cultivars (13 and 14% for Eersteling and Jaerla, respectively) than in mid-late cultivars (25 and 29% for Désirée and Nicola, respectively). In the drought treatment, no supernumerary tuber was observed across the season contrary to the irrigated treatment. According to the year, final tuber number or average tuber dry weight was reduced by the drought treatment. Reduction in tuber number (17%) in the drought treatment was not associated to lower tuber yields due to compensation by average tuber dry weight (6%). Different growth strategies can be followed by the potato plant to adapt to different drought conditions without tuber yield being significantly affected.     

Low Incident Light Combined with Partial Waterlogging Impairs Photosynthesis and Imposes a Yield Penalty in Cotton

Through field studies, cotton responses to dual stresses – waterlogging and low light (shade) were investigated. The hypothesis was that shade would amplify yield losses in waterlogged (WL) cotton. Either early or late in the reproductive phase, the crop was WL (96 h and 120 h, in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively) and/or shaded (6 days or 9 days in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively). Waterlogging at early reproductive phase significantly reduced lint yield (17 % averaged across both years) of cotton, although shade‐induced yield losses (18 %) were only significant in 2013–2014. Shade significantly exacerbated yield losses only when the impact of waterlogging damage was modest (2013–2014). More intense waterlogging impaired lint yield independently of the light levels. Yield reductions in these experiments were the consequence of both accelerated fruit abscission and fewer fruiting nodes produced. Plants had lower leaf nitrogen levels and photosynthetic rates after waterlogging and/or shade treatments and produced fewer fruiting nodes. Although long‐term shade increased specific leaf area (30 %) and leaf N (20 %) immediately following 5 days of waterlogging, it did not restore shoot growth, node formation or lint yield because of suppressed photosynthetic performance (area basis) and carbohydrate supply.     

带状套作荫蔽及复光对不同大豆品种(系)生长及产量的影响

选取我国南方套作模式下20个不同产量水平的大豆品种(系),于2013—2014年采用净作和遮阴(遮阳网或玉米)对比分析了高产和低产大豆品种在荫蔽期及复光期的生长特点。结果表明,荫蔽期间,茎叶干物重显著低于净作,分配规律表现为"茎多叶少",分别为58.4%和41.6%;与高产类型大豆相比,低产类型茎叶干重下降比例、茎长、茎长/茎粗、茎长/地上部干物质、茎长/叶面积显著增加;荫蔽期地上部干物质与产量呈显著正相关,茎干物质比例与产量呈显著负相关。光照恢复后,地上部干物质迅速增加,分配规律表现为"茎少叶多",复光后30 d分别为47.7%和52.3%;高产类型地上部干物质、叶面积、叶干重比例、茎粗均显著大于低产类型,茎长/茎粗、茎长/地上部干物质、茎长/叶面积均显著小于低产类型;地上部干物质、叶面积、茎粗、叶干物质比例与产量呈显著正相关,茎长/茎粗、茎长/地上部干物质、茎长/叶面积与产量呈极显著负相关。通过复光前后生长性状与产量的回归分析,复光后30 d的叶干物质比例、茎长/地上部干物质、茎粗可作为预测套作大豆产量的主要指标。上述结果表明,选择荫蔽期茎长较短、地上部干物质较大、叶面积更大,光照恢复期茎粗较大、叶干物质比例较大、茎长/地上部干物质较小的大豆品种可以在套作下获得高产。     

Growth and Development of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Cultivars under Shade in Coconut Garden

The growth and development of seven soybean cultivars were studied under shade in a coconut garden. Higher shoot height, internodal elongation and lower leaf area index were the most significant growth changes noticed under shade. Leaf net photosynthesis, crop growth rate and seed yield were also reduced under shade. The cultivars CO 1, UGM 30 and UGM 37 recorded higher yield under shade when compared to other cultivars tested.     

Wheat and barley cultivars show plant traits acclimation and increase grain yield under simulated shade in Mediterranean conditions

Agroforestry systems are reported as climate‐resilient productive systems, but it is yet unclear how tree shade affects crops performance. The aim of this work was to assess how the phenology, plant traits and grain yield of wheat and barley were affected by shade. In an open greenhouse experiment, we cultivated in pots nine cultivars differing in precocity for each species and imposed three artificial shading levels (S0 ~ 0%, S1 ~ 25%, S2 ~ 50%) at the start of cereal booting. Our results showed that shade speeded up first growth stages in both species, until the starting of milk development. Barley showed consistent phenological responses to the three irradiance levels among cultivars, but not wheat that showed larger phenological differences among cultivars at moderate shade. Deep shade prolonged the time needed for wheat grain ripening. Both species increased grain yield by 15%–20% with shade, driven by shade‐acclimations of plant traits that differed among species. For wheat, grain yield was determined by the assemblage of traits that contribute to yield, such as grain weight, precocity and non‐photochemical quenching, while, for barley, SPAD value, precocity to reach phenological stages, grains per spike and plant height had the strongest influence. These traits varied widely among cultivars and seem of interest to identify best suited cultivars for shading conditions of Mediterranean agroforestry systems.     

氮素形态及供应时期对马铃薯生长发育与产量的影响

选用马铃薯克新1号和费乌瑞它2个品种,于2013-2014年在沙培条件下,研究了氮素形态及供应时间对马铃薯植株生长、块茎形成及发育的影响。结果表明,在块茎形成前供应NO₃-N与NH₄-N两种条件下,马铃薯植株高度、叶面积、叶片SPAD值、整株干物质积累量以及块茎重量无显著差异,而块茎形成后供应NH₄-N的马铃薯叶片SPAD值、植株生长速度及块茎产量均显著高于NO₃-N处理;块茎形成前供应NO₃-N的植株结薯数显著高于NH₄-N处理,但是氮素形态对干物质在马铃薯块茎中的分配比例无显著影响。因此,马铃薯的氮素养分管理应根据商品薯和种薯生产的不同目标,在块茎形成前后分别供应适宜形态的氮素。     

Is Discrimination of 13C in Potato Leaflets and Tubers an Appropriate Trait to Describe Genotype Responses to Restrictive and Well‐Watered Conditions?

Selection for drought tolerance entails prioritizing plant traits that integrate critical physiological processes occurring during crop growth. Discrimination against ¹³C (?) in leaflets (?_leaflet) and tubers (?_tuber) was compared under two water regimes in two potato‐improved varieties selected to maintain yield under drought conditions (Unica and Sarnav) and one drought susceptible European cultivar (Désirée). In the control treatment, soil water content was kept at field capacity over the whole growth cycle, while in the drought treatment water supply was restricted after tuber initiation (50 % of field capacity). Gas exchange and N content per unit leaf area (N_area) as well as ? were assessed at different stages. Sarnav showed the highest tuber yield in both water conditions, suggesting that yield in the water restriction treatment was largely driven by yield potential in this genotype. Higher stomatal conductance (g_s) and N_area and lower ?_leaflet in well‐watered Sarnav suggested higher photosynthetic capacity. Under water restriction, Sarnav maintained higher g_s indicating that carbon diffusion was a key factor for biomass accumulation under water restriction. Our results suggest the use of ? determined after tuber initiation as an indirect selection indicator for tuber yield under both well‐watered and restricted soil water availability conditions.     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.     

Effect of Defoliation on Growth and Physiological Developments in Tubers of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.)

The starch metabolism and hydrolytic enzyme activities in growing tubers of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in response to defoliation were examined to elucidate the regrowth physiology of the plant. Effects of complete or partial defoliation imposed at 2 or 4 weeks (single defoliation), or 2 and 4 weeks (repeated defoliation) after emergence (WAE) on plant growth were studied.
Leaf area and leaf dry weight per plant in the control plots increased with time. In the mother tuber, dry weight and starch content were reduced by 16 % and 18 %, respectively, during the first 2 WAE, and then increased with time. Endoamylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity of tubers (3.8 units g⁻¹ dry tuber) increased by 42 % during the first 4 WAE, but decreased rapidly up to 8 WAE.
Repeated defoliation significantly reduced the regrowth ability of nutsedge tubers when compared to single defoliation and the control. Repeated complete defoliation reduced the leaf area and leaf dry weight by 56 % and 69 %, respectively. The dry weights of mother tuber and total tubers 100 cm ⁻² were reduced by 41 % and 63 %, respectively, when compared to the control at 8 WAE. Endoamylase activity and starch content in the mother tuber in this treatment were reduced by 72 % and 56 %, respectively. Defoliation did not have any significant effect on the exoamylase activity.
Endoamylase is the major starch hydrolysing enzyme in tubers and the activity of this enzyme could be a limiting factor in regrowth of nutsedge tubers. Repeated complete defoliation effectively suppressed the regrowth of purple nutsedge.     

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Growth Indices, Root Yield and its Components in Upland and Inland Valley Ecologies of Sierra Leone

Cassava is predominantly an upland crop that is also cultivated in inland valley swamps (IVS). Identifying physiological traits that can withstand excess moisture stress can aid in the selection and use of stable cassava cultivars in IVS. Three cassava cultivars were evaluated for growth and yield in the upland and IVS ecologies in the 1993–94 crop seasons using a randomized complete block design. In the upland, 80/40 outyielded 87/29 and 'coco', while in the IVS, 87/29 had the highest yield. Highest yielding cultivars in each ecology also had the highest tuberous root bulking rate (TBR), dry matter (DM) production, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate, net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area index, leaf production rate and leaf life. Positive correlations between these parameters and tuberous root yield were noted. High yield of 87/29 in IVS was partly due to its low tuberous root rotting. High root rotting in 80/40 was partly as a result of the greater depth of tuberous roots in the soil (0.3–0.6 m) as compared to the other cultivars (0.15–0.3 m) where roots were in contact with stressful water levels earlier than others. The yield and yield components, growth and leaf characters were all drastically reduced when the cultivars were grown in IVS as compared to upland. For example, root yields of 'coco', 87/29 and 80/40 were reduced by 53 %, 60 % and 92 %, respectively, in IVS. Selection of cassava cultivars with longer leaf life and leaf area maintenance leading to high CGR, TBR, NAR and harvest index (in IVS and upland), coupled with a shallow tuberous root formation zone (in IVS) can give higher root and leaf yields in the two ecologies.     

The Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Inter- and Relay-cropping with Maize (Zea mays L.)

Four sweet potato cultivars were inter- and relay-cropped with maize at two locations in Peru. Increasing interspecific competition drastically reduced tuber yields of all cultivars; fewer tubers m ⁻² were produced and no tolerant genotype was identified. Likewise the mean tuber weight declined linearly for two cultivars when competition became severe. Shoot development was less affected. Under intense competition the plant top was favoured in assimilate partitioning to the detriment of tuber formation. Overall reduction in assimilate production due to mixed cropping was the major cause of yield loss. Various intercropping combinations were found with the same productivity but distinct proportions of the component crops (sweet potato + maize). Land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded sole crop productivity only for the combinations with the highest maize yields. Biomass production was clearly increased by intercropping but there was no increment in marketable yields. Relay-cropping reduced tuber and maize yields and had the lowest productivity of all combinations tested.     

Growth and Distribution of Dry Matter in a Drought Tolerant and a Susceptible Potato Cultivar under Normal and Water Deficit Condition

The growth behaviour of Dekama (drought tolerant) and Kufri Jyoti (drought susceptible) was studied using potted plants maintained at well watered condition and water deficit condition respectively. Periodic harvestings were done starting from 50 days after planting till maturity. Recordings of plant height, leaf area, dry weights of different plant parts, the proportion of thinner and thicker roots, stomatal conductance and water saturation deficit were obtained. The plant height, leaf area and dry weight of shoot decreased to nearly the same extent in both the cultivars under stress. The stomatal conductance decreased by 61.7 % in Dekama and by 64 % in Kufri Jyoti due to water stress. Water saturation deficit increased by about 80 % in both the cultivars. The ratios of root to shoot and that of thinner to thicker root increased due to stress in both cultivars and this increase was 85 % and 71 % in Dekama and 64 % and 19 % in Kufri Jyoti respectively. The distribution of dry matter to leaf, stem, root were more at the expense of tuber under stress conditions in both cultivars. However, the tolerant cultivar Dekama got adjusted to the stress condition, with more dry matter partitioned to tubers in the last two samplings. The study points out the factors responsible for better drought tolerance of Dekama compared to Kufri Jyoti and the possible physiological traits useful for selecting drought tolerant cultivars.     

品种和生育时期对冠层光谱指数(NDVI)估测马铃薯植株氮素浓度的影响

NDVI是反映作物叶绿素相对含量及氮素水平的重要参数,但是作物品种和生育时期的变化对NDVI估测氮素营养的能力有重要影响。本研究在内蒙古阴山北麓马铃薯主产区进行了多年多品种田间试验,于2014—2016年7月上旬至8月中旬马铃薯关键生育时期,利用便携式主动作物传感器GreenSeeker获取马铃薯冠层光谱指数NDVI,对比了品种和生育时期对NDVI估测结果的影响。结果表明,块茎形成期NDVI与马铃薯植株氮素浓度相关性较差,随着生育时期的推进, NDVI与植株氮素浓度的线性相关性增强,块茎膨大期与淀粉积累期组合会显著提高NDVI与植株氮素浓度的线性建模效果。品种混合会降低NDVI的灵敏性,增加数据的离散性,基于时间序列归一化的光谱指数TNDVI能够克服这些问题,尤其是在块茎膨大期TNDVI与植株氮素浓度的拟合决定系数(R2)能够由原来的0.13提高到0.47。TNDVI对块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期组合的线性估测建模R2为0.76,显著高于NDVI。株型展开型的品种在块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期更具线性拟合趋势。研究表明,马铃薯生育时期和品种对NDVI估测植株氮素浓度有显著影响,且生育时期的影响更大。构建的TNDVI光谱指数能够克服品种差异导致的块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期数据分异及饱和现象,为NDVI在马铃薯植株氮素浓度诊断应用的普适性上提供了理论依据与方法。     

Drought resistance of potato cultivars with contrasting canopy architecture

There has been little research in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to define the ideal canopy structure for obtaining high and stable tuber yields. Two field experiments were conducted on a loamy sand soil (Haplic Luvisol) near Braunschweig in the North German Plain. The eight medium late potato cultivars grown in the year 2000 under non-limiting conditions differed significantly (P < 0.05) for leaf and stem dry weight, leaf/stem mass ratio, leaf number, leaf area, and other canopy structure parameters. Genotypes characterised by a high leaf/stem ratio (leaf-types) produced a lower shoot biomass than those with a low leaf/stem ratio (stem-types). The cultivars Producent and Tomba, representing a leaf- and a stem-type, respectively, were chosen to study the relationship between shoot and tuber yield under rainfed and irrigated conditions during the years 2001–2003. Different seasonal rainfall together with varying levels of extra water from irrigation created a wide range of soil moisture levels. The detrimental effects of drought on light interception were much greater for the leaf-type than for the stem-type. Under rainfed conditions, the relative tuber dry weight of the stem-type as compared with the leaf-type amounted to 99% in the absence of drought (2002), 109% under moderate drought (2001), and 148% under severe drought (2003). Obviously, the ability of stem-types to form a greater aboveground biomass is especially advantageous under soil water deficit conditions. High availability of water under irrigation in the years 2002 and 2003 produced a canopy size in the stem-type in excess of that required for maximum light interception. Consequently, the tuber dry weight of the stem-type displayed an optimum relationship with the shoot dry weight whereas the tuber yield of the leaf-type increased linearly with the shoot yield.     

留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育及产量的影响

为探索留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育和产量的影响，于2004—2005年以两个不同熟性的抗虫棉品系K640和K9918为材料，在济南和临清进行了留叶枝去早果枝试验研究。结果表明，与正常整枝（去叶枝）相比，留叶枝去早果枝显著促进了两个品系的株高增长和叶面积扩展，叶面积系数提高了24%~94%。早熟品系K640在2004年和2005年分别比正常整枝增产7.4%和15.6%，而中早熟品系K9918的产量在2004年与正常整枝相当、2005年减产12.0%。留叶枝去早果枝显著减少了伏前桃比例，而相应提高了伏桃和秋桃的比例。留叶枝去早果枝对平均衣分影响不大，但显著影响铃数。分析认为，留叶枝去早果枝对棉花生长发育和产量的效应主要是通过提高叶源、降低库源比实现的，只有在叶源相对不足的情况下采取该措施才有增产作用。     

Effects of partial shading of the potato plant on photosynthesis of treated leaves,leaf area expansion and allocation of nitrogen and dry matter in component plant parts

Literature shows that the distribution of nitrogen (N) over leaf layers tends to follow the distribution of light. Nitrogen is regarded as moving away from poorly illuminated leaves. If operative in plant canopies, such mechanisms affect leaf longevity and the allocation of N and dry matter to plant parts. To examine such mechanisms in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) we conducted pot experiments with spaced plants in which the primary axis of the plant was subjected to shade treatments (50 or 90% shade), while the apical branches of the plant were illuminated as the control plants. N treatments were a limiting rate of N supply (N1) and a high rate of N supply (N2). Changes in leaf area, dry weight, N content (organic N and nitrate) and light saturated photosynthetic rate (P_max) were recorded for particular leaf numbers. Leaf area, dry weights and total N content of all component plant parts were determined. Shaded leaves showed a lower specific leaf weight while leaf area was not affected. Fifty percent shade had little effect on age-related changes of leaf properties, but leaves senesced fast when subjected to 90% shade. Shading the primary axis enhanced apical branching, increased sizes of individual leaves and reduced stem:leaf weight ratio of non-shaded apical branches; partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen to tubers was less than in controls. It was concluded that these changes were not associated with enhanced remobilization of N from shaded plant parts; nor were they related to enhanced senescence of shaded leaves.     

Biochar Mitigates Salinity Stress in Potato

A pot experiment was conducted in a climate‐controlled greenhouse to investigate the growth, physiology and yield of potato in response to salinity stress under biochar amendment. It was hypothesized that addition of biochar may improve plant growth and yield by mitigating the negative effect of salinity through its high sorption ability. From tuber bulking to harvesting, the plants were exposed to three saline irrigations, that is 0, 25 and 50 mm NaCl solutions, respectively, and two levels of biochar (0 % and 5 % W/W) treatments. An adsorption study was also conducted to study the Na⁺ adsorption capability of biochar. Results indicated that biochar was capable to ameliorate salinity stress by adsorbing Na⁺. Increasing salinity level resulted in significant reductions of shoot biomass, root length and volume, tuber yield, photosynthetic rate (A_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), midday leaf water potential, but increased abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in both leaf and xylem sap. At each salinity level, incorporation of biochar increased shoot biomass, root length and volume, tuber yield, A_n, g_s, midday leaf water potential, and decreased ABA concentration in the leaf and xylem sap as compared with the respective non‐biochar control. Decreased Na⁺, Na⁺/K⁺ ratio and increased K⁺ content in xylem with biochar amendment also indicated its ameliorative effects on potato plants in response to salinity stress. The results suggested that incorporation of biochar might be a promising approach for enhancing crop productivity in salt‐affected soils.     

中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究

以江苏省近60年生产上应用的16个代表性中籼品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料,依品种应用时期结合株型和基因型,将供试品种分为早期高秆（ET）、改良高秆（IT）、矮秆（DC）、半矮秆常规品种（SDC）、半矮秆杂交稻（SDH）和超级稻（SR）6个类型,研究其产量、源库关系和株型变化特性。结果表明,随着品种改良,籽粒产量逐步提高。这主要是由于总颖花量的增加,其关键在于每穗粒数的增多;结实率以DC最高,SR最低,千粒重变化不大。由ET到DC,植株高度降低,生物产量与收获指数同步提高,收获指数的提高更为明显。由DC到SR,植株高度略有增加,生物产量明显提高,抽穗后增加的量尤为显著,收获指数变化较小。品种改良明显减小了顶部3叶的着生角度,增加了抽穗期的叶面积,但颖花量的增加超过叶面积的增加,导致粒叶比（颖花数与叶面积之比）提高。随品种的演进,抽穗期根重以及根冠比提高,但根系伤流液量减少。抽穗至成熟根系伤流液和叶片中玉米素＋玉米素核苷浓度下降的速度表现为SR>SDH>SDC。依据品种演进特征,对进一步提高产量的途径进行了讨论。