中国疯草开发利用的进展

疯草是棘豆属(Oxytropis)和黄芪属(Astragalas)的有毒植物,广泛分布我国牧区,动物采食后能引起繁殖障碍、死亡,同时破坏草原生态.疯草含有丰富的营养成分,通过对疯草浸泡去毒、生物防除、合理轮牧、间歇或搭配饲喂、免疫及化学药物等方法,将疯草无毒处理后广泛应用于动物饲料.另外,疯草含有丰富的药用活性成分,在传统医学和现代医学的应用研究方面有良好的前景.     

疯草及毒性成分研究进展

疯草是指含苦马豆素的豆科黄芪属和棘豆属有毒植物,能引发家畜疯草病。疯草的分布比较广泛,属于世界性有毒植物,近年来疯草蔓延迅速,在一些地区已经造成草地毒草化,频繁出现放牧家畜中毒死亡现象,严重威胁草地畜牧业发展。研究表明,疯草的毒性与其含有的苦马豆素有关,但苦马豆素却不是疯草自身代谢产物,而是疯草携带内生真菌的代谢产物,此外苦马豆素还是一种良好抗肿瘤药物。笔者结合国内外相关研究对疯草的分布、危害、防治及毒性成分研究进展进行综述,并对疯草分类、研究地域及利用前景进行了讨论。     

疯草中毒研究概况及其进展

疯草中毒研究概况及其进展张洁，刘绪川（中国农业科院学中兽医研究所兰州７３００５０）疯草（Ｉｏｃｏｗｅｅｄ）是黄芪属和棘豆属有毒植物的总称，对动物有着几乎相同的毒害作用，国外将这类毒性植物引起的家畜中毒病统称为疯草中毒（Ｌｏｃｏｉｓｍ）［１，２］。疯草...     

苦马豆素与波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌关系的研究进展

疯草是含有苦马豆素的豆科棘豆属和黄芪属有毒植物的统称,家畜过量采食会发生以神经系统机能紊乱为特征的慢性中毒病。疯草的主要毒性成分为吲哚里西啶生物碱苦马豆素,波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌在疯草中普遍存在,该属真菌与疯草中苦马豆素产生、含量及疯草毒性关系密切。文章对疯草中的苦马豆素和波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌之间的关系进行综述,旨在为动物疯草中毒病的防控提供参考。     

产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌及苦马豆素研究进展

疯草(Locoweed)是黄芪属、棘豆属和苦马豆属中含苦马豆素(swainsonine, SW)有毒植物的统称,具有抗旱耐寒,分布广泛的特性。牲畜长期采食疯草会引起蓄积性中毒,严重时导致死亡,严重危害了我国草原畜牧业的可持续发展。疯草内生真菌是疯草具有毒性的根本原因,其毒性代谢产物即苦马豆素。论文对疯草在中国的种类与分布、疯草与内生真菌互作关系、疯草内生真菌种属及检测方法、疯草内生真菌传播方式与内生真菌育种;苦马豆素的来源、毒理机制及生物合成通路最新研究进展做一综述,以期为疯草植株及其内生真菌的改造利用方面提供参考。     

苦马豆素-BSA接种山羊的免疫学研究

疯草（Locoweed）是世界范围内危害草原畜牧业生产最严重的一类毒草，在我国主要分布于西部的广大草原，危害面积达1100万hm^2，并且日趋蔓延。动物采食疯草后不仅引起大量中毒死亡，更为重要的是导致母畜流产、不孕、胎儿畸形和公畜不育，同时疯草蔓延可促使草场退化，降低草场利用率，给草原畜牧业造成巨大的经济损失。国内外学者自1873年至今对动物疯草中毒做了大量的研究，现已确认的疯草毒素为吲哚兹啶生物碱-苦马豆素（swainsonine，SW）。疯草除含有毒素外，营养学研究也发现，其粗蛋白含量高达11％～12％，有着被作为优良饲草的潜力。     

信息大观

欢迎全国各饲料、兽药企业入场经营地址：成都市静居寺路９０号邮编：６１００６６电话：（０２８）４７９０２２０本栏目由西南饲料兽药市场协办据《陕西日报》报道：最近陕西杨凌大农生物技术有限公司中试提纯产生了１００mg苦马豆素晶体。这一技术成果的诞生，填补了我国在该技术研发领域的空白，标志我国已跻身国际植物毒素研究领域的先进行列。苦马豆素是从草原毒草———疯草中提取的有毒成份。疯草危害食草动物的安全，家畜采食疯草后，可导致疯草中毒综合症。疯草虽属有毒植物，却有着丰富的营养。以苦马豆素为半抗原，新研究开发的…     

疯草内生真菌苦马豆素合成相关基因及其研究方法的进展

<正>豆科棘豆属(Oxytropis)和黄芪属(Astragalus)有毒植物统称为疯草。疯草的营养价值丰富,是潜在的优良牧草。但家畜长期或过量采食后,可发生以神经机能紊乱为特征的慢性中毒病,称之为疯草中毒病[1]。中毒家畜表现为共济失调、瘫痪、流产、不孕、出生缺陷和死亡等。疯草导致动物中毒的主要因素是疯草中的吲哚里西啶类生物碱—苦马豆素,它能特异性地抑制参与糖蛋白分解代谢的溶酶体α-甘露糖苷酶、高尔基α-甘露糖苷酶Ⅱ,破坏细胞内膜系统[2-     

美国动物疯草中毒诊断与防治技术研究进展

疯草是美国西北部草原上分布最广泛的有毒植物,约有370多种,其中含有毒生物碱苦马豆素的疯草有24种,造成家畜中毒灾害的有11种。动物采食疯草后不仅引起中毒死亡,还影响其繁殖和畜种改良。此外,疯草的蔓延使草地利用率降低,给草原畜牧业造成巨大经济损失,严重威胁当地畜牧业的发展。为减少疯草中毒造成的经济损失,美国投入大量人力、物力和财力致力于疯草的研究,目前已经在疯草的生物学、生态学和生理学、毒物学与毒理学、临床诊断与防治技术等方面取得重大进展。就美国疯草的种类及生态分布、中毒诊断与防治技术方面的最新研究进展进行综述。     

疯草的生态学研究概况

疯草是豆科棘豆属和黄芪属有毒植物的统称,含有吲哚里西啶生物碱--苦马豆素(SW),是世界范围内危害草原畜牧业生产可持续发展最严重的毒草.论文在深入调查及试验研究的基础上,结合已报道的最新文献资料,综述了世界疯草的种类与生态学分布,SW与生态因子的关系,以及疯草的生态学控制研究概况,为我国草地生态学研究及疯草的合理开发利...     

西藏疯草研究进展

通过查阅现有文献资料和实地调查结果表明,西藏共有疯草类有毒植物22种,其中棘豆属植物14种,黄芪属植物8种。疯草对西藏草地畜牧业生产危害十分严重,引起大批牲畜中毒死亡,造成严重经济损失;影响畜种改良,畜群结构严重失衡;破坏草地生态平衡,致使草地退化。西藏目前针对疯草的防除措施主要有人工挖除和应用化学除草剂灭除,并且应用解毒药物和生态控制工程预防和防治牲畜疯草中毒。疯草类植物虽然有毒,但含有较高的粗蛋白和含硫氨基酸,粗纤维含量较低,可作为动物饲料或药物进行开发利用。     

疯草内生真菌研究进展

疯草含有疯草毒素,动物采食后能引起以慢性神经机能紊乱为特征的中毒病,是世界范围内危害草原畜牧业最严重的毒草之一.对疯草主要有毒成分苦马豆素来源问题的研究发现,疯草内生真菌与苦马豆素之间具有极为密切的关系.近年来,科研工作者对多种疯草的内生真菌进行分离,并对其与疯草的相互关系进行了深入研究.论文主要介绍了近年来国内外有关...     

Effect of repeated locoweed feeding on peripheral lymphocytic function and plasma proteins in sheep

Seven healthy, adult, crossbred yearling ewes were given (orally) 340 g of locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) every day for 10 weeks. Another 7 ewes were not fed the plant, but were housed similarly (controls). Blood samples were obtained once a week to evaluate the mitogen-induced lymphocytic responsiveness. For the locoweed-exposed ewes, there was decreased activity in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (a T-cell mitogen). This effect, although not statistically significant at all times, was consistent and became significant after 7 weeks. A similar response was observed in the blood cell cultures in the presence of pokeweed mitogen, but the differences were not statistically significant at most time points. For the locoweed-exposed ewes there also were gradual numerical decreases in total leukocyte and lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Peripheral leukocytes had cytoplasmic vacuolation. The results indicated that a selective effect may occur on cell-mediated immune responses. Serum proteins and gamma-globulins were not affected by locoweed treatment. Locoweed, certain species of Astragalus and Oxytropis, causes considerable economic loss to the livestock industry of western United States. Locoweed consumption by livestock can result in neurologic problems, emaciation, habituation, and reproductive alterations. The reproductive alterations include abortions, birth defects, and some interference with spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Signs of poisoning are CNS depression, rough dry coat, dull eyes, irregular gait, and excitement when stressed. The microscopic lesions are neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolations. Microscopic lesions are also observed in the fetuses and newborns of dams which were fed locoweed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of locoweed (Astragalus ientiginosus) feeding of fetal lamb development.

Locoweed, Astragalus lentiginosus, was fed to pregnant ewes for various periods during gestation. The principal gross effects on the developing fetuses were observed to be delayed placentation, decreased vascularization, fetal edema and hemorrhage, and alteration of cotyledon development. Deformed lambs and undersized lambs also occurred. Data from sheep fed locoweed during various periods of the entire gestation period are summarized and indicate that locoweed poisoning in the fetus as with the adult is a chronic type of intoxication. Also, poisoning of the fetus parallels poisoning in the dam.     

Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) poisoning and congestive heart failure in cattle

Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea), when fed to calves at high elevations, increased the prevalence and severity of congestive heart failure. Forced exercise did not increase the prevalence of congestive heart failure, but it did increase severity. Calves consuming locoweed at high elevations developed signs and gross lesions of congestive heart failure and microscopic lesions of congestive heart failure and locoweed poisoning. Calves fed locoweed at low elevations developed only signs and lesions of locoweed poisoning.     

Fetal and maternal lesions in pregnant ewes ingesting locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus).

Locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) was fed to ewes from 70 to 100 days of pregnancy. Ewes were killed at 100, 115, 130, and 145 days, and selected tissues were collected from both the dam and the fetus for histologic examination. Neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation and neuroaxonal dystrophy decreased in dam and fetus with time after the feeding of locoweed was discontinued.     

家畜小花棘豆中毒的研究进展

小花棘豆是豆科棘豆属多年生草本植物 ,全株有毒 ,在国内分布广泛 ,适于在干旱地区生长 ,家畜采食一定量后可逐步“成瘾”,常使大批家畜发病死亡 ,使该草分布地区蒙受巨大的经济损失。文章主要从小花棘豆的生态、部分地区小花棘豆中毒的情况、家畜小花棘豆中毒后的临床症状、病理学、引起小花棘豆中毒的毒性成分 (溶血毒素和有毒生物碱等 )及对小花棘豆中毒家畜采取的防治措施等进行了综述     

Grazing of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) by cattle and horses in Arizona

Spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus) is a toxic, perennial plant that may, if sufficient precipitation occurs, dominate the herbaceous vegetation of pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Colorado Plateau. Six cow/calf pairs and four horses grazed a 20-ha pasture with dense patches of locoweed in eastern Arizona during spring 1998. Locoweed density was 0.7 plants/m2 in the pasture. Locoweed averaged 30.4% NDF and 18.4% CP. Concentrations of the locoweed toxin, swainsonine, fluctuated from 1.25 to 2 mg/g in locoweed. Horses ate more (P < 0.01) bites of locoweed than did cows (15.4 and 5.1% of bites, respectively). Horses generally increased locoweed consumption over time since they ate approximately 5% of bites in the preflower stage compared with 25% of bites in the pod stage. Cattle consumed almost no locoweed (< 1% of bites) until the pod stage, when they increased consumption to 15% of bites. Horses were very avid (approximately 65 to 95% of bites) in selecting the small quantities (approximately 40 to 150 kg/ha) of available green grass, and it appeared that their propensity to eat scarce green forage influenced their locoweed consumption as well. Horses ate relatively little dry grass, even when it was abundant, whereas cattle ate large amounts of dry grass until green grasses became more abundant. Calves began eating locoweed on the same day as their dams and ate approximately 20% of their bites as locoweed. Serum concentrations of swainsonine were higher (P < 0.05) in horses than in cattle (433 vs. 170 ng/mL, respectively). Baseline swainsonine was zero in all animals, but swainsonine was rapidly increased to above 800 ng/mL in serum of horses as they ate locoweed. Horses exhibited depression after eating locoweed for about 2 wk; after 5 wk of exposure, horses became anorectic and behaviorally unstable. Although limited in scope, this study indicates that horses should not be exposed to spotted locoweed.