牧区新一代种养两用暖棚的建设与利用

牧区种养两用暖棚建设是集养殖、种植于一体的牧区设施畜牧业的重要内容。经在青海牧区试验研究。在两用暖棚内冬季养畜、夏季种菜，方法切实可行，可大幅度提高暖棚的综合效益，适宜在高寒牧区推广应用。     

新型材料种养两用暖棚的设计与效果观察

新型材料两用暖棚是在近年来推广的砖木钢窗玻璃结构两用暖棚的基础上进行改进、优化设计的第二代种养两用暖棚。经在青海牧区试验研究 :该设计方法切实可行 ,效果显著 ,较之砖木结构两用暖棚具有保温性好、防腐性强、使用寿命长、便于运输和安装等 ,适宜在广大牧区推广。     

牧区新一代种养两用暖棚设计与建造

通过试验研究，提出适应青海高寒牧区种养结合的两用暖棚的建造模式和技术规范，达到一棚两用，成本低、经久耐用、保暖性良好的目的，提高暖棚的综合效益。     

2003年《青海草业》总目录

·试验研究·青海省龙羊峡库区草地动态变化遥感分析辛有俊　詹发余　晏　萍 ( 1 )　第一期………………………共和县江西沟地区种养两用暖棚养畜试验报告辛玉春　杨全秀　王寿等 ( 5 )　第一期…………………复合预混料对成年羯羊育肥效果分析何孝德　文香　马文华 ( 8)　第一期………………………………牧区两用暖棚内环境监测试验研究辛玉春 ( 1 0 )　第一期…………………………………………………牧区两用暖棚设计与建设研究王海霞 ( 1 3)　第一期………………………………………………………“三江源区”公路建设植被恢复技术试验研究…     

高寒牧区牲畜暖棚与蔬菜种植试验

本试验针对暖季青海省广大牧区牲畜暖棚大多闲置这一现象,在牧区暖棚内进行了蔬菜种植,做到暖棚养畜与蔬菜种植并举,从而达到牲畜暖棚综合利用的目的,获得了成功并取得较好的经济效益。但是由于受区域环境及人为因素等限制,牧区牲畜暖棚种莱技术对牧民群众而言,是一项较为复杂的管理和经营技术,目前还不适宜在三江源区大面积推广。各地应因地制宜的选择适宜推广的地域。     

浅谈青海牧区暖棚综合利用

本文针对暖棚综合利用技术在实际生产中出现的问题,根据暖棚综合利用课题试验研究结果,分析认为目前在青海,尤其是在青南牧区,开展暖棚综合利用要因地制宜。在这些地区发展畜牧业,首先要改变牧民群众的养畜观念,改变传统的养殖习惯,才能真正做到提高暖棚的使用效率。提出暖棚综合利用技术其实最主要的还是科学养畜技术。     

冷季牧区两用暖棚养羊试验观察

<正> 青海牧区冬季漫长寒冷,气候恶劣,枯草期长达6～7个月,如没有相应的保暖措施,羊掉膘快、增重少,羔羊成活率低。为了摆脱靠天养畜的被动局面,探索青海现代化高效畜牧业发展的路子,青海省委、省政府于2001年开展了《牧区两用暖棚综合利用试验研究》课题(暖棚内夏天种菜,冬天养     

暖棚养畜在青南牧区防灾作用的观测分析

通过对甘德、河南两县暖棚养畜试验和观测分析 ,结果证明暖棚在畜牧业生产中能起到减少成畜死亡率、提高羔羊成活率、具有减少低温危害和减灾作用 ,为青南牧区牲畜安全越冬开辟了一条有效途径。     

高寒牧区暖棚养羊技术

结合青海牧区畜牧业生产实际,提出高寒牧区暖棚饲养绵羊的主要管理措施及技术要点。指出暖棚养羊技术适宜在广大青海牧区推广,该实用技术不仅可以满足不同的养畜模式,而且在生产实际中根据养畜需要可灵活运用。     

塑料暖棚养殖技术的应用研究

根据张掖市冬季漫长,气候寒冷的特点,研究推广了塑膜暖棚养羊技术。从场地的选择、棚舍类型、暖棚的设计、建筑材料的选定与施工、温湿度的控制等方面进行了科学的设计和研究,确立了2种暖棚羊舍,适合于高寒牧区、半农半牧荒漠区和绿洲农业灌溉区等三个不同生态产区,并在养羊生产实践中进行了大规模的试验示范和推广应用,为发展健康高效养羊提供了科学依据。     

杂多县防灾基地“四配套“建设效益的调查

杂多县自1990年实施防灾基地"四配套"建设以来,截止2000年底共建成定居点、围栏草场、牲畜暖棚、人工种草"四配套"建设户2600户,占全县牧户总数的45%,经对定居点、暖棚、围栏、人工种草以及全县畜牧业生产指标的调查与对比分析,其效益显著.     

幼龄羊西繁东育育肥技术推广报告

在平安县南山草食畜商品经济开发区（６个乡）实施幼龄羊西繁东育育技术。秋冬季节将牧区的幼龄羊贩运到本地区，在农户饲养管理条件下，采用放牧＋补饲和舍饲育肥方式进行肥育。结果：育肥幼龄羔羊３５００只，８月龄平均胴体重１８．２ｋｇ，产肉率比对照羊提高６１．０９％，增加收入６０％以上，经济效益显著。     

Daytime shelter-seeking behavior in domestic horses

We examined daytime shelter-seeking behavior (SSB) in domestic horses housed outdoors and studied the relationship of temperature, precipitation, and wind speed with SSB. We studied 50-60 Arabian horses (depending upon time of year) and 3-5 draft horses. Horses were divided among 8 pastures containing sheds. There were 2 study phases. In the first, up to 676 scan samples were taken for each pasture over a 12-month period (total observations = 5,025). At each observation, we noted whether or not a shed was being used. In the second phase, randomly selected focal animals were chosen from each pasture and observed twice per week for 16 weeks. Forty-four focal animals were observed (total observations = 3930). At each sampling time, we noted weather conditions and recorded whether each subject was standing or lying inside or next to shelters. Shelter usage ranged from a low of <10% of observations in many weather conditions to a high of 62% of observations when it was snowing and wind speed was >4.9 m/s. When wind was >2.2 m/s, there was a significant effect of rain on shelter usage, that is, more horses used shelters in rainy, breezy conditions (P < 0.01). When wind was >2.2 m/s, there was a significant effect of snow on shelter usage, that is, more horses used shelters in snowy, breezy conditions (P < 0.01). Though overall shelter usage was typically <10%, it appears that shelter access is very important in certain weather conditions.     

Pilot study to evaluate the efficiency of insecticide-treated mosquito net fences for the protection of horses against nuisance insects in northern Brandenburg

A fence of black mosquito netting of 100 cm height, pre-treated with 80 mg/m2 of deltamethrin and UV-protected, was used to shelter horses from nuisance and biting insects on pasture in northern Brandenburg. The netting material was attached to the surrounding poles of the existing fences at a height of 15 cm above ground. Three trial groups were selected grazing in spatially separated areas with comparable densities of insect populations. One paddock was completely fenced apart from a wall of 170 cm height and 70 m length. The second pasture had only partial protection with 126 m (13.4%) of fence out of a total perimeter of 942 m. The third pasture served as control. Trap catches outside the fully or partially protected pasture were by at least 60% lower than those recorded for the control pasture. Digital pictures from five different anatomical regions indicated fewer flies on horses kept at the completely or partially protected areas as compared to the control area. The average attack rate in the protected areas amounted to 4.4 and 7.6 flies per horse at the completely or partially protected areas, respectively, as opposed to horses on the control pasture with 172.1 flies. In comparison to the control pasture the horses grazing on the protected areas showed fewer defensive movements, grazing in an undisturbed manner.     

Activities and social relationships of red deer at pasture

AIM: To provide baseline data for research into behaviourally appropriate management systems for deer. METHODS: Activities and their relationships with weather conditions, and social interactions both at pasture and during yarding, were investigated in two groups of yearling stags over summer in Otago, New Zealand. Over 8 weeks from November to January, activities, individual distances, weather conditions and use of shade from trees and shelter from windbreak cloth were recorded at 5 minute intervals for 4-hour periods at dawn, noon, and dusk. Over 2 further weeks, inter-individual distances and aggressive behaviours were recorded for each group over two 3-hour periods in both the home pasture and yard pen environments. RESULTS: Days were classified as being predominantly dry or wet, and use of shade and shelter and activity patterns differed between dry and wet days (p< 0.05), with grazing and sitting cycles being disrupted on wet days. Fenceline pacing, a possible indication of motivation to escape, was observed most frequently at dusk on wet days (14.8 % of observations compared with 5.6 % for dry days, s.e.d. 4.1 %; p <0.05). There was significant evidence (p <0.001) for close association between specific pairs of deer. More aggression was observed in the yard pen than in the paddock (p <0.05). Aggressive interactions showed a linear dominance hierarchy in one group, and a near-linear hierarchy in the other group. Relationships between distance scores, both at pasture and in the yard pen, and aggression hierarchy rankings were found, with lower-ranking stags maintaining greater distances from their neighbours (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that as the use of shade and windbreak cloth shelter was related to weather conditions, these amenities probably assisted with thermoregulation. A need for shelter from the rain was indicated by disrupted activity cycles and fenceline pacing on wet days. Further work into the needs of deer for protection from the weather is warranted. Evidence of association between individual deer within groups, and avoidance of social contact by some individuals within groups, indicated that research into the social effects of different handling and management techniques for established groups of deer is also warranted.     

暖棚和氨化秸秆育肥绵羊试验报告

利用氨化秸秆在暖棚内进行菜羊育肥，平均每只增加产值143元，比敞圈育肥组高58元，比对照组高159元；平均每只增加收入97元，比敞圈育肥组高58元，比对照组高122元，经济效益明显，宜在有条件的地区推广。     

牧区两用暖棚综合效益分析

暖棚在抗寒、防灾保畜中发挥了重要作用,其建设速度也有了突飞猛进的发展,从最简易的棚圈形式发展到目前的玻璃钢窗砖木结构,从而使它的使用方式更加趋于合理化、科学化。从试验的角度分析暖棚的综合利用经济效益和使用效益,以及对地方经济的拉动作用,为今后推广和使用两用暖棚提供理论依据。     

24-h sheltering behaviour of individually kept horses during Swedish summer weather

Background

Provision of shelter for horses kept on summer pasture is rarely considered in welfare guidelines, perhaps because the benefits of shelter in warm conditions are poorly documented scientifically. For cattle, shade is a valued resource during summer and can mitigate the adverse effects of warm weather on well-being and performance. We found in a previous study that horses utilized shelters frequently in summer. A shelter with a roof and closed on three sides (shelter A) was preferred and can reduce insect pressure whereas a shelter with roof and open on three sides was not utilized. However, shelter A restricts the all-round view of a horse, which may be important for horses as flight animals. Therefore, we studied whether a shelter with roof, where only the upper half of the rear wall was closed (shelter B), would be utilized while maintaining insect protection properties and satisfying the horses’ sense for security. A third shelter was offered with walls but no roof (shelter C) to evaluate whether the roof itself is an important feature from the horse’s perspective. Eight Warmblood horses were tested each for 2 days, kept individually for 24 h in two paddocks with access to shelters A and B, or shelters A and C, respectively. Shelter use was recorded continuously during the night (1800–2400 h, 0200–0600 h) and the following day (0900–1600 h), and insect defensive behaviour (e.g., tail swish) in instantaneous scan samples at 5-min intervals during daytime.

Results

Seven horses used both shelters A and B, but when given the choice between shelters A and C, shelter C was scarcely visited. There was no difference in duration of shelter use between night (105.8 ± 53.6 min) and day (100.8 ± 53.8, P = 0.829). Daytime shelter use had a significant effect on insect defensive behaviours (P = 0.027). The probability of performing these behaviours was lowest when horses used shelter A compared to being outside (P = 0.038).

Conclusions

Horses only utilized shelters with a roof whilst a shelter with roof and closed on three sides had the best potential to lower insect disturbance during daytime in summer.     

Critical consideration of the "Guideline for the Evaluation of Raising Horses" and keeping horses outside in the winter

The guidelines of the Federal Ministry of User Protection, Nutrition and Agriculture (BMVEL) regarding "horse keeping with respect to animal welfare" are from 1995 (BMELF, 1995). Therefore, they are not suitable for modern horse keeping. The Veterinary Association for Animal Welfare (TVT) held it to be necessary to rework the guide-lines in light of 1) many subsequent investigations concerning horse keeping, and 2) the species-specific needs of horses in practice. Each chapter of the BMELF (1995) guide-lines was revised such that the literature and practical experiences were updated. Several chapters (recumbency resting behaviour, fences, underground outdoor and in stables, litter) were added in the position paper of the TVT to reflect the increasing use of boxes with paddocks, loose housing systems with open yards, pasture and winter yards as housing conditions. Keeping horses outdoors permanently during winter is possible because horses have very good thermoregulatory capabilities so that they are able to adapt themselves to cold conditions. However, in light of animal welfare, the holding system must include adequate shelter (natural or artificial). Shelters should protect against wetness, heat, cold and wind, and must be sufficiently large and high, with a dry and clean underground. In keeping horses outdoors permanently, the paths to the feeding and watering areas and to the shelter must be dry. The food must also be protected against mould and soiling. Keeping horses permanently without adequate shelter or in deep marsh without any dry places is against the Animal Protection Act.