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植物积累重金属的机理研究进展 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
近年来,由工业、农业和采矿活动所引起的重金属污染日益严重并受到广泛关注。植物积累重金属的机理也成为研究热点。重金属通过根表皮从土壤溶液中进入植物体内,通过共质体途径和质外体途径进入木质部并被转运到地上部。许多基因与重金属转运和积累过程相关。其中具有代表性的是ABC转运蛋白家族相关基因和P-type ATPase相关基因等。本研究从植物各部位对重金属吸收转运作用及重金属转运相关基因的最新研究进展进行总结,同时对今后的研究提出看法。 相似文献
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藏中矿区先锋植物重金属积累特征及耐性研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
西藏中部矿区重金属污染严重,在矿区废弃地的先锋植物中筛选和研究适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物,是藏中矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提。本研究采用野外调查取样,并结合室内分析测试来进行。对矿区尾矿库生长的6种先锋植物及其土壤重金属含量进行测定分析,结果表明:拉屋矿区尾矿库重金属污染严重,并且土壤受到Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd元素的复合污染;6种先锋植物均能适应矿区土壤重金属元素较高的环境,对重金属具有一定的耐性;6种植物对重金属的吸收表现出3种特征:尼泊尔酸模(Rumex nepalensis)和紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)属于富集型植物;高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、高原荨麻(Urtica hyperborea)、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)属于根部囤积型植物;垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)属于重金属规避型植物;在复合污染条件下,尼泊尔酸模对Zn的吸收超过1000 mg·kg-1,高原荨麻对Cd的吸收超过50 mg·kg-1,高原荨麻和尼泊尔酸模具备超富集植物的特征和潜能,对尾矿库区重金属污染有较强的耐性,可作为治理该地区污染环境的修复材料。 相似文献
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盆栽试验的结果表明,高羊茅、早熟禾、黑麦草和紫花苜蓿在铅锌尾矿土壤或处理的尾矿土壤上都能生长,但在处理土壤上生长的植物长势明显优于对照,其中紫花苜蓿的生物量所受影响比其他几种草本植物更大,说明其重金属抗性低于其他几种植物.单位面积上4种植物体内重金属含量均为Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd,但每种植物对Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu的吸收浓度和分布均不相同,一般为根系浓度大于茎叶.加入改良剂和有机肥(菜枯)使生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤上的4种草本植物生物量显著增加,植物体中的Cd、Pb和Zn元素浓度下降,但Cu元素浓度反而上升,结果单位面积上4种草本植物吸收各重金属元素的量均有所增加,可见利用改良措施与草本植物相结合的方法来修复重金属污染土壤具有可行性. 相似文献
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Objective To describe a case of diabetes mellitus in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus).
Design A case report with controls.
Procedures We describe clinical and laboratory findings in a 6-year-old, free-living, female koala presented with traumatic injury and subsequently found to have polydipsia, hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. Over a 5 week period, serum biochemical analyses, haematological examinations, urinal-yses, measurement of serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations, necropsy, histopathological examination of a range of tissues and immunohistochemical examination of the pancreas for insulin-containing cells were done. For reference purposes, serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations were determined in four and two healthy koalas, respectively, and three healthy koalas pancreases were examined histo-logically and immunohistochemically.
Results The koala had persistent hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia and glucosuria. Serum insulin concentration of the diabetic koala was only marginally smaller than that of healthy koalas, but all concentrations were smaller than reference concentrations in dogs and people. Fructosamine concentration did not allow the diabetic koala to be distinguished from healthy koalas and concentrations of all koala analytes were greater than expected for healthy dogs and people. Histopathological examination revealed extensive degeneration of pancreatic islet cells and fatty infiltration of hepatocytes. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed decreased or absent insulin in the b cells of the affected koala.
Conclusion Clinical signs, clinicopathological results and histopathological changes were consistent with diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of the condition could not be determined but may have been related to the administration of a parenteral corticosteroid preparation, the stress of capture or tissue damage and inflammation. 相似文献
Design A case report with controls.
Procedures We describe clinical and laboratory findings in a 6-year-old, free-living, female koala presented with traumatic injury and subsequently found to have polydipsia, hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. Over a 5 week period, serum biochemical analyses, haematological examinations, urinal-yses, measurement of serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations, necropsy, histopathological examination of a range of tissues and immunohistochemical examination of the pancreas for insulin-containing cells were done. For reference purposes, serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations were determined in four and two healthy koalas, respectively, and three healthy koalas pancreases were examined histo-logically and immunohistochemically.
Results The koala had persistent hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia and glucosuria. Serum insulin concentration of the diabetic koala was only marginally smaller than that of healthy koalas, but all concentrations were smaller than reference concentrations in dogs and people. Fructosamine concentration did not allow the diabetic koala to be distinguished from healthy koalas and concentrations of all koala analytes were greater than expected for healthy dogs and people. Histopathological examination revealed extensive degeneration of pancreatic islet cells and fatty infiltration of hepatocytes. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed decreased or absent insulin in the b cells of the affected koala.
Conclusion Clinical signs, clinicopathological results and histopathological changes were consistent with diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of the condition could not be determined but may have been related to the administration of a parenteral corticosteroid preparation, the stress of capture or tissue damage and inflammation. 相似文献
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重金属是危害草原生态健康的主要污染物之一,迄今有关大庆市及周边地区草原土壤重金属含量、空间变异和污染程度的研究鲜见报道。本文通过野外调查采样,应用地统计学,结合经典重金属污染评价方法,分析了大庆市及周边地区草原土壤Cd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni,Hg及As含量的空间变异与污染程度,结果表明:研究区8种重金属含量具有中等空间异质性,变异系数在28.3%~58.5%。8种重金属元素可以用指数模型、高斯模型和球状模型拟合,Cd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni和As的块金值/基台值[C0/(C0+C)]在25%~75%,其空间变异由结构性变异(母质、地形等)和非结构性因素(人类活动)共同引起,Hg的[C0/(C0+C)]>75%,即非结构性因素对其的影响大。土壤重金属含量呈斑块状、条带状、点状和环岛状分布特征。研究区8种重金属的超背景值率较高,表现为累积的特征。As和Ni的分别有23.7%和1.7%的采样点重金属含量超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)2级标准限值。地积累指数评价表明,As存在轻度污染风险,其他重金属无单因子污染风险。潜在生态风险评价表明,8种重金属元素均不存在潜在生态风险。大庆市及周边地区草原土壤重金属呈现空间中等强度变异,个别重金属元素存在超标现象,土壤质量整体良好。 相似文献
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Maurice DV Lightsey SF Abudabos A Toler JE 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2002,86(11-12):383-388
The inconsistent beneficial responses to dietary ascorbic acid (AsA) may be due to dietary factors that alter biosynthesis or tissue turnover of AsA. It has been suggested on the basis of altered tissue AsA that dietary fluoride is a determinant of biosynthesis in chickens. Fluoride may enter the food chain of poultry via industrial contamination, feed ingredients and drinking water. The goal of this study was to ascertain whether dietary fluoride at 300 mg/kg influences l-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO) activity in commercial meat-type chickens. The experimental diet was fed from day-old to 3 weeks and responses measured. Growth and feed conversion were not affected by fluoride in the diet. Dietary fluoride neither inhibited nor enhanced GLO activity nor did it increase or decrease AsA concentration in plasma, liver, kidney, adrenal gland and muscle (pectoralis major). Tissue AsA concentration in ascending order was adrenal > liver > kidney > pectoralis major > plasma. The results are consistent with that reported for the rat and calculations based on the results eliminate fluorine contamination for the inconsistent responses of immature chickens to dietary AsA. 相似文献
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Objectives To compare the survival of larvae of a dung-breeding fly in the faeces of cattle treated either with an injectable formulation of abamectin, or with oral or injectable formulations of ivermectin.
Design Replicated bioassays were conducted on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, using faeces collected before and at intervals after drug treatment.
Animals Two cows and their calves were allocated to each of three drug treatments and dosed according to individual weights.
Procedures Differences in the proportions of larvae pupariating were used as measures of the toxicity of drug residues.
Results Development of fly larvae was inhibited in all faeces collected 1 to 4 days after treatment. In cattle treated with oral ivermectin, there was reduced larval survival in faeces collected 8 and 16 days after treatment, but by day 32, survival was equivalent to that recorded in the faeces of untreated cattle. With injectable ivermectin, there was no survival at day 8, limited survival at day 16 and, at day 32, survival was not significantly affected. With injectable abamectin, survival was completely suppressed until day 32, at which time the number of pupariating larvae did not differ significantly from that recorded in faeces from untreated animals.
Conclusion The oral formulation of ivermectin is eliminated more rapidly than the injectable formulation and, as a consequence, is likely to be less harmful to dung-feeding insects. Abamectin and ivermectin appear to equally toxic larvae of M vetustissima. 相似文献
Design Replicated bioassays were conducted on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, using faeces collected before and at intervals after drug treatment.
Animals Two cows and their calves were allocated to each of three drug treatments and dosed according to individual weights.
Procedures Differences in the proportions of larvae pupariating were used as measures of the toxicity of drug residues.
Results Development of fly larvae was inhibited in all faeces collected 1 to 4 days after treatment. In cattle treated with oral ivermectin, there was reduced larval survival in faeces collected 8 and 16 days after treatment, but by day 32, survival was equivalent to that recorded in the faeces of untreated cattle. With injectable ivermectin, there was no survival at day 8, limited survival at day 16 and, at day 32, survival was not significantly affected. With injectable abamectin, survival was completely suppressed until day 32, at which time the number of pupariating larvae did not differ significantly from that recorded in faeces from untreated animals.
Conclusion The oral formulation of ivermectin is eliminated more rapidly than the injectable formulation and, as a consequence, is likely to be less harmful to dung-feeding insects. Abamectin and ivermectin appear to equally toxic larvae of M vetustissima. 相似文献
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RICKY G. CASHMORE BVSc MACVSc JANE F. LADLOW MA VetMB CertSAS CertVR Diplomate ECVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2010,39(1):14-20
Objective— To report a surgical technique for creation of a urethral conduit using a preputial indirect flap.
Study Design— Case report.
Animals— Male Doberman Pinscher (6 weeks old).
Methods— A urethral conduit was constructed using a multistage preputial indirect flap in a dog with severe perineal hypospadias.
Results— Successful transfer of a perineal located urethral meatus to a more anatomically normal inguinal location was achieved with a preputial flap. The procedure was performed to aid control of recurrent urinary tract infections after anal and urethral separation in a dog with imperforate anus, urethrorectal fistula, and proximal perineal hypospadias.
Conclusions— Creation of a urethral conduit from a tubed bipedicle flap using redundant preputial tissue eliminated fecal contamination of the urethral meatus, aiding control of urinary tract infection. A good functional and cosmetic outcome was achieved.
Clinical Relevance— This technique should be considered in aiding control and prevention of urinary tract infections in dogs with proximal perineal hypospadias where a preputial remnant exists. 相似文献
Study Design— Case report.
Animals— Male Doberman Pinscher (6 weeks old).
Methods— A urethral conduit was constructed using a multistage preputial indirect flap in a dog with severe perineal hypospadias.
Results— Successful transfer of a perineal located urethral meatus to a more anatomically normal inguinal location was achieved with a preputial flap. The procedure was performed to aid control of recurrent urinary tract infections after anal and urethral separation in a dog with imperforate anus, urethrorectal fistula, and proximal perineal hypospadias.
Conclusions— Creation of a urethral conduit from a tubed bipedicle flap using redundant preputial tissue eliminated fecal contamination of the urethral meatus, aiding control of urinary tract infection. A good functional and cosmetic outcome was achieved.
Clinical Relevance— This technique should be considered in aiding control and prevention of urinary tract infections in dogs with proximal perineal hypospadias where a preputial remnant exists. 相似文献
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耐重金属苜蓿中华根瘤菌的筛选及其与能源植物联合富集铜的特性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了提高能源植物在重金属矿区废弃地边际土壤上的适应性,研发根瘤菌-能源植物联合修复技术,从生长于铜矿废弃地土壤上的紫花苜蓿根瘤中分离纯化根瘤菌,并研究其对紫花苜蓿、多年生黑麦草和甜高粱等能源植物生长和富集铜的作用,探究根瘤菌对铜矿废弃地土壤改良的效应。结果表明,从紫花苜蓿根瘤中分离筛选到一株耐铜铅镉的苜蓿中华根瘤菌D10。在铜矿废弃地土壤上,甜高粱的生物量可达黑麦草的4.6~6.4倍。与接灭菌液对照相比,D10菌株能够促进紫花苜蓿和甜高粱的干重显著增加28.6%~78.1%,铜吸收量显著增加50.4%~111.8%。但D10菌株不能促进黑麦草的生长和Cu吸收。D10菌株能够促进甜高粱和紫花苜蓿生长和Cu富集,增加根际土壤有效态Cu含量、水溶性糖含量和土壤脲酶活性,具有应用于铜矿废弃地植被恢复和联合修复污染土壤的潜力。 相似文献
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IW LUGTON 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(5):322-328
OBJECTIVE: To determine what factors governed the extent of outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) following releases in New South Wales. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. PROCEDURE: Information from the data set of official releases was subjected to two preliminary analyses. More comprehensive information on a subsample of official RHD releases, sites and animals was gathered by telephone survey of Rural Lands Protection Board staff and farmers. Data were analysed using multivariate techniques to determine which factors were associated with rabbit mortality within one month of RHDV release, within several months of release and in affecting the proportion of the population killed. RESULTS: A strong association was found between the presence of heavy flea infestation (odds ratio 2.7), breeding in rabbits and outbreaks of RHD. For each week following breeding there was an 8% decline in the odds of an outbreak. Low temperatures also promoted outbreaks. Less important effects included the prior presence of RHD at the release site, which reduced the likelihood and severity of outbreaks. The presence of cattle and proximity to the nearest water body were associated with increased severity and likelihood of outbreaks respectively. CONCLUSION: Both breeding of rabbits and associated high flea numbers may act together or independently in promoting outbreaks of RHD. Stresses involved with rabbit reproduction and low environmental temperatures also appear to influence the likelihood of outbreaks. The effects of proximity to cattle and water suggests that both flies and mosquitoes may have a minor role in local transmission. 相似文献
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Cellophane banding for the gradual attenuation of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in eleven dogs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and short term effects of a cellophane banding technique for progressive attenuation of canine single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts.
Design A prospective trial of 11 dogs with single congenital extrahepatic shunts.
Procedure Rectal ammonia tolerance testing and routine biochemical tests were performed preoperatively on all dogs. In seven dogs, preoperative abdominal Doppler ultrasonography was also performed. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a single extrahepatic portocaval shunt in each animal, which was attenuated using a cellophane band with an internal diameter of 2 to 3 mm. The abdomen was closed routinely. Follow-up biochemical analysis and abdominal Doppler ultrasonography or splenoportography were performed postoperatively.
Results The shunt was not amenable to total ligation in 11 dogs, based upon reported criteria. All dogs recovered uneventfully from surgery without evidence of portal hypertension, and showed clinical improvement thereafter. Shunt occlusion was deemed to have occurred in 10 dogs based on resolution of biochemical and/or sonographic abnormalities. One dog continued to have sonographic evidence of portosystemic shunting when evaluated 3 weeks after surgery, despite normal ammonia tolerance, but was lost to subsequent follow-up. Two dogs, in which 3 mm cellophane bands were placed, experienced delayed shunt occlusion.
Conclusion Cellophane banding is simple to perform, and causes progressive attenuation of single extrahepatic shunts in dogs. Further work is needed to determine the maximum diameter of a cellophane band which will produce total attenuation, and the long-term safety and reliability of the treatment. 相似文献
Design A prospective trial of 11 dogs with single congenital extrahepatic shunts.
Procedure Rectal ammonia tolerance testing and routine biochemical tests were performed preoperatively on all dogs. In seven dogs, preoperative abdominal Doppler ultrasonography was also performed. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a single extrahepatic portocaval shunt in each animal, which was attenuated using a cellophane band with an internal diameter of 2 to 3 mm. The abdomen was closed routinely. Follow-up biochemical analysis and abdominal Doppler ultrasonography or splenoportography were performed postoperatively.
Results The shunt was not amenable to total ligation in 11 dogs, based upon reported criteria. All dogs recovered uneventfully from surgery without evidence of portal hypertension, and showed clinical improvement thereafter. Shunt occlusion was deemed to have occurred in 10 dogs based on resolution of biochemical and/or sonographic abnormalities. One dog continued to have sonographic evidence of portosystemic shunting when evaluated 3 weeks after surgery, despite normal ammonia tolerance, but was lost to subsequent follow-up. Two dogs, in which 3 mm cellophane bands were placed, experienced delayed shunt occlusion.
Conclusion Cellophane banding is simple to perform, and causes progressive attenuation of single extrahepatic shunts in dogs. Further work is needed to determine the maximum diameter of a cellophane band which will produce total attenuation, and the long-term safety and reliability of the treatment. 相似文献
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LAURA J. OWEN BVSc CertSAS J. ALBERTO GINES DVM TOBY G. KNOWLES PhD MIBiol FHEA PETER E. HOLT BVMS PhD Diplomate ECVS FHEA FRCVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2009,38(6):732-737
Objective— To investigate the efficacy of adhesive incise drapes in reducing bacterial contamination of clean canine surgical wounds.
Study Design— Randomized clinical trial.
Animals— Dogs (n=100) having elective ovariohysterectomy or stifle surgery.
Methods— Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: drape or no drape. Swabs obtained from the inner edge of the surgical wound at the beginning (swab 1) and end (swab 2) of surgery were submitted for microbial culture. Number of colony forming units was counted for all positive cultures and change in bacterial counts between swabs 1 and 2 was calculated. Percentage adhesive drape adherence at the end of surgery was calculated from a digital photograph of the surgical site. Duration of surgery/anesthesia and the anesthetic induction agent used were recorded.
Results— There was a significant increase in bacterial counts between swabs 1 and 2 ( P =.001). Wound contamination was 14% (6 drape; 8 no drape; P =0.78) with Staphylococcus spp. most commonly isolated. Median percentage drape adherence at the end of surgery was 89.3% (0–100%). Duration of anesthesia was significantly related to wound contamination ( P =.013), but duration of surgery and anesthesia induction agent were not.
Conclusions— Adhesive incise drapes did not reduce wound contamination of clean canine surgical wounds.
Clinical Relevance— Use of adhesive incise drapes in clean surgical procedures is of questionable benefit in dogs. 相似文献
Study Design— Randomized clinical trial.
Animals— Dogs (n=100) having elective ovariohysterectomy or stifle surgery.
Methods— Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: drape or no drape. Swabs obtained from the inner edge of the surgical wound at the beginning (swab 1) and end (swab 2) of surgery were submitted for microbial culture. Number of colony forming units was counted for all positive cultures and change in bacterial counts between swabs 1 and 2 was calculated. Percentage adhesive drape adherence at the end of surgery was calculated from a digital photograph of the surgical site. Duration of surgery/anesthesia and the anesthetic induction agent used were recorded.
Results— There was a significant increase in bacterial counts between swabs 1 and 2 ( P =.001). Wound contamination was 14% (6 drape; 8 no drape; P =0.78) with Staphylococcus spp. most commonly isolated. Median percentage drape adherence at the end of surgery was 89.3% (0–100%). Duration of anesthesia was significantly related to wound contamination ( P =.013), but duration of surgery and anesthesia induction agent were not.
Conclusions— Adhesive incise drapes did not reduce wound contamination of clean canine surgical wounds.
Clinical Relevance— Use of adhesive incise drapes in clean surgical procedures is of questionable benefit in dogs. 相似文献
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Thirty of 200 ewes died or were euthanatized during a 21-day period following a 1-day accidental exposure to natural gas condensate, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons obtained during collection of natural gas from wells. Despite access to potable well water, the poisoned ewes willingly consumed toxic doses of condensate that contaminated surface water. Eight animals died without premonitory signs; the remainder became ill over the course of a few days to 3 weeks. The principal cause of mortality was aspiration pneumonia, but myocardial degeneration and necrosis, renal tubular damage, gastritis, enteritis, and meningeal edema and hyperemia were also observed. Gas chromatographic analysis identified chemical traces of the hydrocarbons in the tissues, and "fingerprinting," the process of matching chromatographic tracings, provided forensic proof of the contamination source. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and cholinesterase analyses were performed to eliminate the possibility of toxicosis by heavy metal contaminants or other constituents. This appears to be the first reported incidence of natural gas condensate toxicity involving sheep or other ruminants. Although the available literature presents a suggestive pattern of clinical signs and pathologic lesions of petroleum product poisoning, diagnostic investigations should employ detailed analytic examination because each source of petroleum hydrocarbons contains unique sets of components that may produce different toxic effects. 相似文献