桂北地区柑橘全爪螨对6种药剂的抗药性测定

柑橘全爪螨(Panonychus citri McGregor)是柑橘上的重要害虫,目前主要通过化学药剂对其进行防治,但由于长期以来化学药剂的不合理使用使得其对不同杀螨剂产生了不同程度的抗性。通过对监测数据的分析能够更好的指导田间用药,为实际生产中柑橘全爪螨的防治与其抗药性治理提供理论依据。2021年采用叶碟浸渍法对广西桂林临桂区和灵川县两个柑橘全爪螨田间种群进行了抗药性测定。结果标明：桂林临桂、灵川两地柑橘全爪螨田间种群对乙唑螨腈、联苯肼酯、阿维菌素和乙螨唑均已产生高水平抗性(105.6-572.0倍);且对哒螨灵和螺螨酯也产生了中等水平抗性(44.8-96.2倍)。生产上应减少阿维菌素、联苯肼酯和乙螨唑的使用,应合理的进行复配,并结合其他防治措施进行综合防治,保障我国柑橘产量与品质。     

万州果园柑橘全爪螨对不同浓度杀螨剂敏感度比较2

试验选取最新8种杀螨剂进行柑橘全爪螨敏感度试验,结果表明：施药初期柑橘全爪螨敏感度最低的药剂是联苯菊酯乳油,但在后期对该药剂表现出一定的抗药性。害螨对螺螨酯悬浮剂和联苯肼酯悬浮剂的初始敏感度较高,但随着时间的延长,对该药剂越来越敏感。对于5%阿维菌素微囊悬浮剂、20%哒螨灵悬浮剂、20%乙螨唑悬浮剂、22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、50%丙溴磷乳油,害螨一直处于较为敏感的阶段,施药后30天的死亡率在98%以上,害螨还未对这几种药剂产生抗药性,是万州果园害螨防控的良好备选药剂。     

桂林地区柑橘全爪螨对几种杀螨剂抗药性分析

为了解近期桂林地区柑橘全爪螨抗药性发展情况,本文采用浸叶法调查了柑橘全爪螨对几种杀螨剂的抗药性,结果表明,对尼索朗,柑橘全爪螨卵抗性倍数为中抗水平,若螨抗性为低抗水平,雌成螨敏感性降低水平;对四螨嗪,柑橘全爪螨卵、若螨、雌成螨均处于低抗水平;对阿维菌素,柑橘全爪螨卵为低抗水平阶段,若螨和雌成螨处于敏感性降低水平;对克螨特和乙螨唑,柑橘全爪螨卵、若螨、雌成螨均没有产生抗性。由于尼索朗、四螨嗪、乙螨唑同属螨虫生长抑制剂,而尼索朗和四螨嗪已出现抗性,可以考虑乙螨唑-阿维菌素-克螨特轮换使用。     

醚甲环唑和代森锰锌复配对柑橘炭疽病 的联合毒力及田间防治效果

为了明确苯醚甲环唑和代森锰锌复配对柑橘炭疽病的联合毒力与田间防治效果。采用菌丝生长平皿法测定苯醚甲环唑、代森锰锌及复配对柑橘炭疽病菌的室内毒力,按照孙云沛法进行评价,并验证了田间防效。结果表明苯醚甲环唑和代森锰锌对柑橘炭疽病菌均表现出良好的抑菌效果,EC50 值分别为0.5832、1.2243 mg/L。9个配比的共毒系数介于98和151之间,其中苯醚甲环唑：代森锰锌=1﹕9、1﹕3、1﹕1、3﹕1、5﹕1和7﹕1等6种配比的共毒系数介于80到120之间,表现为相加作用,其余3个配比共毒系数均大于120,表现为增效作用,其中以1﹕7的共毒系数最大（150.25）,表明此配比为防治柑橘炭疽病最佳配比。用苯醚甲环唑和代森锰锌1∶7 复配,有效成分含量分别为426.67 mg/kg、640 mg/kg、1280 mg/kg,分别在广西、重庆和福建3地对柑橘炭疽病进行田间药效评价,防治效果都在81%以上,高剂量防效均比两个单剂高,中剂量防效比两个单剂的高或相当,低剂量防效略比两个单剂低。表明苯醚甲环唑和代森锰锌1∶7混配对柑橘炭疽病菌具有良好的抑菌效果,在田间防治效果好且对柑橘树无药害,可以在柑橘树生产上推广使用。     

领美、丝迈等助剂桶混对柑橘红蜘蛛、柑橘木虱的减量增效评价

为了响应全国化肥、农药零增长和减量化,改善农业土壤生态环境、推进农业绿色发展,笔者用螺螨酯、噻虫嗪常量、减量分别添加助剂“领美、丝迈、绿颖、怀农特”桶混防控柑橘红蜘蛛、柑橘木虱,添加助剂“领美、丝迈、绿颖、怀农特”后,螺螨酯速效性增强,药后1d单剂常量防效为57.75%,加助剂增效常量、减量防效为69.3%～95.41%,防效可提高11%～37%,药后3d单剂常量防效为72.75%,加助剂增效常量、减量防效为96.79%～99.54%。添加助剂“领美、丝迈、绿颖、怀农特”后,噻虫嗪药后3d常量单剂防效为94.47%,加助剂增效常量、减量防效为97.91%～99.31%。减量增效作用明显。     

乙螨唑对柑橘全爪螨的室内毒力测定

测定了乙螨唑等五种杀螨剂对柑橘全爪螨雌成螨、幼螨和卵的室内毒杀活性,结果表明,乙螨唑对柑橘全爪螨雌成螨、幼螨具有很高的触杀毒力, LC50值分别为41.3 ug/ml和22.5 ug/ml,不及阿维菌素毒力 （LC50值分别为9.4ug/ml和11.3ug/ml）;;乙螨唑对卵的毒杀活性是23.5ug/ml,是常用杀螨剂阿维菌素、尼索朗的1.6倍。此研究为乙螨唑在柑橘生产中的广泛使用提供了参考。     

乙唑螨腈与螺螨酯混用能有效抑制柑桔全爪螨

正据《植物保护》2021年第4期《乙唑螨腈与螺螨酯混用对柑桔全爪螨的田间防治效果评价》(作者唐涛等)报道,于2017—2018年通过田间小区试验评价了30%乙唑螨腈·螺螨酯SC、30%乙唑螨腈SC、240 g/L螺螨酯SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC及43%联苯肼酯SC对柑桔全爪螨的防治效果及其对柑桔树的安全性。     

我国柑橘全爪螨发生及防控研究概况

柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri McGregor是柑橘上的重要害螨,严重影响柑橘产量和品质。我国作为柑橘生产第一大国,做好柑橘全爪螨的防控意义重大。研究其发生规律、防治技术、抗药性等是做好防控的重要环节。现阶段我国采取以化学防治为主,多种防治手段并存的综合防治策略,化学药剂防治由于其见效快、成本低、防治效果好,能及时的挽回经济损失,是当前我国防治柑橘全爪螨的最有力措施。但近年来柑橘全爪螨对各药剂的抗性发展迅速,因此为解决“3R”问题生物防治也成为我国研究的热点。除此之外,在柑橘全爪螨对各药剂均产生不同程度抗性的情况下,更应该致力于研究发展生物防治等其他绿色防控措施,并密切关注田间柑橘全爪螨抗性发展变化。本文综述了我国柑橘全爪螨发生因子、防治技术、抗药性等研究进展,并提出进一步的研究策略,为防治柑橘全爪螨提供一定的理论依据。     

乙螨唑及其复配剂对柑橘全爪螨田间药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明,20%乙螨唑悬浮剂6000～8000倍液和25%阿维菌素o乙螨唑悬浮剂10000～6000倍液对柑橘全爪螨速效性好,持效期长达30天,20%乙螨唑悬浮剂6000～8000倍液药后1-30天,6000、8000倍液防效保持在90.84-100%之间;25%阿维菌素·乙螨唑悬浮剂10000～6000倍液药后1-30天,防效保持在90.92-100%。试验剂量范围内未发现药剂对柑橘产生药害,对天敌比较安全。     

柑橘全爪螨不同品系谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因表达差异分析

为了明确谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathion S-transferases, GSTs）基因与柑橘全爪螨抗性的关系,通过BLAST搜索,对柑橘全爪螨转录组数据库的GST基因进行鉴定,应用MEGA4.0.1软件对GST基因进行同源与进化分析,进一步采用RPKM法对柑橘全爪螨敏感品系和噻螨酮抗性品系GST基因进行表达差异分析。从柑橘全爪螨转录组中获得了30条GST基因,其中11条基因属于Delta家族,10条属于Mu家族,2条属于Omega家族,6条属于Kappa家族,1条属于Zeta家族。基因表达差异分析发现,抗性与敏感品系当中有25条GST基因表达量存在差异,抗性品系中有9条GST基因发生了上调,16条发生了下调,其中上调倍数最高的是GSTd6[log2 Ratio(RS/SS)= 1.0505],由此推断,GST基因的上调可能不是柑橘全爪螨对噻螨酮产生抗性的重要原因。     

吡虫啉、阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖的影响

为了了解吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜实验种群参数的影响,阐明绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖与亚致死剂量的关系,并为豌豆蚜的综合防治提供理论依据。在22~24℃,光照周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h,相对湿度(RH)70%~80%条件下,采用带虫浸叶法确定吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯对绿色型豌豆蚜的亚致死剂量,通过叶碟饲养,记录其发育历期、产蚜量和寿命。结果表明,吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀、LC₁₀分别处理成蚜后,成蚜平均寿命和平均产蚜量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中阿维菌素LC₂₀处理平均寿命最短为3.34 d,高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀处理平均产蚜量最低为14.30头;F₁代除3龄历期无显著差异外(P>0.05),其余各龄期历期变化规律不明显,但成虫期、存活率、平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期均表现为LC₁₀大于LC₂₀,在阿维菌素LC₁₀下,F₁代成蚜寿命、成蚜平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期达到最大值且均大于对照,分别为9.76,77.76,65.32,12.41。表明吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量处理成蚜后,对其寿命和繁殖力均起到抑制作用,但对F₁代影响表现为大部分生物学参数随亚致死剂量降低而升高。     

Effects of Sodium Nitrate and Disodium Fumarate Mixture on Ruminal Methane Production,Fermentation Parameters,Fatty Acids Profiles and Rumen Microbial Population in Water Buffalo In vitro

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate ratios on ruminal methane production, fermentation parameters, fatty acids profiles and microbial population in water buffalo in vitro in presence of α-linolenic acid. Three female water buffaloes (body weight of (650±50) kg) with permanent rumen fistula were selected as the donors of rumen contents. Treatments additives were prepared as sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2. Control group without any sodium nitrate or disodium fumarate. All groups were added with 0.25 mg·mL^-1 α-linolenic acid. The concentration of sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures was 1 mg·mL^-1. The results showed that mehtane production were reduced with different ratios of sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixture, the average decrease was 90.63%. The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and most rumen microorganisms population were significantly reduced (P<0.05), but the concentration of acetate, EPA and CLA, ratios of acetate to propionate ratio and UFA/SFA were significantly increased (P<0.05) with sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 2:1. 3) Sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 1:2 had no significant effect on TVFA content, fatty acid content and rumen microbial populaiton(P>0.05). 4) The concentrations of EPA, CLA and UFA/SFA ratio were increased (P<0.05) with sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 1:1, but Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and atypical butyrivibrio populations were decreased. It can be concluded that different proportion of sodium nitrate and sodium fumarate mixture can cause methane reduction, the adverse effect of sodium nitrate on rumen fermentation can be alleviated by the increased proportion of disodium fumarate.     

硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物对水牛瘤胃甲烷含量、体外发酵参数、脂肪酸组成和瘤胃微生物数量的影响

本试验旨在研究体外条件下不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物对水牛瘤胃甲烷产量、体外发酵参数、脂肪酸组成及瘤胃微生物数量的影响。选取3头体重约为（650±50） kg安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的母水牛作为瘤胃液的供体动物。试验共设4个组，每组5个重复，硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠的添加比例分别为2：1、1：1、1：2，对照组不添加任何两者混合物。每组均添加0.25 mg·mL^-1的α-亚麻酸，试验组硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物浓度为1 mg·mL^-1。结果表明：1）添加不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物均可显著降低甲烷含量（P<0.05），平均降幅为90.63%；2）高剂量硝酸钠与低剂量延胡索酸二钠（2：1）混合添加时会导致总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）含量和大部分瘤胃微生物的数量显著降低（P<0.05），乙酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、花生戊烯酸（EPA）含量、共轭亚油酸（CLA）含量和不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸（UFA/SFA）显著升高（P<0.05）；3）低剂量硝酸钠与高剂量延胡索酸二钠（1：2）混合时对TVFA含量、脂肪酸含量和瘤胃微生物数量无显著影响（P>0.05）；4）添加硝酸钠延胡索酸二钠同剂量（1：1）能显著升高EPA、CLA含量和UFA/SFA（P<0.05），但显著降低了水牛瘤胃溶纤维丁酸弧菌和非典型丁酸弧菌数量。由此可见，添加不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物均可降低甲烷产量，随着延胡索酸二钠添加比例的增加可以缓解硝酸钠对瘤胃发酵的不利影响。     

Efficacy of abamectin against ivermectin-resistant strain of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep

The efficacy of two formulations of abamectin, i.e. oral and injectable was determined against ivermectin-resistant strain of T. colubriformis in sheep. Twenty-four lambs were infected with 10,000 third stage larvae of ivermectin-resistant strain of T. colubriformis. Twenty-four days post-infection, the lambs were divided randomly into four groups of six animals each according to egg counts. The first group was left untreated and kept as a control. The second group was treated with ivermectin (oral) at 0.2mg kg(-1) body weight. The third group was treated with oral formulation of abamectin at 0.2mg kg(-1) body weight. The fourth group was treated with injectable formulation of abamectin at 0.2mg kg(-1) body weight. Fecal egg count and controlled slaughter tests were employed to determine the efficacy of abamectin (oral and injection) against ivermectin-resistant strain of T. colubriformis in sheep. Reduction in arithmetic mean fecal egg counts achieved by ivermectin (oral), abamectin (oral) and abamectin (injection) was 66, 98 and 76%, respectively 10 days after treatment. Ivermectin (oral), abamectin (oral) and abamectin (injection) reduced arithmetic mean worm burden by 63, 97 and 74%, respectively. The findings demonstrated that abamectin oral formulation was more effective than abamectin injection against ivermectin-resistant strain of T. colubriformis in sheep.     

Effect of various enzyme-substrate ratios on trypsin activity in the presence of trace elements

In vitro experiments were conducted with trypsin and Na-Benzoyl-l-arginine-p-nitroanilid (L-BAPA) as substrate. The aim of the work was to explore the influence of additional Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions in the reaction mixtures on the trypsin activity at different enzyme-substrate ratios (E : S = 1 : 100; 1 : 50; 1 : 10; 1 : 5). The reaction conditions were chosen according to the steady-state conditions of the tryptic hydrolysis. The trypsin activity increased by adding small amounts (4.5 X 10(-7) mol Cu2+/l) and decreased by adding higher amounts of Cu2+ ions. There was no influence of the E : S ratio. The tryptic activity was only partly influenced by the substrate concentration when the other trace elements were added to the reaction mixtures. These results may explain in part the improved protein digestibility which is reported when 250 mg Cu/kg are added to pig feeds.     

葡萄炭疽病病原鉴定及防治药剂筛选

采用组织分离法对采自贵阳市花溪区葡萄基地的葡萄炭疽病病样进行分离,致病性测定,结合病原菌形态学特征、rDNA-ITS序列对菌株进行鉴定,并通过菌丝生长抑制法测定了该菌株对7种杀菌剂原药及2组混配药剂的敏感性。结果表明,结合形态学和分子生物学将该菌株鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides);7种原药中丁香菌酯对该菌株生长抑制作用最强,EC50值为0.18 mg/L,其次为苯醚甲环唑和双苯菌胺,EC50值分别为1.18 mg/L和1.34 mg/L;混配组合中,吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑8:1混配时,其共毒系数(CTC)为168.69,啶氧菌酯与苯醚甲环唑1:4和8:1混配时,CTC分别为197.21和192.69,协同增效效果显著。引起贵阳市花溪区葡萄基地葡萄炭疽病的致病菌为胶孢炭疽菌。     

苜蓿——禾草混播草地牧草产量及种间竞争关系的动态研究北大核心CSCD

为了解在内蒙古中部轻度盐碱地上建植豆禾混播草地的牧草产量及各混播组合物种的竞争关系,以草原3号苜蓿分别与新麦草、缘毛雀麦和长穗偃麦草3种禾草以不同比例(1∶1,1∶2,1∶3)混播建植人工草地,研究不同刈割期、不同混播方式下的牧草产量、土地当量比(LER)、相对产量(RY)、相对密度(RD)、相对产量总值(RYT)和种间竞争率(CR)等。结果表明,混播物种、混播比例和刈割时期对混播草地的产量和种间竞争关系有直接影响。在3个刈割时期,所有混播组合的牧草产量均高于单播,且土地当量比均大于1。相对产量、相对密度和相对产量总值除个别1∶3组合外也均大于1,根据物种竞争模型对混播组合中各物种竞争关系进行分析,发现除豆禾1∶3组合外,苜蓿与3种禾草均分布在双方受益区域,表明各草种混播组合基本呈共存状态。除苜蓿与缘毛雀麦1∶1组合外,苜蓿在其余各混播组合中种间竞争率均大于1,且在同一刈割期随禾草比例的升高而增大。从牧草产量和种间关系的稳定性综合考虑,在上述地区苜蓿与缘毛雀麦以1∶1或1∶3混播,苜蓿与新麦草、苜蓿与长穗偃麦草以1∶1或1∶2混播更有利于建立高产稳定的人工草地。     

Ivermectin-resistant Ostertagia circumcincta from sheep in the lower North Island and their susceptibility to other macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics

AIM: To confirm the ivermectin resistance status of a strain of Ostertagia circumcincta which was isolated from a sheep farm in the lower North Island of New Zealand and to assess the susceptibility of this strain to other macrocycliclactone anthelmintics. METHODS: Twenty-five lambs housed indoors were each infected with 12,000 L3 larvae of the above parasite strain. Approximately 3 weeks after infection the lambs were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (3 groups of 6, and 1 group of 7 lambs), one of which remained untreated while the others were drenched orally with ivermectin, moxidectin or abamectin at 0.2 mg/kg liveweight. Faecal egg counts (FECs) before and after treatment, and post-mortem worm burdens 10 days after treatment were examined to assess efficacies of each anthelmintic. RESULTS: Treatment with ivermectin reduced the mean FEC by only 18% and the mean worm burden by only 42%, whereas moxidectin and abamectin reduced FECs by 92% and worm burdens by 95%. CONCLUSION: These results, together with a similar case described recently from the South Island , confirm the emergence of ivermectin resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in New Zealand. The superior efficacy of moxidectin and abamectin in this case indicates that, following the emergence of resistance to ivermectin, some short-term practical use may still be made of these other anthelmintics. However, their continued use will undoubtedly result in increased levels of resistance and eventual therapeutic failure of these products also.     

Macrocyclic lactone toxicity due to abamectin in farm dogs without the ABCB1 gene mutation

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: A 5-year-old entire female Huntaway from a sheep and beef farm was one of four dogs that developed clinical signs including hypersalivation, depression, blindness and ataxia after the death of another dog. A 4-year-old female Huntaway farm dog from a second farm was observed to be sitting down more often than usual on the day after being fed part of a calf carcass that had been treated with an abamectin pour-on.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: The first dog was ataxic and depressed but did respond to sound. The second dog presented with an acute onset of blindness, mydriasis, absence of a menace response, hypersalivation, gait abnormalities (e.g. high stepping gait and ataxia), and depression. Other presenting signs included muscle tremors, dehydration and difficulty eating. No abnormalities were detected from routine haematology and biochemistry. Analysis of samples of plasma from both dogs revealed concentrations of abamectin of 0.149 mg/L and 0.260 mg/L for the first and second dogs, respectively. Buccal swabs taken from the first dog for DNA testing for the ABCB1 gene mutation, gave a negative result.

DIAGNOSIS: In addition to the presenting signs which suggested a toxicosis, both dogs had measurable concentrations of abamectin in plasma confirming exposure.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Farm dogs exposed to concentrated pour-on products containing abamectin have been poisoned and recover or die. The product labels do not carry any warnings as to the risk of poisoning to dogs. This paper discusses two incidents affecting six farm dogs, but the authors are aware of more toxicoses in farm dogs exposed to abamectin.