桂味荔枝成花调控技术研究

以4年生桂味荔枝树为试验材料,开展如下研究：不同放秋梢时间、喷施不同成份叶面肥、喷施不同浓度乙稀利与多效唑混合液对桂味荔枝成花的影响。研究结果表明：末次梢最佳放梢时间为9月下旬,成花枝率达90.65%,其次是10月上旬,成花枝率达86.52%,最差是是9月上旬,成花枝率18.37%。对提高结果母枝质量及成花枝率最佳叶面肥组合是处理二（益花益果+双藻糖肽+花果丰）,成花枝率达96.86%;其次是处理一（硫酸镁+硫酸锌+氯化钙+硼砂）,成花枝率达95.45%;最差的是对照,成花枝率79.51%。使用不同浓度的乙稀利混合相同浓度多效唑处理冬梢,处理间差异不明显,但是使用一定浓度的乙稀利加多效唑可使花序变短,利于培养短壮花序。     

大棚桃树常用树形整形方法

在大棚里栽种桃树 ,要根据地力、管理水平、密度和品种等条件来选定不同的树形。一般来说 ,大棚桃树有杯状形、Ｙ字形、纺锤形、匍匐扇形等 4种树形。1　杯状形　苗木栽后 ,于 5 0～ 60ｃｍ处定干。苗木成活后 ,及时抹除砧芽和多余萌芽。当接芽长到10ｃｍ时 ,摘心促发副梢。从中选出 3个方位角好的副梢作一级主枝 ,待一级主枝长到 15～ 2 0ｃｍ时 ,进行第两次摘心。从一级主枝前端二次梢中选两个对称生长的副梢作两级主枝。待两级主枝长到 2 0ｃｍ时 ,进行第 3次摘心。再从两级主枝前端的副梢中 ,选两个对称的作 3主枝。最后 ,形成 12个三级…     

柑桔溃疡病综合防治技术

1改秋梢结果母枝为春梢结果母枝,控制夏、秋梢。当年春梢营养技数量可满足翌年挂果时,将秋梢从基部剪除;如春梢量偏少,可选留树冠中、下部及内膛秋消补充作结果母校。翌年对树冠中、下部及内膛的无花春消保留适当数量,并在4－5叶处摘心,对顶部春消及生长过旺春稍要及时剪（抹）掉,并及时喷叶面肥促使春消尽快老熟以减缓梢、果对养分的竞争。夏、秋梢要及时抹除或喷抑芽丹等控制其萌发。2冬季彻底清园。采果后及时剪除溃疡病病枝,清除地面落叶、病果集中烧毁;对有病斑的老枝梢,用利刀刮除病斑（深达木质部）并涂上波美3－5度石流合…     

顶端副梢处理方式影响葡萄品质

正据《北方园艺》2018年第9期《不同顶端副梢处理方式对"红地球"葡萄果实品质的影响》(作者乐小凤等)报道,为了研究主梢摘心及副梢处理对果实品质的影响,以6年生的鲜食葡萄红地球(Red Globe)为试材,主梢超过第3道铁丝2~3片叶进行摘心,紧靠果穗上部的1个副梢留5片叶摘心,顶端留1个副梢,其余副梢全部抹除,结果枝顶端副梢留不同数量的叶片进行摘心。     

不同抽生期末次秋梢对“仙进奉”荔枝成花坐果以及产量和品质的影响

以“仙进奉”荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）不同抽生期的末次秋梢为试材,探究其对成花、坐果以及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,九月中旬抽生末次秋梢的树结果母枝质量最佳,其成花枝率和挂果枝率最高,分别为94.41%和63.8%;果实发育期间的累积落果率最低,只有77.38%;平均单株产量和单果重最高,分别为59.6 kg 和25.37g,相较于八月下旬和九月下旬抽生末次秋梢的树,其产量分别增加了158%和22%,单果重分别增大了8.8%和6.6%;但是不同的末次秋梢抽生期对焦核率、可食率、可溶性固形物（TSS）以及固酸比（TSS/TA）等果实内部品质指标的影响并不明显。据此认为,在广州地区,“仙进奉”末次秋梢放梢时期以9月中旬较为适宜。     

柑桔夏季管理技术

柑桔夏季管理技术重庆唐元华一、及时抹除夏梢。柑桔结果树在６月上旬至７月中旬将陆续抽发夏梢,导致梢果矛盾,加剧生理落果,克服的有效办法是：及时彻底抹除夏梢。当陆续抽发的夏梢长到３～５厘米时,从其基部抹除（或留１片叶摘心处理）,在７月底统一放出秋梢前,用...     

龙眼嫁接换种成活后的管理

1　抹除不定芽　嫁接树剪顶后 ,接口下部不定芽迅速萌发 ,要及时抹 (剪 )除。据调查 ,及时抹除不定芽可使成活率达 80 %以上 ,且新梢强壮 ;而不抹芽的成活率只有 4 0 % ,有的虽嫁接成活 ,但因养分不足 ,抽出的新梢生长衰弱 ,以至逐渐枯萎死亡。对留有“抽水枝”的在抹除不定芽的同时 ,也要剪除“抽水枝”上萌发的新梢 ,抑制其生长 ,集中养分 ,利于嫁接愈合及接穗萌发生长。新梢老熟后 ,将无用的“抽水枝”逐渐剪除。2　挑芽放梢　一般芽眼处地膜只包扎一层 ,大部分新芽可突破地膜。但有的也不能顶破。接后 2 0～ 30天应随时检查芽眼 ,若发现…     

盆栽金豆花期管理研究初报

金豆是庭院绿化的优良树种,亦是果树盆栽和盆景的极好材料。本研究以盆栽金豆为试验材料,研究了修剪春梢,抹花,施多效唑和控水对盆栽金豆生长开花的影响。结果表明抹除春梢和疏剪春梢有利于金豆夏梢生长;90mg多效唑的处理明显抑制夏梢生长;抹春梢和抹花等处理有利于推迟金豆花期,控水有利于增大金豆花量等。本研究通过不同处理对盆栽金豆生长开花的影响,为金豆的花期调整提供了参考。     

中花猕猴桃雄性新品种——磨山雄5号

正中花猕猴桃雄性新品种"磨山雄5号"是从野生资源中选育而成,属于中华猕猴桃。2014年12月通过国家林木品种审定委员会认定(国R-SV-AC-005-2014)并命名。该品种树势强旺,成花容易,花枝率95%~100%,中、短花枝占整个花枝的65%~70%。花为     

柑桔的夏季管理

1　及时抹除夏梢　柑桔结果树在 5月上旬至 7月中旬将陆继抽发夏梢 ,导致梢果矛盾 ,加剧生理落果。应及时彻底抹除夏梢 ,当陆续抽发的夏梢长到3～ 5ｃｍ时 ,从其基部抹除 (或留 1片叶摘心处理 ) ,在 7月底统一放出秋梢前 ,剪除因多次抹夏梢而形成的残枝 ,配合肥水管理和病虫防治 ,培育健壮的秋梢结果母枝。2　及时保果壮果　柑桔的生理落果要在 6月下旬后才结束 ,因此 ,在 5～ 6月 ,及时使用植物生长调节剂和根外追肥保果壮果。在第一次生理落果快结束的 5月中下旬 ,树冠喷施 0 15 %鄂Ｔ 2柑桔保果剂 1～ 2次 ,或 2 ,4 Ｄ15× 10 - 6 ～ 2…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.