防治枸橘潜叶甲成虫药剂的效果评价

为了筛选有效的枸橘潜叶甲防治药剂,本文选用20%丁硫克百威乳油等20种常用化学药剂,在桂林地区的红江橙和柚树上进行了柑枸橘潜叶甲防治效果试验。结果表明,20%丁硫克百威乳油、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油、10%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、40%丙溴磷乳油等14种药剂,防治越冬代出蛰的成虫或新一代成虫效果较好,每年施药1次即可达到防治目标;50%灭蝇胺可湿性粉剂、1.14%甲维盐乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油和20%烯腚虫胺水分散粒剂的速效性较好,但持效性较差;15%哒螨灵乳油和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂则不宜作为枸橘潜叶甲的防治药剂。     

盐胁迫下AMF对枳实生苗生长及生理代谢的影响

为揭示丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对增强枳实生苗耐盐性的作用,以期为盐渍土条件下提高柑橘生长提供依据。在正常水分和盐胁迫（100 mmol /L NaCl）下,研究接种Funneliformis mosseae对盆栽枳实生苗生长和生理代谢的影响。结果显示：接种AMF显著提高了盐胁迫下枳的株高、叶片数、总鲜重、二级和三级侧根数、根系总长、投影面积、表面积和体积;接种AMF还显著提高了盐胁迫下枳叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素的含量,以及枳根系和叶片的蔗糖含量。此外,盐胁迫下接种AMF显著抑制了叶片MDA和H2O2以及根系H2O2和O2?－的积累,显著提高了盐胁迫下根系和叶片Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、POD和CAT的活性以及根系Fe-SOD活性。本研究表明盐胁迫下接种AMF的植株维持了更高的植物生长、根系发育、光合色素、蔗糖含量和抗氧化酶活性,因而具有高的耐盐性。     

赣南脐橙产区应用有人直升机防治柑橘木虱 控制柑橘黄龙病初报

防治柑橘木虱是遏制柑橘黄龙病扩散的关键措施之一,应用有人直升机防治柑橘木虱目前还没有相关文献报道。本文介绍了赣南脐橙产区在嫩梢期应用有人直升机防治柑橘木虱的做法及成效。结果表明：有人直升机施药雾化性能较好,雾滴附着率高,雾滴分布较均匀,14个处理607个雾滴检测样本平均雾滴密度13.33 粒/cm2,雾滴密度符合农业航空植保技术作业要求;各处理对柑橘木虱均有很好的防治效果,药后7 天,防效都达90%以上。有人直升机具有作业效率高、突击能力强、不同地形地貌适应性好等特点,能在短时间内大面积施药作业,对失管果园、隔离带和杂草上的木虱也能同时防治,解决了一家一户防治时间不统一的问题,可以大面积减少虫口基数,是目前柑橘黄龙病发生区可以借鉴应用的重要技术措施。提出了加快农药产品的研发和登记、防范发生次生灾害、完善防治技术及轮换用药避免产生抗药性等建议。     

Effect of different levels of dietary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract (SOPE) on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens. Three hundred 1‐day broilers (Ross‐308) were randomly allocated to treatments varying in supplemental SOPE added in the drinking water. The experimental groups consisted of three treatments fed for 42 days as follows: a control treatment without feed extract, a treatment containing 1000 ppm of SOPE and a treatment containing 1250 ppm of SOPE. All treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Broilers were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza (AI), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. Antibody titer response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was higher in the group fed 1250 ppm of SOPE (P < 0.05) as well as for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Similarly, antibody titer responses to all vaccines were constantly elevated (P < 0.05) by SOPE enrichment in a dose‐dependent manner. Relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius were unaffected by treatments. Dietary SOPE supplementation may improve the immune response and diseases resistance, indicating that it can constitute a useful additive in broiler feeding. Thus, supplying SOPE in rations may help to improve relative immune response in broiler chickens.     

丛枝菌根真菌在不同基质下对枳砧容器苗生长

为促进AM真菌在柑桔砧木容器苗生产中的高效应用,本研究以枳砧为供试植物,选取腐叶土、麦糠和菌渣为主要栽培基质,以摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、地球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)和透光球囊霉（Glomus diaphanum）为供试菌种,采用容器育苗方法,研究了7种丛枝菌根真菌及其组合处理在三种基质下对枳砧木容器苗生长及其氮、磷吸收的影响,以筛选出适合枳砧木苗生长的菌根种类及基质组合。试验结果表明自然接种的侵染率不超过40%,而人工接种的侵染率可高达80%;混合接种的侵染率显著高于单一接种;枳砧木苗以地表球囊霉（GV）接种和腐叶土或麦糠组合侵染率为最高,侵染率分别为80.7%和78.7%;以GV接种和麦糠组合促生效果最为显著,其菌根依赖性达到342.4%,生物量比对照高出278%;该组合促进植株氮素吸收效果也最为显著,其吸氮总量比对照高482%,而以GV接种和腐叶土组合促进枳砧苗磷素吸收效果最为显著,其吸磷总量比对照高466%。适合枳砧容器苗生长的最佳AM真菌和基质组合是GV和麦糠。     

宁夏南部山区苜蓿褐斑病田间发生及流行动态

根据不同地带、田块和不同的刈割期,针对目前宁夏南部山区栽植的国外引进品种、地方品种进行了褐斑病Pseudopeziaz medicaginis田间发生及流行动态调查。结果表明,不同苜蓿Medicago sativa品种上褐斑病的发生程度不同,18个调查品种中,加拿大DY和耐寒苜蓿发病重,其次是美国杂花苜蓿、WL323、中首1号,固原苜蓿发病最轻,但是不同品种上病害的发生和发展趋势是相同的;褐斑病的季节消长曲线呈“S”型,5月底、6月初为病害的始发期,7、8月为盛发期,9月进入衰退期,整个生长季节中病害的增长速度以8月上中旬最快,7月下旬和8月下旬次之,7、8月是褐斑病发展的关键期。刈割措施影响病害的发生和发展。适时、合理应用刈割措施是延缓、减轻和控制褐斑病危害的有效措施。     

苜蓿褐斑病对紫花苜蓿光合作用及草品质的影响

为确定褐斑病对紫花苜蓿光合作用和草品质的影响,以便确定此病的重要性,选取了发生该病不同严重度的植株,用LI-6400光合仪测定了5个光合作用指标,采集不同严重度的叶片和茎秆,分别测定了10个营养成分指标。结果表明:以健康无病植株为对照,随发病严重度的增加,紫花苜蓿叶片中粗灰分(Ash)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量分别增加19.94%、71.21%,与严重度的相关系数均为0.95;中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、钙(Ca)、单宁及总酚含量分别增加39.68%、136.42%、21.93%、50.55%,与严重度的相关系数分别为0.91、0.85、0.89、0.85;粗蛋白(CP)、钾(K)含量分别减少15.67%、29.91%,与严重度的相关系数分别为-0.99、-0.86;粗脂肪(EE)、磷(P)含量减少,与严重度相关性不显著;茎秆中Ash、NDF感病后含量下降,其他品质指标与叶片感病后变化趋势一致;胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)升高,与严重度相关性不显著;净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(E)分别下降93.27%、68.34%,与严重度的相关系数分别为-0.82、-0.86;气孔导度(G_s)与水分利用效率(WUE)亦呈下降趋势但差异不显著,与严重度相关性不显著;P含量与5个光合指标均无显著相关性;其他品质指标均与P_n、E有极显著或显著相关性。主成分分析表明:第一主成分可以代表80.94%不同严重度褐斑病苜蓿品质和光合作用的变异信息,主要有Ca、K、Ash、单宁、总酚、E、P_n、ADF、NDF、CP、C_i、EE、WUE、G_s等指标。表明褐斑病影响紫花苜蓿光合作用,进而影响草品质。     

Utilization of citrus pulp based diets and Enterolobium cyclocarpum (JACQ. GRISEB) foliage by West African dwarf goats

Sixteen West African dwarf goats weighing 5.0–5.6 kg were used in an experiment that lasted 112 days to investigate the utilization of citrus pulp based diets and E. cyclocarpum. A control diet which contained 88.5% dried brewers' grains (DBG) and other three experimental diets in which DBG was replaced with dried citrus pulp (DCP) at 25, 50 and 75% levels, respectively constituted the four treatments. The goats were divided into four groups of four animals each to balance for variation in live weight before they were assigned to the four different experimental diets. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were obtained in growth rate with (22.14–34.02 g/d) the highest and lowest value from 50 and 75% DCP inclusion respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM, Ash, NFE, NDF, ADL, cellulose and hemicellulose increased with increasing levels of dried citrus pulp in the diets and were highest at 75% level of replacement. However, the CP digestibility of 83.85% was highest in the control diet and was significantly (P < 0.05) different from other diets containing citrus pulp. Nitrogen intake (g/d) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dried citrus pulp in the diets from 45.57–33.28 and was lowest in the control diet. Nitrogen balance also followed the same trend, being highest (42.07 g/d) at 25% DCP and lowest at 75% DCP. The Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and total blood protein (TBP) were significantly (P < 0.05) different across the dietary treatments at the start and end of the trial. The values for PCV, RBC, MCH, glucose and total protein decreased slightly in the control diet. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) values also increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dried citrus pulp in the diets at the end of the experiment and were highest (6.50 IU/L) at 75% level of citrus pulp. Therefore, the efficient utilization of citrus pulp and E. cyclocarpum by WAD goats was attained at the 50% level of inclusion in the diets.     

Effect of enset (Ensete ventricosum) leaf supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization and body weight gain of sheep fed untreated or urea and calcium oxide-treated wheat straw

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementing leaves of enset (Ensete ventricosum) to straw-based diets on the performance of sheep. In a growth experiment, which lasted for 76 days, 36 male sheep (average body weight of 17.3 ± 0.58 kg) were allotted to six treatments. A digestibility trial was conducted using three of the six sheep from each treatment. The treatments were untreated or 2% urea- and 3% calcium oxide-treated wheat straw as a basal diet supplemented with three levels of chopped fresh enset leaf: low (215 g), medium (417 g) and high (594 g dry matter [DM] per day). The mean total DM intake tended to be higher (p < 0.1) at medium and high levels of supplementation than at the low level. The intake of total DM and nitrogen (N) was higher in treated than untreated straw. There was no significant difference in organic matter (OM) intake among treatments. Sheep fed medium and high levels of enset leaf supplements had similar weight gain but higher than those supplemented at low level. The digestibility of DM was not significantly different among treatments whereas the digestibility of OM tended to be higher at medium than other levels of supplementation. The digestibility of N was lower (p < 0.001) for treated than untreated straw whereas the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre was higher (p < 0.001) in treated straw. The highest mean N retention was at medium level of supplementation. There were no significant differences in total purine derivatives excretion, absorbed microbial purines and microbial N supply among treatments. It could be concluded that there is no major beneficial effect beyond medium level of enset leaf supplementation in both treated and untreated straw. For efficient utilization of enset leaf, sources of fermentable energy are necessary.     

饲料中添加构树叶对1～9周龄蛋鸡新城疫和H5N1亚型(Re-4株和Re-5株)禽流感抗体的影响

为了研究饲料中添加构树叶对1～9周龄蛋鸡新城疫和禽流感H5N1亚型(Re-4株和Re-5株)抗体的影响,试验测定了海兰灰雏鸡的新城疫和H5N1亚型(Re-4株和Re-5株)禽流感抗体效价。结果表明:在3～9周龄时,与对照组相比,添加1.5%和2.0%构树叶组新城疫抗体效价均有不同程度的提高。在4～9周龄时,与对照组相比,添加1.5%和2.0%构树叶组H5N1亚型(Re-4株和Re-5株)禽流感抗体水平均有不同程度的提高。     

Comparison of cardiac output determined by arterial pulse pressure waveform analysis method (FloTrac/Vigileo) versus lithium dilution method in anesthetized dogs

Objective – To compare the determination of cardiac output (CO) via arterial pulse pressure waveform analysis (FloTrac/Vigileo) versus lithium dilution method. Design – Prospective study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Six adult dogs. Interventions – Dogs were instrumented for CO determinations using lithium dilution (LiDCO) and FloTrac/Vigileo methods. Direct blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood gases, and end‐tidal isoflurane (ETIso) and CO₂ concentrations were measured throughout the study while CO was manipulated with different depth of anesthesia and rapid administration of isotonic crystalloids at 60 mL/kg/h. Measurements and Main Results – Baseline CO measurements were obtained at 1.3% ETIso and were lowered by 3% ETIso. Measurements were obtained in duplicate or triplicate with LiDCO and averaged for comparison with corresponding values measured continuously with the FloTrac/Vigileo method. For 30 comparisons between methods, a mean bias of ?100 mL/kg/min and 95% limits of agreement between ?311 and +112 mL/kg/min (212 mL/kg/min) was determined. The mean (mL/kg/min) of the differences of LiDCO?Vigileo=62.0402+?0.8383 × Vigileo, and the correlation coefficient (r) between the 2 methods 0.70 for all CO determinations. The repeatability coefficients for the individual LiDCO and FloTrac/Vigileo methods were 187 and 400 mL/kg/min, respectively. Mean LiDCO and FloTrac/Vigileo values from all measurements were 145 ± 68 mL/kg/min (range, 64–354) and 244 ± 144 mL/kg/min (range, 89–624), respectively. The overall mean relative error was 48 ± 14%. Conclusion – The FloTrac/Vigileo overestimated CO values compared with LiDCO and the relative error was high, which makes this method unreliable for use in dogs.