橙子皮膳食纤维渣对重金属Pb2+的吸附性能研究

采用五因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计的方法对影响橙子皮膳食纤维吸附Pb2 的因子进行优化,建立了浓度、加入量、pH、时间、温度5个因素与吸附率的回归模型,模型显示浓度80 mg/L、加入量0.1 g、pH=5、时间2 h、温度35 ℃时,橙子皮膳食纤维有最大吸附率YMax为91.74%。吸附等温线研究表明吸附发生在不均匀表面。吸附速率模型研究表明二级动力学模型可以更好地描述吸附的动力学行为。活性炭对比试验表明改性橙子皮渣对Pb2 的吸附在低浓度时优于活性炭。橙子皮膳食纤维对Pb2 的吸附是物理和化学吸附相结合的吸附过程。     

皂化改性菠萝皮生物吸附剂对TVOC的吸附?

对农林废弃物菠萝皮进行化学改性处理,以去除大气中的TVOC有害气体,减轻大气污染的同时实现废弃物的多次循坏再利用,为吸附剂的研究与空气净化提供借鉴。利用二次正交旋转回归以及单因素实验对皂化改性菠萝皮吸附剂的制备工艺以及吸附条件优化;对渣粒径、温度和加入量进行单因素分析;利用吸附等温、动力模型拟合试验探究机理;通过BET、SEM及FTIR对样品进行表征;采用横向对比试验与其他材料对比吸附效果并探讨吸附剂的重复利用能力。结果表明：无水乙醇与氢氧化钠体积比为1:2.8,浸泡时间为6 h,离心时间为13 min,预测值Ymax=8.2759%;渣粒径60目、温度22℃、加入量3g为最佳单因素条件;吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温模型(R2=0.9926),吸附状态为多分子层多位点吸附;遵循二级动力学模型(R2=0.9757),即以化学吸附为主的物理化学双重吸附过程;比表面积显著增大、孔隙率升高,表面褶皱增多,且酰胺N-H基团、-OH等有效基团参与吸附;横向对比试验证明吸附效果在1%水平上显著优于其他四种吸附材料,即改性菠萝皮>硅藻土>活性炭>竹炭>树脂,且至少可重复利用7次以上。     

畜禽养殖场废弃物中重金属铜和锌的调控技术研究

对比研究物理化学法及微生物对畜禽养殖场废弃物中重金属铜和锌富集转化的影响,探讨酸、 超声波、 酸与超声结合对畜禽粪便中金属铜、 锌的去除效果;探讨花生壳、 谷壳、 活性炭、 花生壳和活性炭混合物、 谷壳和活性炭混合物对铜、锌的吸附、 解吸附效果以及酵母菌对Cu、Zn的生物转化效果.结果表明,酸和超声波对猪粪中Cu、Zn的有一定去除效果,但其去除率较低;使用超声和酸结合可以有效提升猪粪中Cu、Zn的去除率.花生壳和活性炭混合物、 谷壳和活性炭混合物对溶液中Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附能力强于单一花生壳、 谷壳;花生壳最易解吸,活性炭相对难解吸.酵母菌对铜、 锌的富集转化与培养液中铜、 锌离子浓度梯度有关,当培养液中铜、 锌离子浓度达到一定值时,嗜铜、 嗜锌酵母对铜、 锌的富集转化率最高.     

添加不同辅料对黑水虻幼虫处理菠萝加工废弃物效果的影响

为有效利用菠萝加工废弃物（菠萝渣）,增加菠萝产业附加值,用黑水虻处理菠萝加工废弃物,研究黑水虻幼虫对菠萝渣的转化效率,从而为菠萝加工业废弃物处理提供参考。试验设计8种不同处理,其中麸皮设置4个水平（10%、20%、30%、0%）,玉米粉设置2个水平（0、10%）,枯草芽孢杆菌添加水平为0.10%。以菠萝渣发酵产物作为饲料分别饲喂黑水虻幼虫,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复1.5 g幼虫,研究添加不同配比的麸皮、玉米粉和复合枯草芽孢杆菌组合的辅料添加对菠萝渣发酵及其对黑水虻幼虫生长性能、黑水虻干虫营养品质、菠萝渣转化效果及减量率的影响。结果显示：(1)随辅料麸皮和玉米粉整体比例增加,菠萝渣发酵产物的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量逐渐提高,除水分外,其他营养成分整体水平也逐渐提高。且在菠萝渣含量相同时,单独添加麸皮的发酵产物其粗蛋白、总磷、粗脂肪含量高于同时加麸皮与玉米粉相比的发酵产物,但前者的粗纤维比后者低;相同辅料配比时,添加枯草芽孢杆菌发酵的处理与对照相比,粗蛋白、粗纤维含量降低。(2)不同辅料配比的菠萝渣饲喂黑水虻幼虫后,T1组（80%菠萝皮渣+10%麸皮+10%玉米粉+0.10%枯草芽孢...     

改性蔗渣处理染料废水的研究

对蔗渣进行酸改性并研究了改性蔗渣对染料废水的吸附性能。结果表明,酸改性后的蔗渣对染料废水具有较好的脱色效果,改性蔗渣投加量和染料废水初始pH值对脱色率影响较大;通过吸附热力学和吸附动力学试验研究表明,改性蔗渣对水中染料的吸附可用Langmuir吸附等温式较好地描述,吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学模式。     

活性炭纤维对NO气体吸附性能的研究进展

本文主要介绍了活性炭纤维对NO气体的吸附性能特点,同时还分别介绍了单纯活性炭纤维、物理改性和化学改性活性炭纤维在吸附NO气体方面的研究成果。     

活性炭对含磷废水的处理研究

为了研究活性炭对含磷废水的吸附性能,试验利用预处理后的活性炭处理含磷废水,考察了溶液p H值、活性炭相对投加量、吸附时间、磷初始质量浓度对磷去除率和吸附量的影响,采用响应曲面法(Response surface methodology,RSM)箱线图(Box-Behnken Design,BBD)模型优化了吸附条件并进行了吸附动力学试验。结果表明:最佳吸附条件是溶液p H值为3,炭的相对投加量为8 g/mg,吸附时间为60 min,磷初始质量浓度为0.78 mg/L,在此条件下,磷的去除率达到67.92%。说明伪二级动力学方程能很好描述活性炭对磷的吸附过程;活性炭可用于处理含磷废水,对磷具有较好的吸附性能。     

皂化和钙负载处理改善甜菜粕的钙吸附性能和饲料品质

为改善甜菜粕(SBP)对Ca²⁺的吸附性能和饲料品质,使用乙醇和NaOH对甜菜粕进行皂化改性,获得皂化改性甜菜(SSBP),并探究SSBP的Ca²⁺吸附性能和动力学,进一步使用FTIR、SEM对SSBP的化学结构和表面形貌进行表征,分析可能的吸附机制。结果表明:皂化改性可提升甜菜粕对Ca²⁺的吸附性能,SSBP吸附量约是SBP的2倍以上。试验条件下,SSBP对Ca²⁺的最佳吸附工艺为:钙溶液初始浓度1000 mg/L、处理时间60 min、吸附温度70℃、溶液pH值6.0。SSBP对Ca²⁺吸附过程符合假二级吸附动力学模型,吸附平衡数据符合Langmuir等温线模型。皂化改性使SBP结构更加疏松,可增加饲料适口性。     

载镁水葱生物炭对水体中磷酸盐吸附性能

以水葱为原料,氯化镁为改性剂制备了生物炭,研究了镁改性水葱生物炭对水中磷的吸附性能,利用等温吸附模型和动力学模型揭示吸附行为,结果表明,载镁水葱生物炭对P的理论最高等温吸附量为45.58mg/g,吸附过程为符合Freundlich模型的多分子层吸附;动力学吸附模型更符合准一级模型.     

菠萝渣在动物生产中的应用研究进展

本文介绍了菠萝渣的营养成分及其利用方式,综述了菠萝渣对动物生产性能的影响及国内外的研究状况,分析了菠萝渣在动物生产中的经济效益,并探讨了菠萝渣未来的研究方向。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.