不同处理对梨果实裂果及果实品质的影响

采用叶面喷施13-3-15-8Ca-2Mg水溶肥、幼果期使用思必达涂抹果柄、果实套袋、叶面喷施新型螯合钙和幼果期使用思必达涂抹果柄结合果实套袋等5种处理,以清水为对照,开展梨果防治裂果实验。结果表明：幼果期使用思必达涂抹果柄结合果实套袋防治裂果效果最好,裂果率为4.87%,显著低于清水对照的裂果率37.36%,但对果实品质影响无显著差异。     

施钾肥对温州蜜柑果实发育、裂果和品质的影响

1996～1997年在华中农业大学柑桔试验园枳砧国庆一号温州蜜柑成年树上进行的试验设4个处理：①春施（3月中旬）钾肥;③7月中旬施钾肥;③3月中旬和7月中旬均施钾肥;④不施钾肥。土壤环状沟施氯化钾,每次单株施钾量折合K2O0．25kg。每处理3次重复,每小区5株,随机排列。所有试验树秋季每株施枯草约25kg、过磷酸钙折合P2C50．17kg作基肥,春季每株施尿素折合N0．23kg。试验结果表明：3月中旬施钾肥可提高花蕾质量,促进幼果生长,增加果皮厚度,减轻采前裂果,但却降低果实可溶性固形物含量;3月中旬和7月中旬均施钾肥既可减轻采前裂果…     

枇杷果实的防腐保鲜

1　采前处理1 1　幼果套袋　福建省农业科学院郑少泉 (1993)研究认为 ,花谢后 2 0～ 30天套袋 ,套袋前先疏果穗。每穗选留相对集中、发育良好和大小一致的幼果 3～ 5个 ,并全面喷一次 5 0 %甲基托布津 10 0 0倍液 ,纸袋要用杀菌剂浸泡数分钟后晾干再套果。与未套袋相比 ,套袋后除有效防止果实锈斑病外 ,还可明显减少霜害、日烧病和裂果病等生理病害的发生。1 2　采前喷药　果实采收前 ,喷 0 5 %波尔多液或5 0 %退菌特可湿性粉剂 5 0 0倍液、6 5 %代森锌可湿性粉剂 6 0 0倍液、70 %甲基托布津可湿性粉剂 80 0倍液或 5 0 %多菌灵可湿性粉剂 1…     

白柿果实发育及落果生理

白柿是近几年新引进的一种新兴热带和南亚热带果树。为给白柿花果管理和生长期调控等提供理论依据和实践指导,本文以主栽品种‘W4’白柿为材料,对其生长发育期间的落果规律和果实生长动态进行观测,并分析了落果与正常发育果实中碳素水平和内源激素的含量差异。结果表明：‘W4’白柿在广州地区种植表现出的开花期是在1月下旬至2月初,整个花期约为16天。果实生长发育过程中存在三次落果高峰分别在3月中旬、4月中旬及5~6月,果实的生长符合单S型生长曲线。在果实发育期间,发现正常果及脱落幼果的可溶性总糖含量都呈上升趋势,但正常果的可溶性总糖含量显著高于脱落幼果。同时正常果的赤霉素（GA3）和玉米素（tZ）高于脱落幼果,其脱落幼果中的抑制生长激素脱落酸（ABA）和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）显著高于正常果,正常果与脱落幼果的IAA含量在不同时期呈先下降再上升的趋势。在整个果实发育期间正常果的（ ABA+ACC)/(GA3+IAA+tZ)之值曲线变化平稳,而脱落果的（ABA+ACC）/ (GA3+IAA+tZ)之值曲线呈波动变化的趋势,但脱落果中（ ABA+ACC)/(GA3+IAA+tZ)之值显著高于正常果。     

火龙果裂果观察及栽培措施对裂果的影响

本研究以蜜宝、帝龙、桂红龙5号、金都1号火龙果果实为研究对象,通过田间调查的方法,研究了不同品种火龙果果实、同一品种火龙果果实不同成熟时期、不同挂果量、不同挂果部位及成熟后挂果时间与裂果的关系。结果表明：4个火龙果品种中,蜜宝裂果最严重,其次是帝龙,桂红龙5号、金都1号不裂果;蜜宝火龙果果实在一年中的不同成熟期,裂果诱因、裂果率各不相同;同一个结果枝条上挂2个果实的比挂1个果实的裂果程度轻或不裂果;着生于双排种植架顶部的火龙果果实更易发生裂果;蜜宝火龙果果实的采收期较短,成熟后应及时采摘避免裂果情况发生。     

枇杷的冻害生理和防冻措施

1　冻害生理枇杷各器官的耐寒能力以幼果最弱 ,花较强 ,花芽及枝叶更强 ,故枇杷的冻害就是枇杷的花、幼果受冻 ,而主要又是幼果受冻。冻害主要发生在 12月至次年 3月晴朗无风的夜晚 ,而由寒风引起的冻害除少数地区外 ,相对较少。幼果遇低温后 ,子房中的胚受冻致死 ,受冻的幼果胚为灰黑色或黑褐色 ,当果实中的胚全部冻死后 ,幼果的发育则完全停止。若部分胚冻死 ,则形成畸形果。枇杷的耐寒性随发育程度不同而异 ,花蕾较耐冻 ,多在 - 5～ - 7℃时冻死 ,幼果在 - 3℃时开始出现冻害 ,但这种临界温度因产地不同而有差异 ,在暖地 ,即使 - 2℃左右…     

提高枇杷果实品质的关键技术

1　及时补充果实发育所需的营养　据试验 ,在枇杷开花期、幼果期、果实膨大期 ,喷施高乐、高效氨基酸等复合多元微肥 ,果实着色鲜艳 ,风味鲜美 ,可溶性固形物含量可提高 0 36%～ 1 2 % ,果实商品价格每公斤提高 4～ 5元。叶面喷施多元微肥一般与杀菌剂杀虫剂混合喷施 ,可以省工。2　控制花量和结果量　疏花一般于 10月中旬至 11月初花期进行。一般母枝上有 2～ 3个标准枝条的留 1～ 2个花穗 ,4～ 5个枝条的留 2～ 3穗 ,留下的花穗选留中部向下便于套袋的 3～ 4个枝轴 ,其余摘除。疏果一般于 2月幼果着色稳定后进行 ,大果型每穗 3～ 4粒 ,中…     

临桂县沙田柚桔实雷瘿蚊的发生与防治

临桂县 1995年 8～ 9月发现桔实雷瘿蚊为害沙田柚 ,1997年全县大部分乡镇发生 ,1998年为害更甚 ,大量虫害果 5月中旬出现 ,虫害率达到 6 2 %。1　为害症状及发生时间　沙田柚桔实雷瘿蚊以幼虫为害果实 ,沙田柚自幼果到成熟期前均可受害。幼果受害部位多在蒂部附近及果腰部以上 ,中期果受害部位在果腰上下部位 ,多数在上部。幼果受害后出现畸形果 ,时间是在 5月中下旬。 6月下旬至 9月仍不断发生虫害落果。卵一般产在果蒂附近果表上 ,卵孵化后幼虫蛀入取食皮层内 ,受害果外表可见一些褐色斑点和流胶 ,造成柚果未熟先黄和落果。临桂县沙田柚桔…     

贡柑黑腐病发生规律研究

贡柑黑腐病是近年来严重为害贡柑的病害,其病原菌系柑桔链格孢菌（Alternaria citri）。为了探明其发生规律,笔者于2011-2012年采用盆栽苗人工接种和田间调查相结合的方法进行研究。试验结果表明：在人工接种条件下,该病原菌可以从没有伤口的叶片表面浸入,更易从伤口入浸,桔类和橙类的杂交柑-贡柑、茂谷柑最感病,其次是桔类中的椪柑、南丰蜜桔,在有伤口和连续下雨的条件下,马水桔、砂糖桔、温州蜜柑的嫩芽也偶被感染,橙类、柚类、柠檬、金桔抗病。在田间,贡柑、茂谷柑最感病,其次是南丰蜜桔、椪柑,马水桔、砂糖桔、温州蜜柑未见发病。刚抽发的嫩梢和幼果易感病,组织越嫩,越易感病,老叶、成熟果实感病少,幼树和刚结果树以及嫩梢多的树发病重。该病原菌孢子萌发需要高湿,下雨、高温、高湿有利于该病的发生和流行;夏梢发病最重,其次是春梢和幼果,秋梢发病轻。在人工接种条件下,只要下雨和温度达到15-30℃,1-3d即可显症。沿着叶脉快速扩展是该病的最大特点,也是该病难防治的最大原因。     

山地油桃裂果成因及防止

我市地处汉水中上游的秦巴山区 ,发展果树生产具有得天独厚的自然条件。自 1 996年我地引种试栽油桃 ,总体表现上市早、价格高、效益好 ,在市场上有较强的竞争力。但由于品种良莠不齐 ,特别是裂果问题日趋突出 ,有些品种有些年份高达 5 6 % ,严重影响油桃的品质和种植效益。针对此问题 ,笔者通过在张湾区、武当山特区开展科技服务的实践 ,初步掌握了油桃裂果的成因并制订相应措施 ,取得了成效。1　裂果成因　a 气候不适应。有些品种由于不适应我地夏季高温高湿气候 ,以及夏秋昼夜温差大的特点 ,造成裂果。b 树体营养失调。油桃类生长势旺 ,抽梢多 ,尤其对钙消耗量大 ,易造成果实缺钙而裂果。c 果实发育失衡。由于果皮与果肉生长速度不一致 ,当果实进入第二次膨大时 ,果肉生长速度比果皮快 ,从而导致裂果。d 果实水分失调。 5— 6月果实发育 ,除直接受到高温影响外 ,降雨或骤晴骤雨使果实表皮细胞吸水没有果肉细胞吸水快 ,造成果肉膨大过度形成裂果。e 日灼、病虫为害。夏初阳光对果实强烈直射伤害果皮 ,到夜间降温又收缩 ,造成果皮微裂 ,而微裂的果皮被金龟子成虫叮食后 ,引起果皮开裂并感染病菌而腐烂。2　裂果规律　一般...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.