嘧菌酯与三唑类农药复配防治香蕉叶斑病的试验

进行了嘧菌酯与三唑类农药复配制剂防治香蕉叶斑病的田间药效试验。结果表明: 施药两次后,75%禾技（嘧菌酯 戊唑醇）水分散粒剂稀释3000倍液,对香蕉叶斑病的防效为90.0%,显著高于对照药剂12.5%氟环唑悬浮剂 和25%丙环唑乳油稀释1000倍液的防效;而30%福递（嘧菌酯 苯醚甲环唑）悬浮剂稀释1500倍液的防效为83.4%;与对照药剂的防效差异不显著。     

四唑虫酰胺对柑橘潜叶蛾的防效评价

选取新型杀虫剂18%四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂和当前常用药剂25克/升溴氰菊酯乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油于2018年在广东省农业科学院白云试验基地柑橘园和2019年在广州市南沙区东涌镇柑橘园对潜叶蛾进行了田间防效试验。结果表明：18%四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂10000~20000倍液对柑橘潜叶蛾药后10 d的杀虫效果为82.81%~93.13%,药后14 d的保梢效果为76.87%~89.26%;对照药剂25克/升溴氰菊酯乳油1000倍液的杀虫效果和保梢效果均显著低于试验药剂各浓度的效果,1.8%阿维菌素乳油2000倍液的杀虫效果和保梢效果与试验药剂20000倍液的防效相当,但显著低于10000倍液和15000倍液的防效。18%四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂能够有效防治柑橘潜叶蛾,且对柑橘安全,对非靶标生物无明显影响。     

草莓苗期炭疽病治疗性药剂筛选试验

为筛选草莓苗期防治炭疽病的高效药剂,对80%代森锰锌WP、24%腈苯唑SC等10个药剂进行田间药效试验。试验明确,24%腈苯唑SC1000倍液、25%嘧菌酯EC1500倍液、50%咪鲜胺EC1000倍液三个处理综合效果佳,防效均高于80%;所选的8个治疗性杀菌剂的效果均明显优于78%波尔?锰锌WP和80%代森锰锌WP两个保护性杀菌剂;草莓苗炭疽病发病初期至中期发病指数增长率明高于中后期,因此,要重视发病前与发病初期的药剂防治。     

华安铁观音茶炭疽病发生规律及化学防治试验

采用五点取样法进行华安铁观音茶炭疽病的发生规律调查,利用喷雾法进行田间药效筛选试验研究。调查结果显示,铁观音茶炭疽病在华安1年发生3次。药效试验结果表明,第1次施药后,6种药剂的防治效果大小依次为30%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂、450g·L-1咪鲜胺水乳剂、50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶性粉剂、25%丙环唑乳油、70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、70%福美双可湿性粉剂;第2次施药后,防效大小依次为30%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂、25%丙环唑乳油、450g·L-1咪鲜胺水乳剂、70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶性粉剂、70%福美双可湿性粉剂。综合试验结果认为,30%醚菌酯对炭疽病防治效果最好且具有较好的持效性。     

13种杀菌剂对芒果炭疽病菌的室内毒力测定及田间防效

近年来芒果炭疽病在贵州芒果园发生普遍、危害极重,通过本研究掌握芒果胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz）对不同杀菌剂的毒力及田间防治效果,将为芒果炭疽病的防治提供理论依据。采用生长速率法测定13种杀菌剂对芒果胶孢炭疽菌的毒力,结果表明：13种杀菌剂中450g/L咪鲜胺EW对胶孢炭疽菌抑菌效果最好,EC50小于0.01mg/l,250克/升吡唑醚菌酯EC、50%氟啶胺SC、50%多菌灵WP和12.5%氟环唑SC的EC50均小于1 mg/L,对胶孢炭疽菌具有较好抑菌效果。芒果幼果期进行田间防治,结果表明：450g/L咪鲜胺EW1500倍液、250克/升吡唑醚菌酯EC1250倍液、50%多菌灵WP1000倍液、12.5%氟环唑SC2000倍液、250g/L嘧菌酯SC1250倍液、50%氟啶胺SC1500倍液和70%甲基硫菌灵WP1000倍液等7种药剂可相对有效地控制芒果炭疽病的发生,防效为57.57%~65.57%。该研究将为贵州芒果炭疽病的防治提供理论依据及技术支撑。     

八种杀菌剂对香蕉黑斑病的防治效果比较

比较250 g/L丙环唑乳油等八种常用杀菌剂对香蕉黑斑病的防治效果。结果表明,250 g/L丙环唑乳油750倍液的防效最好,施药3次后10天防效达83.68%,其次为125 g/L氟环唑悬浮剂900倍液和30%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂3000倍液,防效分别为76.03%和74.58%。3种药剂在本试验浓度范围内未发现对香蕉产生药害,可推广使用。     

桑园病虫害防治常用药剂混合使用对蚕桑生产安全性及病害防效探讨

通过将桑园杀虫剂、杀螨剂、杀菌剂等多种药剂混合使用,开展对蚕桑生产安全性及对桑园褐斑病和白粉病的防治试验。结果表明:多种药剂混合使用对桑树不产生药害,桑树全年均能正常生长;试验药剂的残效期在正常条件下7d后采叶喂蚕,家蚕均能正常发育和上蔟结茧。对桑白粉病防治效果较好的药剂组合是77.5%敌敌畏乳油1000倍液、73%克螨特·炔螨特乳油4000倍液、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液、10%世高·苯醚甲环唑2000倍液、40%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液混合使用(相对防效50%、病情指数12.8)及瓜果飘香百菌清600倍液单独使用(相对防效50%、病情指数12.8);对桑褐斑病防治效果较好的药剂组合是77.5%敌敌畏乳油1000倍液,73%克螨特·炔螨特乳油4000倍液,百菌清600倍液,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液,40%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液混合使用(相对防效68%、病情指数5.7)。     

不同生防药剂对燕麦叶斑病的防治效果

为明确生防药剂对燕麦(Avena sativa)叶斑病的防效,本研究选用4种不同类型的生防药剂,以2种化学杀菌剂为对照,在甘肃省山丹县对田间自然发病的燕麦叶斑病进行防治。结果表明：第1次施药后7 d,生防药剂的防效(56.81%～63.59%)普遍低于化学杀菌剂25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(防效71.11%)和43%戊唑醇悬浮剂(防效73.60%)。第2次施药后7 d,供试药剂的防效与第1次施药后7 d相比均有所提高,其中哈茨木霉(Trichoderma afroharzianum)的防效较第1次增加了27.39%,增幅最大。第2次施药后20 d,各药剂的防效较第2次施药后7 d有所降低,但生防药剂的防效降幅较小而化学杀菌剂的防效大幅降低。枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的防效最高,达80.34%。另外,1×10¹¹cfu·g^-1枯草芽孢杆菌处理显著提高了燕麦旗叶叶绿素相对含量、千粒重和种子产量(P <0.05),3个指标分别较未施药区增加了26.13%、13.22%和13.09%。综合防效、持效性及燕麦种子产量等指标,微生...     

25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油对香蕉叶斑病的室内毒力、田间防效及香蕉苗的安全性

摘要：为研究25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油对香蕉叶斑病的室内毒力、田间防效及对香蕉幼苗的安全性,以期为该药的药剂使用及香蕉病害防治提供借鉴。本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定该药剂的室内毒力,发现该药剂对香蕉叶斑病具有较好的抑菌活性,EC50值为17.38 mg/L。通过田间药效试验发现,25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油3000、2000、1000倍药液对香蕉叶斑病的防效均高于75%,表现出较好的防效。通过手动喷雾器喷施800、400、200倍药液于南天、巴西及粤科品种幼苗叶片,并未出现叶色变色、叶片变形、生长停滞等药害问题。     

蓝莓炭疽病的药剂防治试验

选8种绿A生产可用杀菌剂对蓝莓炭疽病病菌进行室内毒力测定,试验结果表明：对引起蓝莓炭疽病的两种主要病原菌均具有较好抑菌作用的杀菌剂为吡吡唑醚菌酯、氟环唑、丙环唑、咯菌腈;排除2种对两种病原菌抑制效果均差的药剂,将其余 6种药剂进行田间药效试验,结果表明：在试验条件下,250 g /L 吡唑醚菌酯 EC1800 倍液、125g/L氟环唑SC 1500倍液、25%丙环唑EC 1000倍液均对蓝莓炭疽病具有较好的防治效果     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.