柑桔园实蝇发生种群及消长规律探讨

摘要：对黔南州都匀市柑桔园实蝇系统监测表明：柑桔园实蝇优势种群为柑桔大实蝇和柑桔小实蝇,柑桔大实蝇成虫发生量占实蝇总发生量68.41%,发生时段为5月中旬至9月上旬,发生动态呈单峰型,最高峰值出现在6月7日;柑桔小实蝇成虫发生量占实蝇总发生量28.79%,发生时段为5月中旬至10月下旬,发生动态呈双峰型,第一个高峰值出现在9月2日,第二个高峰值出现在9月23日。     

修文县猕猴桃园实蝇种类及种群发生动态

为摸清修文县猕猴桃园实蝇种类及种群发生动态,为实蝇的监测和防控提供科学指导。2016-2018年,在修文县主要猕猴桃园,采用Steiner诱捕器、 Mcphail诱捕器内添加实蝇诱剂、蛋白诱饵诱剂对实蝇种类和数量进行系统调查与监测,并对监测数据进行分析。研究结果表明,修文县猕猴桃园实蝇发生种类为桔小实蝇、南瓜实蝇、具条实蝇。桔小实蝇成虫种群发生数量从7月开始上升,高峰期集中在8月中旬至10月。南瓜实蝇成虫种群发生数量从8月下旬开始上升,高峰期集中在10月中旬至11月。具条实蝇成虫种群发生数量从7月中旬开始上升,高峰期集中在8月至11月上旬。桔小实蝇为修文县猕猴桃园实蝇优势种,南瓜实蝇、具条实蝇为常见种。目前危害猕猴桃果实的实蝇种类为桔小实蝇,其成虫种群发生高峰期集中在8月中旬至10月,在实际生产中,应密切关注其种群发生动态,并根据危害情况及时采取有效的防控措施。实蝇种群变动受寄主植物、气象因子等因素影响。     

赣南地区柑橘木虱田间发生规律研究

对赣南14个不同区域正常生产管理果园定园、定时调查,结果表明,果园柑橘木虱成虫、若虫、卵一年均有4个高峰期。成虫高峰期分别为5月下旬、7月中旬、8月上、中旬和10月上旬;若虫高峰期分别为7月中旬、8月、9月上旬和10月中旬;卵高峰期分别为5月下旬、7月中旬、8月上、中旬和10月上旬。果园成虫、若虫、卵发生消长规律基本相符,卵和若虫的消长动态紧随成虫消长动态。果园柑橘木虱发生与新梢抽发和防控措施关系密切,各虫态虫口发生量下半年明显重于上半年。     

苜蓿田节肢动物种类调查和主要害虫与天敌种群动态及其关系分析

本文对青岛地区苜蓿（Medicago sativa）田节肢动物群落种类、优势种田间种群动态进行了调查,分析了优势种群的田间动态规律,对主要害虫与优势天敌的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：青岛地区苜蓿田有节肢动物13目49科91种,其中主要害虫有蓟马（thrips）、蚜虫（aphids）、盲蝽（mirids）、苜蓿斑螟（Salebria semirubella）等,主要天敌有瓢虫（ladybirds）、食蚜蝇（syrphids）、寄生蜂（parasitic wasps）、草蛉（lacewings）、蜘蛛（spiders）等。蚜虫每年发生有2个高峰期,分别为5月中旬和10月下旬;蓟马在田间有2个发生高峰期,分别是7月上旬和10月上旬;苜蓿斑螟有1个高峰期是在9月下旬;盲蝽有3个高峰,分别是7月中旬、8月上旬和9月下旬。瓢虫类在田间有2个高峰期,分别是5月中旬和10月中旬;寄生蜂类有2个主要高峰期,分别是4月中旬和5月下旬;食蚜蝇类有3个高峰,分别是4月中旬、6月上旬和10月中旬;蜘蛛有5个发生高峰期,分别是5月中旬、6月下旬、8月上旬、9月上旬和10月上旬。应用灰色关联度分析方法和一元回归法探讨了天敌与害虫之间的关系,初步明确了对每类害虫有控制作用的天敌种类。     

昭通苹果主产区桔小实蝇成虫消长规律研究

为了明确昭通市苹果园桔小实蝇成虫田间种群动态,采用Steiner诱捕器内添加甲基丁香酚引诱剂的方法,于2020-2022年在昭通市昭阳区守望乡、永丰镇、苏家院镇苹果园对桔小实蝇的发生数量进行了连续监测,并对监测数据进行分析。桔小实蝇在昭阳区苹果园呈季节性发生,当年12月中旬至翌年4月份果园内未诱到桔小实蝇,5月-7月桔小实蝇种群处于较低水平,8月、9月种群数量逐渐上升达到年增长最高峰（2020、2021、2022年单次最多诱集虫口数量分别达1019头、290头、95头）,10月份后种群数量迅速下降,直至12月上旬果园内桔小实蝇数量为0。结果表明：8月和9月是桔小实蝇的主要发生期,也是桔小实蝇防控的关键时期。     

海南番石榴园橘小实蝇种群动态与综合防治研究

2010～2012年采用甲基丁香酚灭雄和蛋白饵剂诱杀雄、雌两性成虫的方法,开展了海南番石榴园橘小实蝇 Bactrocera dordalis (Hendel) 种群动态监测与综合防治研究。结果显示,海南番石榴园6~9月橘小实蝇种群发生的2个高峰期分别在6月下旬～7月上旬、8月上旬;橘小实蝇种群密度(667m2/d诱杀橘小实蝇虫量)与番石榴果实被害率明显呈正相关;及时清园和处理虫、落果的番石榴园橘小实蝇种群发生密度比对照果园相对减少了110.72头667m2/d,二者相差约23倍;番石榴园园内与园外隔离带的橘小实蝇种群动态呈线性关系。 同时,应用诱杀技术与及时清园和处理虫、落果等农业措施相结合的方法综合防治番石榴园橘小实蝇的效果显著,在不套袋和不喷施农药的情况下3造番石榴的保果率达66.44%。     

曲靖市桔小实蝇为害情况及发生规律

2019～2020年对曲靖市7个县(区)苹果、梨、石榴20个果园进行桔小实蝇为害调查。调查发现,桔小实蝇为害曲靖市7个(县、市、区)苹果、梨、桃、石榴、猕猴桃等水果,虫果率0～98.31%。不同海拔桔小实蝇发生呈现不同的消长趋势,在1570m海拔带种群数量高峰出现在5月底～6月底,1854～2128m海拔带种群数量高峰出现在8月中旬～9月初。混栽果园桔小实蝇种群随种植品种成熟呈现多个种群数量高峰。调查结果为桔小实蝇高效防控提供了理论依据。     

广西柿子主产区橘小实蝇的转移为害规律研究

为了弄清橘小实蝇在广西恭城县柿子主产区的转移为害及不同寄主果园种群消长规律,2018年3月-2019年3月,利用实蝇诱剂(甲基丁香酚)对柿子产区不同寄主果园橘小实蝇的种群动态进行监测,同时采用五点取样法对该地区19种可能受橘小实蝇为害的寄主进行调查。结果表明,在恭城县柿子主产区,全年橘小实蝇成虫均可发生,不同寄主果园种群消长规律略有差异,1月上旬至5月上旬,种群数量处于极低水平,6月下旬至12月上旬为种群主要发生期,12月下旬种群数量急剧减少。冬后,橘小实蝇于5月下旬首先在桃子上为害,然后随着杨梅、李子、枣子和柿子等寄主果实的不断成熟进行转移为害,在为害柿子前主要为害芙蓉李和枣子,最后在柿子上为害,且主要在柿园内越冬。橘小实蝇对不同寄主的为害程度不同,落果中有虫果率为3.92 %-57.84 %,其中桃子、李子、枣子和柿子的受害率较高,在柿子上的为害期最长。     

甘肃省肃南县3种草原蝗虫的发育与虫灾发生规律

通过对甘肃省肃南县草原的小翅雏蝗、狭翅雏蝗和短星翅蝗调查和饲养观察研究,发现小翅雏蝗的种群数量最大,每年发生一代。5月下旬孵化出土,7月下旬开始羽化,8月上旬羽化达到高峰,在3种蝗虫发育历期中最短;短星翅蝗在3种蝗虫中发育历期最长,6月上、中旬开始孵化出土,8月上旬开始羽化成虫,8月中、下旬为羽化高峰期;狭翅雏蝗的发生规律与小翅雏蝗相似,3种蝗虫成虫数量均在10月份急剧下降。     

寿光冬暖式大棚茄子栽培技术

一、保护地栽培茄子的茬口安排 根据寿光的种植习惯。保护地栽培茄子的茬口安排大致如下：一是小拱棚保护早春栽培,一般于11月下旬至12月上句、中旬育苗,3月中、下旬或4月上旬定植。供应期可从4月下旬至7月下旬。二是单坡面大棚早春栽培,一般育苗在11月下旬至12月上甸,3月上旬、中旬定植,供应期从4月至7月。三是单坡面大棚秋延迟栽培。一般7月上旬、中旬育苗,8月中、下旬定植。供应期从9月中旬开始至12月底。四是冬暖式大棚越冬栽培。一般从7月中、下旬至8月中、下旬育苗,至10月上句至11月上旬定植,供应期从12月开始至6月下旬至7月底。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.