几种药剂对柑橘黄斑落叶病的药效评价

柑橘黄斑落叶病(Pestalotiopsis microspora)在广西柑橘上发生日趋严重,导致春梢和秋梢叶片大量落叶,严重影响树势和产量。通过菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法及田间药效试验评价了几种药剂对该病的防效,结果表明：乙蒜素、咪鲜胺、代森锰锌、苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯等几种供试药剂均能完全抑制菌丝生长;咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、乙蒜素、吡唑醚菌酯等几种供试药剂均能完全抑制孢子萌发;吡唑醚菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯+领美、吡唑醚菌酯.代森联、苯醚甲环唑的田间防效基本在95%以上,克菌丹防效为86%,硫磺的防效为79%。     

新型高效广谱杀菌剂——又胜

<正>又胜是江苏克胜集团股份有限公司最新推出的新型高效广谱杀菌剂,产品规格为12.5%苯醚甲环唑20%嘧菌酯悬浮剂。该产品具有广谱的杀菌活性,对几乎所有真菌钢病原引起的病害均有很好的活性。一、产品特点:嘧菌酯:广谱杀菌,内吸性强,可在木质部传导。苯醚甲环唑:内吸性杀菌,具保护和治疗作用。1.新型高效杀菌剂:具有保护、治疗、铲除活性。渗透、内吸活性强,持效     

不同杀菌剂及复配对苜蓿锈病的防治研究

为了筛选防治苜蓿(Medicago sativa)锈病有效单剂和复配组合,本试验采用盆栽喷雾法,测定了14种杀菌剂及5种复配剂对苜蓿锈菌的毒力,并比较不同复配的协同增效作用。结果表明:在单剂毒力测定中,苜蓿锈菌对嘧菌酯最敏感,EC₅₀为1.8809mg·L^-1;甲基硫菌灵的毒力最弱,EC₅₀为747.0022mg·L^-1。按照不同杀菌机理的药剂复配机理,嘧菌酯和戊唑醇复配中,1:9组合产生相加作用,其余比例复配均表现为增效作用,其中5:1增效作用最强,增效系数SR为4.9684;嘧菌酯和烯酰吗啉复配,协同增效作用最强的是以1:3组合,增效系数为5.1114,但二者以9:1复配时产生拮抗作用;嘧菌酯和代森锰锌复配,1:7复配组合增效系数SR为4.5757,协同增效作用比较明显。吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑复配增效作用最强的是1:5复配组合,其增效系数SR为5.2276;与百菌清的复配,1:7复配组合增效作用最为明显,其增效系数SR为5.8058,因此,从单剂防效看嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯效果最好,复配剂中,吡唑醚菌酯和百菌清以1:7防效最好。     

6种杀菌剂对沙糖橘采后保鲜效果及其残留动态研究

为筛选出防治沙糖橘采后腐烂的高效低毒杀菌剂,本实验分析测定了咪鲜胺、抑霉唑、嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑和甲基硫菌灵6种化学杀菌剂对沙糖橘采后腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的影响,以及其在果皮、全果和果肉中的残留量变化。研究结果表明,咪鲜胺、抑霉唑、嘧菌酯和甲基硫菌灵可有效防治沙糖橘采后腐烂。药剂处理可在一定程度上降低果实失重率以及可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量。根据GB 2763-2016规定,在柑橘中咪鲜胺、抑霉唑、嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑的最大限量分别为5 mg/kg、5 mg/kg、1 mg/kg和0.2 mg/kg。吡唑醚菌酯和甲基硫菌灵参照葡萄中的最大限量分别是2 mg/kg 和3 mg/kg。经抑霉唑、嘧菌酯和甲基硫菌灵处理的沙糖橘,在处理后第3 d果皮、全果和果肉中杀菌剂残留量低于最高限量。经咪鲜胺和吡唑醚菌酯乳油处理的果实,在处理后第3 d果皮中药剂残留量高于限量,全果和果肉中药剂残留量低于限量。经苯醚甲环唑处理的果实在处理后第3 d果皮和全果中残留量高于限值,果肉中残留量低于限值。     

杨梅落果、烂果防控药剂筛选

为筛选出减少杨梅落果、烂果,延长货架期的高效药剂,科学指导杨梅生产,进行了采前4种药剂田间试验。结果表明：防控采前落果试验,同种药剂2次处理效果优于1次处理,42.8 %氟菌·肟菌酯SC减少落果效果最佳,1 500倍效果优于2 000倍,其次为325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯SC 1 500倍和250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯SC 2 000倍,500 g/L氟啶胺SC 1 500倍减少落果效果相对低;由于试验过程中树上未见烂果,未观察到药剂对采前烂果防控效果;采后静置贮藏保鲜效果试验,同种药剂2次处理效果优于1次处理,42.8 %氟菌·肟菌酯SC 1 500倍和500 g/L氟啶胺SC 1 500倍对杨梅采后保鲜效果较好,能延长货架期,250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯SC 2 000倍有一定效果,42.8 %氟菌·肟菌酯SC 2 000倍和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯SC 1 500倍效果较低。采前科学合理用药,对杨梅安全生产具有重要意义。     

不同作用机制杀菌剂对燕麦炭疽病病菌的室内毒力测定

禾谷炭疽菌(Colletotrichum cereale)引致的炭疽病是山西晋北地区燕麦(Avena sativa)生产的主要限制因素,但目前尚未开展化学杀菌剂防治燕麦炭疽病的研究.为明确不同作用机制杀菌剂对燕麦炭疽病菌的抑制效果,本研究选取6类10种杀菌剂,使用菌丝生长速率法和液滴法对其抑菌效果进行测定.结果表明:多菌灵50％可湿性粉剂、丙环唑25％乳油、嘧菌酯25％悬浮剂和吡唑醚菌酯25％悬浮剂对禾谷炭疽菌菌丝生长的抑制作用较强,有效中浓度(EC50)分别为0.0921、0.8774、0.1180和0.0029 mg·L?1;百菌清75％可湿性粉剂、多菌灵50％可湿性粉剂、嘧菌酯25％悬浮剂和吡唑醚菌酯25％悬浮剂对禾谷炭疽菌孢子萌发具有较好的抑制效果,其中百菌清75％可湿性粉剂浓度 ≥0.80 mg·L?1时,孢子萌发抑制率均为100％,多菌灵50％可湿性粉剂、嘧菌酯25％悬浮剂和吡唑醚菌酯25％悬浮剂的EC50分别为0.1124、0.1184和0.0059 mg·L?1.根据作用机制的不同,建议百菌清75％可湿性粉剂在炭疽病发生前作为保护性杀菌剂使用,多菌灵50％可湿性粉剂、嘧菌酯25％悬浮剂和吡唑醚菌酯25％悬浮剂作为保护和治疗性杀菌剂使用.此外,生产者应及时轮换采用不同作用机制的化学杀菌剂防控病害,同时改善种植条件,引进和选育抗病品种,保证燕麦的可持续生产.     

杨梅褐斑病防治药剂的筛选与应用及其对嘧菌酯敏感基线的建立

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了11种杀菌剂对杨梅褐斑病菌的离体抑菌活性,结果表明,嘧菌酯的抑制活性最强,EC50值为0.96 mg/L;百菌清的活性最弱,EC50值为69.24 mg/L;其余药剂的抑制活性依次为吡唑醚菌酯＞氟硅唑>腈菌唑>抑霉唑>戊唑醇>咪鲜胺>喹啉铜>代森锰锌>多菌灵,EC50值在3.25～68.73 mg/L之间。林间试验结果表明,嘧菌酯对杨梅褐斑病具有很好的控制效果,其防效显著优于喹啉铜和多菌灵。进一步的研究结果表明,供试100株杨梅褐斑病菌对嘧菌酯的EC50值在0.15～2.17 mg/L之间,呈近似正态的连续分布,其平均EC50值为0.97?.22 mg/L,可作为该病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线,用于田间抗药性监测。     

六种杀菌剂对梨树锈病的田间防治效果比较

[目的]为筛选防治梨锈病的有效杀菌剂,给梨园锈病防控提供科学依据。[方法]对六种杀菌剂进行了田间药效试验。[结果]六种杀菌剂对梨锈病的防治均有效果。250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂125 ga.i./hm₂对梨锈病的防治效果最佳,药后8d达到64.56%;250 g/L吡唑醚菌脂乳油180 ga.i./hm₂起效最快,防治效果次之,为59.27%。[结论]250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂125 ga.i./hm₂和250 g/L吡唑醚菌脂乳油180 ga.i./hm₂防治梨锈病的效果好,且对病斑均有治愈作用。     

不同杀菌剂及其复配对箭筈豌豆炭疽病的防治研究

近年来,在我国西北地区发现由菠菜炭疽菌引起的箭筈豌豆炭疽病危害严重,影响箭筈豌豆种子和鲜草产量,然而缺少化学防治在内的有效防控技术。选取百菌清、多菌灵、代森锰锌、吡唑醚菌酯和苯甲·嘧菌酯5种杀菌剂,采用菌落生长抑制法对该菌进行了室内毒力测定,发现5种药剂对菠菜炭疽菌的毒力从大到小依次为32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯（J₃）>25%吡唑醚菌酯（J₂）>50%多菌灵（J₁）>80%代森锰锌>75%百菌清;对毒力效果最好的前3种杀菌剂及其复配剂进行盆栽防病试验,结果显示：J₁∶2J₂和2J₁∶J₃处理下的防治效果较好;同时,利用这3种杀菌剂（J₁、J₂和J₃）进行田间防治试验,结果表明J₂、J₃和J₁的防效分别为68.88%、63.50%和20.62%。综上所述,25%吡唑醚菌酯、32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯以及50%多菌灵和25%吡唑醚菌酯复配剂能有效防治由菠菜炭疽菌引起的箭筈豌豆炭疽病。     

稻田常用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对家蚕的急性毒性评价

家蚕是我国重要的经济昆虫,南方水稻田常与桑园相邻,在稻田施药时经常会出现因药液飘移污染桑叶,进而引起家蚕死亡的现象,给养蚕业造成重大损失.为明确稻田常用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类药剂及其复配制剂对家蚕的影响,采用浸叶法探究了10种药剂对家蚕的急性毒性.结果 表明,98％肟菌酯原药、30％肟菌酯悬浮剂、42％肟菌酯·戊唑醇悬浮剂、30％啶氧菌酯·丙环唑悬浮剂、25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂、40％嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂和50％嘧菌酯·戊唑醇悬浮剂对家蚕2龄起蚕96 h的LC50＞200 mg/L,对家蚕均为低毒;98％啶氧菌酯原药、96％嘧菌酯原药及60％嘧菌酯·氟酰胺水分散粒剂对家蚕的LC50分别为123.191 mg/L、153.155 mg/L和78.424 mg/L,对家蚕均为中毒.在采桑养蚕期,低毒级药剂及其混合剂在桑园周边稻田等环境使用对家蚕均较为安全,中毒级药剂及其混剂应选择无风天喷雾,避免雾滴飘移污染桑叶.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。