PUD类细胞分裂素的研究与应用

苯基脲类衍生物是20世纪70年代合成的一类作用机制比较特殊的新型高效植物生长调节剂,其与嘌呤型细胞分裂素的活性有很多相同之处,也有一些明显的差异。近年来,人们通过改变该类物质的化学结构,成功地得到了一系列高效、受欢迎的新型农药和消炎、杀菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗癌药物。本文对其合成方法、新产品的研发、生物活性和实际应用等方面的研究进行了简要综述。     

细胞分裂素对菊苣生长性能及品质的影响

本试验研究在饲用菊苣生长初期(播种后2周)喷洒不同稀释倍数的细胞分裂素(6 mg/kg羟烯腺嘌呤、烯腺嘌呤水剂),稀释倍数分别为150倍、250倍、350倍,对其处理后的营养生长期不同阶段(处理后30 d和45 d)的生产性能和饲用品质的影响。结果表明:试验前期,喷洒稀释150倍的细胞分裂素显示出较好的生产性能,叶片数、最长叶叶长、叶重等方面与对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05),且与喷洒浓度呈显著的相关性(P<0.05),菊苣叶干物质中粗蛋白(CP)达到22.29%,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为20.30%,显著提高了菊苣的饲用品质(P<0.05);试验后期,与试验前期发生了变化,菊苣最长叶叶长和叶宽与喷洒浓度呈负相关性,喷洒稀释350倍的细胞分裂素表现出了较好的生产性能,叶片数达到11片,单株重为58.13 g,菊苣叶干物质中CP达到22.09%,NDF为18.27%,饲用品质较好,实际生产效果较好。     

外源细胞分裂素对紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响

用不同浓度植物细胞分裂素对营养生长期的紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa进行喷洒处理,研究了植物细胞分裂素对紫花苜蓿的生长及品质的影响.试验结果表明:喷洒植物细胞分裂素能明显提高紫花苜蓿叶绿素、粗蛋白和粗纤维的含量.300倍浓度对提高紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量和营养成分比较适宜;400倍浓度喷施3次比喷洒2次的产量提高3.5%,400倍浓度喷洒2次经济效益最高.     

细胞分裂素调控的不同茬高黑麦草再生机制

通过检测植物生长激素研究不同茬高多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)叶再生的机制。试验结果表明,遮光条件下,高茬和高茬断根的再生叶片生物量均显著高于低茬的再生叶片生物量(P＜0.05)。光照试验结果表明,低茬在单次去叶时、高茬在多次去叶时均易提高总生物量系数(总生物量系数表示单位茬质量所支撑的再生过程中总有机物质量的变化,是用来评价非贮存有机物质参与叶片的再生能力,是不同茬高黑麦草再生能力强弱的指标)。通过检测光照条件下的叶片和伤流液中玉米素+玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)及脱落酸(ABA)含量,发现叶Z+ZR含量与总生物量系数相关密切,且叶Z+ZR含量受根系的直接调控。基于根系对叶片的影响,根系诱导的叶片细胞分裂素是影响不同茬高黑麦草再生的关键因素。     

脱落酸和细胞分裂素对香根草抗旱性的影响

为探讨施用外源脱落酸(ABA)和细胞分裂素(6-BA)对香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)抗旱性的影响,在控温室中对香根草进行干旱胁迫处理,比较喷水以及喷ABA和6-BA处理对香根草叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,香根草叶片相对含水量减少,而ABA和6-BA处理使叶片的相对含水量维持较高的水平,相对电导率和MDA含量则维持较低的水平;在试验处理第17 d, ABA和6-BA处理的香根草植株超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)的含量均显著高于没有处理的植株, 但过氧化物酶(POD)活性比没有处理的植株低。表明ABA和6-BA处理提高了香根草的抗旱性,而且抗旱性的提高与抗氧化系统水平的提高有关。     

羊草返青期喷施赤霉素和细胞分裂素对羊草生产性能的影响

以大庆地区优良禾本科牧草--羊草为研究对象,系统的研究了返青期喷施不同浓度赤霉素和细胞分裂素对其生产性能的影响.结果表明:外施赤霉素和细胞分裂素均能有效提高羊草的生长速度和地上生物量,两种激素的各浓度处理组中以50mg/L的赤霉素处理组增产效果最佳,与对照相比提高63%.同时,不同浓度外源赤霉素处理均降低了植株的叶绿素含量,而细胞分裂素处理效果与之相反,均提高了各处理组的叶绿素含量.此外,两种激素的施用均降低了各组植株的粗蛋白质含量.     

多年生黑麦草细胞分裂素信号通路B类ARR转录因子LpARR10的耐镉功能分析

镉（Cd）是矿区重金属污染的主要元素之一,严重限制了植物的生长、发育。细胞分裂素（CTK）能够缓解镉对植物的毒害,但具体机制尚不清楚。本研究克隆了多年生黑麦草CTK信号通路基因LpARR10,该基因具有6个外显子,编码598个氨基酸。进化分析表明,LpARR10与拟南芥B类ARR转录因子（B-ARRs）聚为一组,其中与AtARR10和AtARR12的亲缘关系较近。氨基酸序列分析结果显示,LpARR10具有B-ARRs典型的磷酸受体结构域、磷酸化和金属离子结合位点。表达模式分析表明,CTK（25 μmol·L^-1 6-BA）和Cd（200 μmol·L^-1 CdCl₂）处理0.5、2、6、12、24和48 h均显著提高了黑麦草根部LpARR10的表达;而在叶片中,LpARR10的表达仅在CTK和Cd处理2和6 h后显著升高。过量表达LpARR10转基因和野生型拟南芥在无Cd的MS培养基上生长10 d后,根长和鲜重没有显著差异;而在含有Cd（180 μmol·L^-1 CdCl₂）的MS培养基中,过量表达转基因株系的根长和鲜重显著高于野生型对照。综上,LpARR10在细胞分裂素调控的植物耐镉机理中发挥重要作用。     

干旱胁迫下细胞分裂素对匍匐翦股颖抗氧化生理的影响

为探索干旱胁迫下细胞分裂素对匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)活性氧水平变化及生理应答的影响,试验设计2种水分条件:干旱胁迫和充分浇水;3种浓度细胞分裂素类物质(TZR)处理:0,10,100 μM。研究匍匐翦股颖叶片相对含水量、活性氧水平(O₂^-和H₂O₂)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:与对照相比,在2种水分条件下,2种浓度的TZR均能显著降低匍匐翦股颖的O₂^-产生速率、H₂O₂含量和MDA含量(P <0.05),显著提高4种抗氧化酶的活性(P <0.05);同时干旱条件下,TZR对提高匍匐翦股颖叶片相对含水量效果明显,表明TZR能够增强匍匐翦股颖的耐旱性;在干旱胁迫后期,高浓度(100 μM)TZR处理的匍匐翦股颖各项指标均表现出显著的优势(P <0.05),表明高浓度TZR对匍匐翦股颖抵御干旱胁迫的作用更大。     

链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠模型的研究

为了制备糖尿病大鼠模型,研究采用160～200 g SD雄性大鼠,一次性腹腔注射不同剂量的链脲佐菌素,通过测定试验鼠的血糖、体重、摄食量、饮水量、排尿量变化,观察大鼠的糖尿病发展病程,确定链脲佐菌素最佳用药剂量。结果表明:当给SD大鼠一次性腹腔注射65 mg/kg的链脲佐菌素后,SD大鼠表现出典型的糖尿病症状,即多饮、多食、多尿、体重下降的三多一少症状,成模率高,且成模饲养8周后血糖、体重变化不大,说明65 mg/kg为制备糖尿病大鼠模型的最佳剂量。     

荔枝主要钻蛀性害虫种类调查及防治方法

对我国荔枝产区的钻蛀性害虫种类进行调查,并对主要害虫的发生规律进行描述。结果共发现荔枝钻蛀性害虫19种,隶属于3目12科,其中蛀干害虫9种,蛀果害虫10种;其中主要的钻蛀性害虫为荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley、龟背天牛Aristobia testudo (Voet)和荔枝尖细蛾Conopomorpha litchiella Bradley;针对不同害虫提出了科学的防治措施。研究结果可为荔枝钻蛀性害虫的防治提供参考,为荔枝的绿色生产提供科学保障。     

荔枝种子发育过程中有机营养变化与萌发的关系

本文对比分析了‘紫娘喜’和‘妃子笑’2个荔枝品种种子发育过程中的种子萌发规律,研究了淀粉、可溶性糖、有机酸和氨基酸组分及含量变化,探讨了种子萌发与这些有机营养之间的相关性。结果表明,随着果实发育成熟,‘妃子笑’荔枝种子的萌发呈先上升后下降的趋势,‘紫娘喜’荔枝种子萌发率持续上升。盛花后45 d开始,‘紫娘喜’荔枝种子萌发率持续高于‘妃子笑’荔枝。果实发育过程中,‘妃子笑’和‘紫娘喜’荔枝种子的总可溶性糖含量分别呈“N”型和“W”型变化,二者的淀粉含量均逐渐升高;果实完全成熟时,‘紫娘喜’荔枝种子的淀粉含量显著高于‘妃子笑’荔枝。随着果实发育成熟,二者种子中的总有机酸含量均持续下降,但组分不同：‘妃子笑’荔枝种子中含有8种有机酸,‘紫娘喜’荔枝种子多了乳酸和琥珀酸;两个品种种子均含21种氨基酸,‘妃子笑’荔枝种子的总氨基酸含量呈现先降低后上升至稳定水平的趋势;而‘紫娘喜’种子中总氨基酸含量呈现先短时降低后升高再降低的变化。相关性分析表明,两个荔枝品种的种子萌发率与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关关系,与总有机酸含量呈极显著负相关关系。淀粉和有机酸可能是影响种子发育与萌发的主要有机营养物质。     

An experimental study of hemolysis induced by onion (Allium cepa) poisoning in dogs

The mechanism of hemolysis induced by onion poisoning in dogs was studied. Six adult, clinically normal Pekingese dogs were fed cooked onions at 30 g/kg body weight/day for 2 days. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 18 and 24 after onion administration, and urine was collected the day after bleeding. Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit were decreased from day 1, and significantly so on day 5 (P < 0.01), contrary to the results of white blood cell counts. So the plasma bilirubin levels and urobilinogen were increased on day 3 (P < 0.01) and day 4 (P < 0.01), respectively. The Heinz body counts were increased dramatically from day 1 (P < 0.01), peaking on day 3 (P < 0.01). Reticulocyte counts were increased from day 1 and the highest value was on day 8 (P < 0.01). Besides anemia, the following erythrocyte parameters were altered: erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was reduced from day 1 and reached the lowest value on day 5 (P < 0.01); the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was decreased on day 1 (P < 0.01); reduced glutathione was decreased from day 1 (P < 0.01) and the lowest value was on day 3 (P < 0.01); glutathione-peroxidase was increased on day 1, but decreased significantly on day 3 (P < 0.01); hydrogen peroxide was increased on day 1 (P < 0.01), then went down on days 3-12 (the undermost value on day 5, P < 0.01); catalase was risen dramatically on day 5 (the peak value, P < 0.01); malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased on days 1-8, (P < 0.01), and reached the peak value on day 5 (P < 0.01). Deformity of the erythrocyte membrane was decreased on days 1-12 and fluorescence polarization (rho) and microviscosity (eta) of the erythrocyte membrane were increased on days 1-12 (P < 0.01). There were positive correlations between MDA and rho as well as eta, with correlation coefficients of 0.908 and 0.922, respectively (P < 0.01), but there was a negative correlation between MDA and deformity index, with a correlation coefficient of -0.887 (P < 0.05). This study confirmed that onion poisoning in dogs causes hemolytic anemia.     

蜜蜂为龙眼、荔枝授粉增产技术的研究

课题组对不同群势、状态的中华蜜蜂的授粉行为、座果率的研究,实验结果表明:1、有王群与无王群相比采花蜂数和朵数分别高出339.39%和480.75%;2、有王群为荔枝和龙眼授粉座果率比对照组分别提高816.67%和549.06%,无王群分别比对照组提高705.56%和387.42%;3、有王3足框、2足框和无王3足框授粉后荔枝产量分别比对照组增产4.17、3.79、3.13倍;4、有王3足框、2足框、无王3足框授粉后荔枝单果重与对照组相比分别提高6.63%、6.21%、5.61%;5、有王、无王和不同群势授粉对荔枝可食率、维生素C含量影响差异不显著.     

Polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) induced by experimental thiamine deficiency in lambs

Lesions of polioencephalomalacia (PEM, cerebrocortical necrosis) have been demonstrated in pre-ruminant lambs fed on synthetic, thiamine-free milk. Thiamine deficiency in these lambs was confirmed by transketolase assay.     

Spontaneous and experimental glycoprotein storage disease of goats induced by Ipomoea carnea subsp fistulosa (Convolvulaceae)

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning with the swainsonine-containing and calystegine-containing plant Ipomoea carnea subsp fistulosa is described. Three of 8 goats presenting with emaciation, weakness, symmetrical ataxia, posterior paresis, proprioceptive deficits, abnormal posture, abnormal postural reaction, and muscle hypertonia were necropsied. I fistulosa was suspected to be the cause of the neurologic disease in all cases. An experiment was conducted to confirm the diagnosis using 12 goats and diets containing 3 different concentrations of the plant. All goats fed I fistulosa developed neurological signs that were similar to those observed in the spontaneous intoxication. Muscle atrophy and pallor were the only macroscopic changes observed in spontaneous and in experimental intoxication. Histological lesions of spontaneous and experimental animals were similar. The most prominent lesion was cytoplasmic vacuolation in neurons of the central and the autonomous nervous system, pancreatic acinar cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland, and macrophages of the lymphatic tissues. Neuronal necrosis, axonal spheroids formation, and astrogliosis were additionally observed in the brain. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic vacuoles consisted of distended lysosomes surrounded by a single-layered membrane. Nonreduced end-rests or sequence of alpha-Man, alpha-Glc, beta(1-4)-GlcNAc, and NeuNAc on lysosomal membrane were revealed by lectin histochemistry. Samples of plants used in the experimental trial contained swainsonine and calystegine and their intermediary derivate. We conclude that I fistulosa induces a glycoprotein storage disease primarily based on the inhibition of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase by the alkaloid swainsonine.     

硝态氮对去叶多花黑麦草再生性的影响及其调控机制

本试验研究了多次去叶后根系吸收硝态氮(NO-3)对多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)持续再生的影响。结果表明,无外源NO-3供应时,多次去叶明显降低了黑麦草根系伤流量、新生叶NO-3含量、新生叶细胞分裂素含量以及新生叶生物量;无论是第1次还是第3次去叶后供应外源NO-3,根系对硝态氮的吸收易引起黑麦草根系伤流量、根系NO-3含量、伤流液NO-3积累量、新生叶NO-3含量、新生叶细胞分裂素含量及其生物量的增加。黑麦草新生叶中高的细胞分裂素含量易促进叶片的持续再生,但这种促进作用并不依赖于根系向叶片运输细胞分裂素的多少,而是由根系向新生叶运输的NO-3对叶片细胞分裂素合成的诱导作用决定的。     

Ultrastructural study of experimental cerebrocortical necrosis in calves (author's transl)

Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) was experimentally induced in three calves with the thiamine antagonist Amprolium. The calves were followed clinically. At the time of development of typical clinical signs of CCN the calves were killed and necropsied and a complete histopathologic examination was performed. The light microscopic lesions of the cerebral cortex were those of middle laminar necrosis and deep laminar edema. The necrotic zone consisted of fine vesicles and differed only slightly from the edema zone. In the former some neurons were morphologically normal, others showed signs of injury, while in the latter all neurons were injured. The lesions are consistent with those found in natural cases of CCN. Biopsies from the cerebral cortex were taken at the time of early clinical signs. Ultrastructural studies of these biopsies showed no clear difference between the zones of necrosis and edema observed light microscopically. The ultrastructural changes were characterized by dilatations in the neuropil. The cytoplasm and foot plates of the astrocytes had a "watery" appearance and contained dilated mitochondria and large vesicles. The vesicles were continuous with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. It was concluded that the initial morphologic changes in CCN in calves were indicative of a cytotoxic edema of the astrocytes. This may be due to a cytotoxic edema with subsequent loss of cell volume control. The primary astrocytic changes could then lead to neuronal injury.     

铅和（或）镉对体外培养肾细胞的毒性损伤

在培养液中加入不同浓度的Cd（10、20、40μmol／L）、Pb（10、20、40μmol／L）和Pb-Cd联合（分别为5、10、20μmol／L）,来探讨铅镉对肾细胞的作用及可能机制。在显微镜下观察细胞形态、测定细胞凋亡率和细胞周期及上清液脂质过氧化指标。结果表明：20μmol／L以上染毒组细胞皱缩、体积变小,表面有细胞碎片,甚至呈泡沫状或树枝状;铅、镉单独和联合染毒组GSH—Px、SOD活性随染毒剂量的增加,呈逐渐下降趋势（P〈0．05）．而MDA含量和凋亡率则呈升高趋势（P〈0．05）,并存在剂量和时间效应。镉和铅也能使细胞周期停滞。Pb、Cd联合可加剧细胞损伤。     

大孔吸附树脂纯化白头翁根总黄酮工艺研究

白头翁为毛茛科多年生草本植物,常用药用部位为根,具有清热解毒、凉血止痢、燥湿杀虫的功效,现代临床常用于治疗细菌性痢疾、阿米巴痢疾、妇科阴道炎等。白头翁主要成分有三萜皂苷、白头翁素、白头翁英、白头翁灵等,其中对三萜皂苷类成分已有深入研究,白头翁地上部分含银椴苷等黄酮苷类成分。笔者等筛选了白头翁根总黄酮富集的大孔树脂纯化工艺条件,