套袋提升“桂葡柚1号”果实色泽和品质

据《中国南方果树》2021年第6期《套袋对“桂葡柚1号”果实色泽和品质的影响》(作者刘福平等)报道,为增加“桂葡柚1号”果实的商品性,在广西玉林和南宁“桂葡柚1号”生产基地选用不同纸袋(白色单层纸袋、外黄内黑单层纸袋、外黄内黑双层纸袋、外红内黑双层纸袋)进行了套袋试验。     

套袋对桂葡柚1号果实色泽和品质的影响

为增加桂葡柚1号果实的商品性,对桂葡柚1号进行了套袋试验,结果表明,套袋能明显提升果实色泽,其中双层外红内黑和双层外黄内黑纸袋套袋果实色泽饱和度高,转色均匀,效果好;套双层外红内黑纸袋果实可溶性固形物、总糖、维生素C下降较小,可滴定酸下降较大,固酸比高于对照,风味较好,且果皮增厚不明显,但硬度显著增加,有利于贮藏运输,最适宜桂葡柚1号生产;不同年份不同气候,由于套袋内果实小环境和外面大环境差异大小不同,对果实品质的影响程度不同。     

套袋对广丰马家柚果实品质的效应研究

以10年生广丰马家柚植株为试材,分别进行了果袋类型（纸袋类型为单层黄纸袋、双层外黄里黑遮光纸果袋、双层外黄内黑早熟纸袋,套袋时期7 月25 日、摘袋时期10月25 日）、摘袋时期（7 月25 日套袋,摘袋时期分别为9 月25 日、10 月25 日,套双层外黄里黑遮光纸果袋）、套袋时期（套袋时期分别为6月25 日、7 月25 日、8月25 日,双层外黄里黑遮光纸果袋,摘袋时期在10 月25 日）和套袋贮藏（双层外黄里黑遮光纸果袋、双层外黄内黑早熟纸袋,10月25日采果,2015年1月20日送检）试验,研究套袋对广丰马家柚品质和贮藏的影响。结果表明,在4 个试验中,套袋处理均能提高果面的光洁度和亮度,使果皮细滑,增进着色,降低果皮厚度,大多数显著地提高了果实中可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,降低维生素C 的含量,对固酸比影响不一致,但显著地改善了果肉着色。综合来看,以双层外黄里黑遮光纸果袋改善果实内外品质的效果最好;最佳摘袋时期是9 月25 日;最佳套袋时期是7 月25 日,过晚套袋则效果不显著;套袋对贮藏有影响,但掌握好套袋和摘袋时间对贮藏影响不显著。     

不同套袋类型对‘黄金蜜柚’果实外观

在果实发育期进行套袋,果实果面光洁,能有效降低农药残留, 提高果实优级率,是柚子生产的一个重要的栽培措施。研究不同套袋类型对‘黄金蜜柚’果实外观和品质的影响,结果表明,黄色单层纸袋和外黄内黑双层纸袋透气性好,操作方便,套袋果实果面光洁美观,着色均匀,裂瓣率和木质化率较低,糖酸含量适中,风味、品质较好,综合效益佳,值得推广应用。     

湖南·江永夏橙套袋更重质量安全

本刊讯(特约通讯员卢胜进)据调查,2012年12月前、2013年1—2月及3月至返青期,湖南省江永县夏橙套袋面积比例分别为13.09%、21.38%和65.53%,与2012年产季套袋面积同比分别少17.59个、少41.83个和多59.43个百分点,这将进一步提高夏橙套袋效益。该县总结往年夏橙套袋经验,重新认识育果袋对夏橙果实安全越冬的防冻性和防落性,光照对夏橙着色或返青的促进性和抑制性,套袋适期对夏橙质量安全     

不同果袋及套袋方式对杧果品质的影响

正据《江西农业学报》2020年第5期《不同果袋及套袋方式对热农1号杧果果实品质的影响》(作者孟富宣等)报道,以热农1号杧果为试材,研究了内黑外黄褐色粘底双层袋、白色微透光单层袋、双层袋黄袋转白色微透光单层袋、白色单层无纺布袋和不套袋5种处理后杧果品质差异。结果表明,套袋能明显改变杧果果实的外观品质,减少果皮擦伤,增加果面光洁度。3种果袋透光率内黑外黄褐色粘底双层袋白色微透光单层袋白色单层无纺布袋,内黑外黄褐色粘底双层袋、白色微透光单层袋、内黑外黄褐色粘底双     

桂柚1号落花落果规律的观察研究

[目的] 为掌握落花落果规律,制定合理的保花保果措施,2012～2013年,对桂柚1号的落花落果进行了观察研究。 [方法] 选择树势中庸一致的3株树,树下铺设防虫网, 每天统计落蕾落花落果数量,绘制出落花落果曲线图。[结果]2012年落蕾从4月上旬持续到4月下旬,高峰期为4月17日和18日;落花由4月中旬持续到5月上旬,高峰期为4月22～30日,生理落果从4月下旬开始,持续到6月下旬。第一次生理落果从4月下旬持续到5月下旬,其中5月2日和5月7日有两次落果高峰期,第二次生理落果由5月上旬持续到6月下旬,5月2～4日及5月8～12日有两次落果高峰期;2013年,落蕾落花从3月下旬开始,持续到4月中旬,其中落蕾从3月下旬持续到4月中旬,高峰期3月28日～4月6日,落花从3月下旬持续到4月中旬,高峰期3月30日～4月7日,生理落果从4月上旬开始,持续到6月上旬,第一次生理落果从4月上旬持续到5月中旬,其中4月4～6日为落果高峰期,第二次生理落果由4月中旬持续到6月中旬,4月19日～5月5日为落果高峰期。2012、2013年桂柚1号的坐果率分别为2.9%和1.7%。[结论] 桂柚1号的生理落果开始与持续时间因年份而异,大致从3月下旬、4月上旬开始,6月中下旬结束,持续近3个月,落蕾落花占43.4～49.5%,落果占50.5～56.6%,坐果率1.7～2.9%。     

不同套袋处理对金桔蜜柚果实品质及果皮转色的影响

对嫁接在酸柚上的金桔蜜柚进行不同套袋处理,分析其果实品质指标（单果重、果实横径、纵径、果形指数、果皮厚度、Vc、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、全糖、固酸比）及果皮转色情况的变化;探究不同套袋处理对金桔蜜柚果实品质及果皮转色的影响,为筛选金桔蜜柚合适的套袋及时间提供理论依据。结果表明：套袋处理会对金桔蜜柚品质及果皮转色产生一定的影响,且不同纸袋类型影响不同;在保证果实商品率,即果实外观的前提下,从金桔蜜柚果实生理品质及转色情况角度出发,金桔蜜柚适宜选用外棕色内黑双层柚果专用纸袋。     

不同纸袋对“甘秋”果实品质的影响

为筛选甜柿适宜的纸袋,选择了6种果袋,研究了不同纸袋对甜柿“甘秋”果实品质的影响。‘甘秋’甜柿果实于花后60日进行套袋,9月10日去袋,9月25日果实成熟时统一采摘。研究结果表明：台果品牌的白色单层纸袋处理的果实锈斑指数为0.06,单果重为181g,达到显著差异水平。昌果品牌外黄内白双层纸袋处理果实的锈斑指数为0.19,单果重为175.5g。其亮度和b值分别为62、60.4,达到显著差异水平。台果品牌黄色单层纸袋处理的果实糖度为15%,亮度为60.6,均显著高于对照。昌果的外黄内红纸袋与源丰的外黄内黑纸袋处理的果实硬度都是22kg/cm2,亮度分别为67.7、68.8,b值分别为68.4、68.6,达到显著差异水平。源丰白色单层纸袋处理提高了单果重,降低了果实硬度。综合考虑各项指标得出,白色复合纸最适合提高“甘秋”果实表面光洁度,同时也能提高果实部分内在品质。     

江安夏橙套袋技术

江安栽培以夏橙为主的甜橙,具有得天独厚的条件,是最佳甜橙栽培适宜区。为适应市场需求,提高夏橙品质,增强市场竞争力,从2 0 0 3年起全县大力推广夏橙套袋技术。套袋时一般选果面无虫孔、无病斑、无机械损伤的大果或正形果。夏橙套袋时间不同于普通柑桔,一个生长期套两次袋,第一次在第二次生理落果后套袋,在6月下旬至7月上旬,“立冬”前拆袋;第二次在冬季喷保果药剂后,即在12月10—2 0日(“冬至”以前)套袋。纸袋材料可选用白纸、报纸、杂志或牛皮纸等。纸袋采用规格为15 5mm×188mm。套袋前疏去病果、烂果和畸形果,并喷施一次杀虫杀菌剂,如…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein