米槠人工林土壤微生物群落组成对凋落物输入的响应

全球气候变化显著影响森林凋落物数量,进而会对土壤微生物群落造成影响。本研究以亚热带米槠人工林为研究对象,探究不同凋落物量输入处理(凋落物去除、凋落物加倍、对照)下,森林土壤微生物群落组成的变化。结果表明:与去除凋落物相比,凋落物加倍后0~10 cm土壤铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO3^--N)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)含量分别显著增加了30.30%、49.66%、12.77%和13.90%。与对照相比,凋落物加倍与去除处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)含量分别显著增加和下降(P<0.05),但凋落物加倍与去除处理间无显著差异。凋落物加倍处理下土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、革兰氏阳性菌[G(+)]、革兰氏阴性菌[G(-)]、放线菌(ACT)、真菌(F)丰度和总磷脂脂肪酸(TPLFA)含量分别比去除凋落物处理的土壤高68.35%、63.35%、82.65%、69.02%、40.56%和65.85%,而土壤革兰氏阳性菌与阴性菌比值、真菌与细菌比值则分别降低11.64%和26.67%。冗余度分析表明,铵态氮是影响该人工林土壤微生物群落组成的最主要环境因子。可见凋落物输入量变化改变了土壤养分有效性,进而显著影响了土壤微生物群落组成,这对进一步深入探究全球气候变化对亚热带森林土壤养分循环的影响具有重要意义。     

落叶松人工林土壤微生物含量的研究

通过土壤和凋落物层微生物含量的测定探讨了华北落叶松人工纯林，间伐抚育，混交林和二代连栽林地土壤细菌，真菌和放线菌的含量变化以及微生物在凋落物层，土层间的垂直分布状况，为研究落叶松人工纯林的潜在地力衰退问题提供了重要的科学依据。     

多代连栽人工林碳贮量的变化

通过收集多代连栽桉树、落叶松和杉木人工林生长和土壤方面的数据,分析了不同代数间林分生物量和土壤有机碳贮量的变化,并定量或定性分析了混交、施肥等地力维护措施对林分生物量和土壤有机碳贮量的影响.随着连栽代数的增加,生物量和土壤有机碳贮量均呈现明显的下降,2代杉木人工林生物量和土壤有机碳贮量分别比1代下降24%和10%,3代分别比2代下降39%和15%.地力维护措施可在很大程度上防治连栽人工林生物量和土壤有机碳贮量的下降,2代杉阔混交林生物量和土壤有机碳贮量分别比2代纯林提高69%和19%;2代桉树与相思属树种的混交林生物量比2代桉树纯林增加29%;施肥可使2代杉木人工林生物量提高22%.轮作和林下植被培育也能提高林分生物量,但对土壤有机碳贮量的影响尚需进一步研究.     

凋落物添加对不同龄级杉木林土壤养分与微生物特性的影响

[目的]探讨并分析不同树种凋落物组合添加对各龄级杉木林土壤养分以及对土壤微生物特性的影响,为南方杉木纯林营造混交林提供理论依据.[方法]以江西分宜不同龄级杉木人工林为研究对象,设置不同树种凋落物组合添加处理,研究其在杉木不同发育阶段对土壤有机碳(SOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分及其化学计量比,以及对土壤微生物生物量碳(...     

菌剂添加对人工林土壤呼吸和有机质含量及细菌群落影响

为了解不同菌剂对广西3种人工林凋落物分解、土壤呼吸、土壤有机质含量和微生物群落组成的影响,通过室内培养试验,研究配施不同菌剂后土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物群落及其功能多样性的变化.结果表明,3种菌剂显著增加了土壤呼吸速率,同时增加了土壤有机含量,并且对土壤微生物群落及功能多样性有明显的促进作用.其中,益加益菌剂对凋落物分解及土壤有机质含量提升效果最佳,马尾松添加益加益处理后土壤有机质含量提升了5.48％,桉树增加了4.49％,并且马尾松和桉树处理添加益加益菌剂后,Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著上升.因此,生产实践中推荐使用益加益菌剂可以促进凋落物分解,提高广西人工林的土壤地力,维持人工林的可持续经营.     

亚热带米老排和杉木人工林土壤呼吸季节动态及其影响因子

研究我国亚热带地区杉木人工林采伐迹地上营造的19年生米老排人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸及其影响因子。结果表明：米老排人工林土壤呼吸速率的年均值为2.95μmolCO2·m -2 s -1,显著高于杉木人工林的2.37μmolCO2·m -2 s -1;米老排人工林土壤呼吸的 Q10值为1.83,显著低于杉木人工林的1.99;2种林分土壤呼吸均呈现明显的季节动态,主要受土壤温度的驱动,土壤温度能分别解释米老排和杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率变化的77.0%和81.6%;回归分析显示,2种林分土壤呼吸速率与凋落物量、细根生物量、土壤有机碳含量、轻组有机碳含量、微生物生物量碳含量和可溶性有机碳含量均显著相关;逐步线性回归分析表明,土壤呼吸速率与凋落物量和土壤微生物生物量碳含量的关系最密切;树种间凋落物量和土壤微生物生物量的差异是导致米老排人工林土壤碳排放速率高于杉木人工林的重要原因。     

红壤区不同生态恢复林分的土壤微生物群落差异

为探究红壤侵蚀区不同生态恢复林分微生物群落特征,采用高通量测序技术比较阔叶纯林(木荷)、针叶纯林(马尾松)和针阔混交林(木荷林与马尾松林)土壤微生物群落结构和多样性。结果表明:各林分土壤共得到细菌943个分类操作单元(OTU),真菌962个OTU,分类学地位明确的细菌有19门46纲99目138科198属207种,真菌有9门22纲59目109科177属167种。其中,优势细菌门为变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门,优势真菌门为担子菌门、子囊菌门和被孢菌门。林分类型对土壤真菌丰富度(Chao1指数)和多样性(Shannon指数)影响显著(P<0.05),对土壤细菌丰富度(Chao1指数)和多样性(Shannon和Simpson指数)几乎无影响,针阔混交林土壤真菌丰富度和多样性显著高于纯林土壤(P<0.05)。在门水平上,针阔混交林与阔叶纯林土壤细菌门相对丰度变化差异较小,而与针叶纯林差异较大(P<0.05),针阔混交林和阔叶纯林土壤中放线菌门相对丰度比针叶纯林低9.96%和29.43%。土壤真菌门相对丰度在各林分类型间差异较大,被孢菌门相对丰度在针叶纯林土壤中最高,毛霉门和壶菌...     

松树-樟树混交林、纯林土壤微生物量碳、氮及多样性特征研究

采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法比较了松树—樟树混交林与两种纯林(樟树林、松树林)土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量。应用Biolog技术,比较了混交林与纯林之间土壤微生物对不同碳源类型的利用情况。结果表明:松树—樟树混交林土壤微生物量碳和氮均高于两种纯林;混交林土壤微生物量碳含量占总有机碳含量的2.36%,土壤微生物生物量氮含量占全氮含量3.77%,均高于两种纯林;混交林土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于两种纯林,且除碳水化合物之外,混交林对其他5类碳源的利用强度均高于两种纯林,这可能是导致混交林AWCD高于两种纯林的原因;混交林的Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数均高于两种纯林。土壤理化性质与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的相关性分析,结果表明:3种森林与环境因子长期的共同作用导致土壤有机碳与土壤全氮含量的差异和土壤结构的差异分别是影响不同森林土壤微生物量碳、氮和微生物群落多样性差异的的主要原因。综上所述,松树—樟树混交林比松树纯林以及樟树纯林更有利于提高微生物的量及代谢活性。     

桉树人工林土壤养分对凋落物分解的影响

以桉树人工林为研究对象,利用野外试验和室内分析相结合的方法,其中野外试验采取网袋法,系统研究了桉树人工林间作下土壤养分对凋落物分解的影响,可旨在为维护桉树人工林的长期生产以及实施人工林生态系统的经营管理提供理论支持。结果表明:桉树纯林凋落物叶和枝分解360 d后均比桉树+象草林低,比桉树+山毛豆林凋落物叶和枝分解低。不同间作模式下桉树凋落物叶和枝均先固持后释放;P含量变化不同,K、Ca、Mg含量均下降。桉树纯林土壤有机质降低34.8%,而桉树+象草林、桉树+山毛豆林土壤有分别增加147.3%和15.5%;3种林分土壤氮含量分别增加44.6%和2.9%,49.3%和12.8%,466.9%和68.9%。利用典范对应分析(CCA)得出桉树人工林凋落物分解速率、养分释放动态以及土壤养分关系明显,桉树凋落物叶和枝分解速率与土壤养分关系紧密,尤其是与土壤总磷含量。土壤总氮、有效氮、总磷和总钾对桉树凋落物叶氮含量和总磷养分释放影响较大,桉树人工林凋落物枝分解中,土壤有机质、总氮、有效磷与凋落物枝氮含量、总磷含量关系密切。间作桉树林促进桉树凋落物叶和枝分解,3种不同间作桉树人工林凋落物叶和枝分解均呈现快-慢-稍快模式,N元素质量分数属于富集-释放模式,P元素先下降后上升,除桉树+山毛豆枝凋落物外,属于释放-富集模式;K、Ca、Mg的质量分数随着分解过程一直下降,属于淋溶-释放模式,桉树纯林凋落物叶各养分元素释放速率是MgCaKNP,凋落物枝养分释放速率是MgKCaNP;桉树+象草人工林凋落物叶和枝均是MgKCaNP;桉树+山毛豆人工林凋落物叶是MgKCaNP,凋落物枝则是KMgCaPN,凋落物叶和枝中养分含量的释放尤其受土壤总氮和速效磷的调节。     

不同林型凋落物土壤微生物数量动态的研究

本文主要对柏木纯林、桤柏混交林凋落物分解袋地表土土壤微生物年动态变化进行分析。分析结果表明，在桤柏混交林内，细菌数量最多，放线菌次之，真菌最少；在柏木纯林中，细菌和放线菌数量基本相同，真菌较少。在两种林型中，三大微生物种群数量在３月最少，６～９月最多。微生物生理类群数量分析结果为桤柏混交林中的固氮菌、硝化菌、氨化细菌均大于柏木纯林。纤维分解菌类两者基本相同。柏木纯林反硝化菌类多于桤柏混交林。     

川滇高山栎林土壤氮素和微生物量碳氮随海拔变化的特征

川滇高山栎林是川西亚高山地区地带性的灌丛群落,具有重要的生态水文功能。本文在川西巴郎山东南坡沿海拔梯度(2 551、3 091、3 549 m),研究了川滇高山栎林表土层(0 15 cm)和亚表土层(15 30 cm)的土壤微生物量碳氮、有机碳(TOC)和氮素含量的分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:海拔3 549 m和3 091 m处两土层土壤TOC及其储量、总氮(TN)、水解氮含量无显著性差异,其含量均显著高于海拔2 551 m处;海拔3 091 m处表土层与亚表土层的铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量显著比3 549 m的高,但与2 551 m处的NH4+-N含量差异不显著;在3个海拔梯度,土壤层硝态氮(NO3--N)含量差异不显著;3个海拔梯度的总无机氮含量在表土层差异不显著,而亚表土层无机氮含量在海拔3 091 m和3 549 m处差异显著;表土层微生物量碳含量变化与有机碳含量变化特征一致,亚表土层土壤微生物量碳含量在3个海拔梯度差异显著;表土层土壤微生物量氮含量在海拔3 091 m处最高,但3个海拔梯度的差异不显著,亚表土层土壤微生物量氮含量随海拔梯度降低而减少,但差异不显著。相关分析表明:水解氮、TOC、TN和土壤微生物量氮含量之间极显著相关(P<0.01);土壤微生物量碳与水解氮、TOC和TN显著正相关(P<0.05);pH值与水解氮、TOC和土壤微生物量氮显著正相关;NH4+-N与pH值极显著负相关。     

Stand level estimation of root respiration for two subtropical plantations based on in situ measurement of specific root respiration

In this study, the stand level root respiration was estimated for two monoculture plantations: Acacia crassicarpa and Eucalyptus urophylla, based on in situ measurement of specific root respiration using simplified root chamber method. The respiration rates of fine roots (<5 mm) were significantly higher than those of coarse roots (>5 mm) for both A. crassicarpa and E. urophylla species. The root respiration of A. crassicarpa showed a clear seasonal pattern with a higher value in the wet season. For E. urophylla, the seasonal pattern was observed for fine roots but not for coarse roots. After determining the biomass of fine roots and coarse roots and their specific rates of respiration at different time points, root respiration at the stand level (R_a) was estimated using a direct up-scaling model. We found that the R_a accounted for 14% and 19% of total soil respiration (R_s) for A. crassicarpa and E. urophylla, respectively. The fine (R_Tf) and coarse (R_Tc) root respiration at the stand level accounted for about 47% and 53% of the R_a for A. crassicarpa, and accounted for 58% and 42% for E. urophylla. This suggests that coarse root respiration cannot be ignored when estimating the root respiration at the stand level. Our results showed that the Q₁₀ values were more accurate in representing the temperature dependence when the confounding effect of soil moisture was considered. This study introduces an alternative approach to estimate stand level root respiration, but its reliability is largely dependent on the accuracy of root biomass quantification.     

Characteristics of carbon and nitrogen of soil microbial biomass and their relationships with soil nutrients in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

The soil microbial biomass and nutrient status under the native broadleaved forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations at the Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem (in Hunan Province, midland of China) were examined in this study. The results showed that after the native broadleaved forest was replaced by mono-cultured C. lanceolata or C. lanceolata, soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool decreased significantly. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, the concentrations of soil microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 800.5 and 84.5 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.90 and 1.03 times as much as those in the first rotation of the C. lanceolata plantation, and 2.16 and 1.27 times as much as those in the second rotation of the plantation, respectively. While in the 10–20 cm soil layer, the microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 475.4 and 63.3 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.86 and 1.60 times as much as those in the first rotation, and 2.11 and 1.76 times as much as those in the second rotation, respectively. Soil nutrient pools, such as total nitrogen, total potassium, NH₄ ⁺-N, and available potassium, also declined after the C. lanceolata plantation replaced the native broadleaved forest, or Chinese fir was planted continuously. Less litter and slower decay rate in pure Chinese fir plantation were the crucial factors leading to the decrease of soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool in this area. Human disturbance, especially slash-burning and site preparation, was another factor leading to the decrease. There were significant positive correlations between soil microbial carbon and nitrogen and soil nutrients. To improve soil quality and maintain sustainable productivity, some measures, including planting mixed conifer with hardwood, preserving residues after harvest, and adopting scientific site preparation, should be taken. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(12): 2,292–2,296 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.     

The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu, Turkey

Reducing the canopy cover (e.g., forest thinning) is one of the most commonly employed forest silvicultural treatments. Trees are partially removed from a forest in order to manage tree competition, thus favoring the remaining and often the most valuable trees. The properties of the soil are affected by forest thinning as a result of changes in key microclimatic conditions, microbial communities and biomass, root density, nutrient budgets and organic matter turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the soil microbial biomass C, N and respiration (basal respiration) in a black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) forest in the Mudurnu district of Bolu Province (Western Black Sea Region, Turkey). Whereas forest thinning was found to cause increases in the soil temperature, microbial biomass C and N and organic C, it was found to decrease the soil moisture, basal respiration and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). As expected, soil organic C exhibited a strong impact on soil microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration. It was concluded that the influence of forest thinning on the microbial biomass and soil respiration was the combined result of changing microclimatic conditions and soil properties, such as forest litter, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH and soil organic matter.     

杉木纯林、混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分的比较研究

本文于2005年5月份,在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站选择了一块15年生的杉木纯林和两块15年生杉阔混交林作为研究对象,调查了林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、有效磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸以及呼吸熵,比较了纯林和混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分.结果表明,杉阔混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷硝态氮和有效磷含量高于杉木纯林;在混交林中,土壤微生物学特性得到改善.在0(10 cm和10(20 cm两层土壤中,杉阔混交林土壤微生物氮含量分别比杉木纯林高69%和61%.在0(10 cm土层,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳、磷和基础呼吸分别比杉木纯林高11%、14%和4%;在10(20 cm土层,分别高6%、3%和3%.但是,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵较杉木纯林低34%和4%.另外,土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性高于土壤呼吸、微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵与土壤养分的相关性.由此可知,在针叶纯林中引入阔叶树后,土壤肥力得以改善,并有利于退化森林土壤的恢复.     

第二代桉树人工纯林和混交林土壤呼吸及其组分研究

以广西凭祥中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心第二代桉树人工纯林(PP2)及其与降香黄檀混交的混交林(MP2)为研究对象,采用壕沟法,利用LI-8100土壤呼吸测定系统,对两种林分土壤呼吸组分进行分离研究。结果表明:PP2和MP2土壤呼吸速率及其各呼吸组分季节变化与土壤5 cm处的温度季节变化相似,峰值出现在6—8月份,谷值出现在12月底至次年1月初,土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量无关;PP2全年土壤总呼吸为1 147.41 g·m-2,比MP2(844.07 g·m-2)增加了26.44%,MP2的自养呼吸(RR)累积量(136.87 g·m-2)比PP2(506.72 g·m-2)降低72.99%,而其异养呼吸(RH)累积量(707.21 g·m-2)却比PP2(640.69 g·m-2)增加了10.38%。纯林和混交林的细根生物量差异以及土壤有机质含量、凋落物有机质含量、土壤C/N、凋落物量和凋落物C/N的不同是导致自养呼吸和异养呼吸产生差异的主要原因。     

Short-term wildfire effects on the spatial pattern and scale of labile organic-N and inorganic-N and P pools

The spatial heterogeneity of essential plant resources plays a crucial role in the structure, composition and productivity of many terrestrial ecosystems. Fires may affect both the availability and spatial pattern of soil nutrients. However, little is known about the effect of fire on the spatial pattern of soil resources. We hypothesized that shortly after a wildfire, the spatial patterns of soil mineral-N, organic labile-N (microbial biomass-N and dissolved organic-N) and extractable-P pools would become more clumped because of ash accumulation and post-fire deposition of litter around individual adult trees. To test this hypothesis, we used plots within a Pinus canariensis forest (with both Pinus canariensis and Adenocarpus viscosus present) and sampled them one month before and one month after a wildfire. Using geostatistical analyses, we examined the spatial patterns of soil mineral-N (NH₄-N and NO₃-N), dissolved organic-N (DON), microbial biomass-N (MB-N) and soil extractable-P (PO₄-P). Burned plots of P. canariensis and A. viscosus both had values that were significantly greater than the unburned plots for all variables, except for DON in both cases, and the N:P ratio in the case of A. viscosus, which showed significantly lower values. Except for DON, we observed an increased spatial dependence and range after a fire for all studied variables in the P. canariensis plots (large individuals). However, in plots with A. viscosus (smaller individuals), we only found differences before and after the fire for the PO₄-P and DON spatial patterns. Our results confirm the changes in the spatial structure of soil variables with fire, and suggest that, on a short-term basis, the physical structure of the plant community may determine the new spatial structure after fire, with a more clumped distribution around large surviving trees and shrubs. The spatial patch size of limiting resources has important consequences for the success of restoration of forest communities on burned areas.     

天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林对土壤微生物量的影响

在我国南方,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林是一种常见的管理措施。为研究森林利用方式转变对土壤微生物量的影响,我们在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站比较了天然次生阔叶林、第一代和第二代杉木人工林土壤理化性质和微生物量。杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和微生物量碳氮含量明显低于天然次生阔叶林。第一代、二代杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳仅为天然次生阔叶林的53%和46%,微生物氮为97%和79%。杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳占有机碳的比例也低于天然次生阔叶林土壤,但微生物量氮则相反,为杉木人工林高于天然次生阔叶林。因此可以得出,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林以及杉木林连栽引起了土壤生物学特性和土壤质量降低。图2表3参36。     

Can Eucalyptus invade native forest fragments close to commercial stands?

Some Eucalyptus species are widely used as a plantation crop in tropical and subtropical regions. One reason for this is the diversity of end uses, but the main reason is the high level of wood production obtained from commercial plantings. With the advancement of biotechnology it will be possible to expand the geographical area in which eucalypts can be used as commercial plantation crops, especially in regions with current climatic restrictions. Despite the popularity of eucalypts and their increasing range, questions still exist, in both traditional planting areas and in the new regions: Can eucalypts invade areas of native vegetation, causing damage to natural ecosystems biodiversity?The objective of this study it was to assess whether eucalypts can invade native vegetation fragments in proximity to commercial stands, and what factors promote this invasive growth. Thus, three experiments were established in forest fragments located in three different regions of Brazil. Each experiment was composed of 40 plots (1 m² each one), 20 plots located at the border between the forest fragment and eucalypts plantation, and 20 plots in the interior of the forest fragments. In each experimental site, the plots were paired by two soil exposure conditions, 10 plots in natural conditions and 10 plots with soil exposure (no plant and no litter). During the rainy season, 2 g of eucalypts seeds were sown in each plot, including Eucalyptus grandis or a hybrid of E. urophylla × E. grandis, the most common commercial eucalypt species planted in the three region. At 15, 30, 45, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after sowing, we assessed the number of seedlings of eucalypts and the number of seedlings of native species resulting from natural regeneration. Fifteen days after sowing, the greatest number of eucalypts seedlings (37 m⁻²) was observed in the plots with lower luminosity and exposed soil. Also, for native species, it was observed that exposed soil improved natural germination reaching the highest number of 163 seedlings per square meter. Site and soil exposure were the factors that have the greatest influence on seed germination of both eucalypt and native species. However, 270 days after sowing, eucalypt seedlings were not observed at any of the three experimental sites. The result shows the inability of eucalypts to adapt to condition outside of their natural range. However, native species demonstrated their strong capacity for natural regeneration in forest fragments under the same conditions where eucalypts were seeded.