基于深度自编码器的大型龙门加工中心热误差建模方法

为提高热误差模型的预测能力,提出一种基于深度学习方法的数控机床热误差建模方法。利用模糊聚类法和灰色关联度分析法选取温度变量的热敏感点,采用深度自编码器（Stacked automatic encoder, SAE）网络从选出的输入样本中提取特征,构建特征集,然后使用遗传优化算法（Genetic optimization algorithm, GA）对BP神经网络参数进行寻优,从而提出一种基于SAE-GA-BP的数控机床热误差建模方法。以某大型龙门五面加工中心为实验对象,研究并选择了加工中心加工过程中的主要误差源——主轴热误差进行补偿,对主轴热误差深度学习模型和多元回归模型进行了分析对比。结果表明,在预测精度方面所提出的建模方法优于传统多元回归模型,从而验证了该建模方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于注意力机制和多尺度残差网络的农作物病害识别

针对传统农作物病害识别方法依靠人工提取特征,步骤复杂且低效,难以实现在田间环境下识别的问题,提出一种多尺度卷积结构与注意力机制结合的农作物病害识别模型。该研究在残差网络（ResNet18）的基础上进行改进,引入Inception模块,利用其多尺度卷积核结构对不同尺度的病害特征进行提取,提高了特征的丰富度。在残差结构的基础上加入注意力机制SE-Net（Squeeze-and-excitation networks）,增强了有用特征的权重,减弱了噪声等无用特征的影响,进一步提高特征提取能力并且增强了模型的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,改进后的多尺度注意力残差网络模型(Multi-Scale-SE-ResNet18)在复杂田间环境收集的8种农作物病害数据集上的平均识别准确率达到95.62%,相较于原ResNet18模型准确率提高10.92个百分点,模型占用内存容量仅为44.2MB。改进后的Multi-Scale-SE-ResNet18具有更好的特征提取能力,可以提取到更多的病害特征信息,并且较好地平衡了模型的识别精度与模型复杂度,可为田间环境下农作物病害识别提供参考。     

基于PCA-Attention-LSTM网络的土壤氮含量监测

土壤作为农作物生长的主要营养来源,氮是植物生长的重要元素,有效评价土壤氮素含量可以促进配方施肥的发展。提出主成分分析、注意力机制和长短时记忆神经网络相结合的模型(PCA-Attention-LSTM)来监测土壤的氮素含量。采用PCA(主成分分析)对数据进行处理,提取影响土壤氮含量的关键影响因子,降低模型向量输入的维数,利用注意机制突出预测中的关键输入特征。在Keras深度学习框架的基础上搭建PCA-Attention-LSTM的网络模型,实现对未来2 h土壤氮含量的精监测。最后,以黑龙江省依安甜菜养植基地的数据对土壤氮含量进行训练和验证。结果表明,与RNN等其它网络模型相比,该模型的效果更好,基于PCA-Attenlion-LSTM网络模型的平均绝对误差,均方根误差和平均绝对百分误差分别为0.119、0.020、0.156。该模型预测精度高,泛化能力强,可以应用于土壤氮含量的监测。     

基于PLS和改进CVR的数控机床热误差建模

为提高支持向量回归(SVR)模型的预测能力,将核心向量回归(Core vector regression,CVR)方法引入到数控机床热误差建模中,并采用偏最小二乘(Partial least squares,PLS)算法从输入样本提取主成分,构建特征集,然后使用改进的粒子群优化(Improved particle swam optimization,IPSO)算法对CVR的模型参数进行寻优,从而提出一种基于PLS-IPSO-CVR的数控机床热误差建模方法。仿真实验表明,所提出的建模方法在预测精度和速度方面优于传统SVR模型和BP神经网络模型,从而验证了组合建模方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于RF-SA-SDCNN的涡扇发动机剩余寿命预测

针对涡扇发动机现阶段预测精确度低的问题,提出了一种基于RF-SA-SDCNN相融合的涡扇发动机剩余寿命预测方法。首先,将多传感器长序列数据进行指数平滑和归一化处理,以减少由于量纲、取值范围不同和噪声波动引起的误差,并利用随机森林算法对多元传感器信号进行重要性特征提取;然后,搭建基于随机森林算法和自注意机制与堆叠膨胀卷积神经网络相结合的预测模型,自注意机制通过对特征赋予不同权重分配加强贡献度,堆叠膨胀卷积通过扩大模型感受野提取时序特征用于回归分析,并利用GridSearch优化算法和StratifiedKFold交叉验证方法优化模型提升模型预测精度;最后,采用CMAPSS数据集验证验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明,所提方法可有效提高涡扇发动机剩余寿命预测精度。     

基于时序深度学习的数控机床运动精度预测方法

由于数控机床精度演化规律难以通过数学建模分析,提出了一种基于时序深度学习网络的数控机床运动精度建模与预测方法。基于长短时记忆网络建立时序深度学习预测模型,利用相空间重构原理构建模型时序输入向量,采用多层网格搜索方法选择最优隐含层层数、隐含层节点数等模型参数,以BPTT方法训练模型;模型自动提取运动精度时间序列的时空特征,挖掘精度时间序列前后关联信息,对运动精度变化趋势进行预测。实验结果表明,基于时序深度学习网络的预测模型能够准确预测数控机床精度的衰退趋势,预测的最大相对误差不大于7. 96%,优于传统方法。     

基于Faster-RCNN的肉鸡击晕状态检测方法

为了准确识别屠宰加工中肉鸡的击晕状态,提出了一种基于快速区域卷积神经网络的肉鸡击晕状态检测方法。对输入图像进行归一化处理,通过卷积神经网络（VGG16）提取肉鸡的卷积特征图,利用区域建议网络提取预测框,在卷积特征图上采用非极大值抑制算法去除重复表述的预测框;将所得的各预测框映射到卷积特征图上,得到预测框在卷积特征图上的候选区域,将其输入感兴趣区域池化层;通过感兴趣区域池化层将大小不一的候选区域进行池化操作、得到统一的输出数据,最后通过全连接层与柔性最大值分类器,输出各击晕类别的概率和预测框的坐标。将2319个样本图像按2∶1的比例随机分为训练集与测试集,对模型进行训练与实验验证。结果表明,本文建立的基于Faster-RCNN的肉鸡击晕状态分类模型对773个测试集肉鸡样本击晕状态分类的总准确率达到96.51%,对肉鸡击晕状态的预测速度可达每小时37000只,基本满足肉鸡屠宰生产线要求。     

基于神经网络算法的果树需水预测研究

【目的】准确预测果树需水量。【方法】对采集地果园环境数据进行主成分分析,筛选出影响果树蒸腾量的关键因子。建立以长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络为基础的预测模型来预测果树蒸腾量。为提高预测的精度,在LSTM神经网络的基础上加入了注意力(Attention)机制,形成Attention-LSTM预测模型。【结果】将改进的模型与其他模型的预测精度进行对比,仿真试验表明,该模型的预测精度最高,RMSE和MSE分别为0.487和0.062。【结论】该预测模型可以准确预测果树蒸腾量,从而实现果园精准灌溉并提高水果产量,具有一定的实际意义。     

基于K-medoids和LSTM的冷链运输环境预测方法

针对目前冷链储运环境状态仅通过当前环境监测数据进行判断,未能对环境变化趋势做出预判,无法很好地满足冷链储运环境性能评估的需求,提出了一种基于K中心点算法(K-medoids)和长短时记忆网络(LSTM)相结合的冷藏车厢温湿度多步预测方法。将冷藏车厢内历史温湿度数据、采集节点分布特征按照时间序列作为输入,采用K-medoids对其进行数据融合,然后将融合后的数据按照时间序列输入LSTM网络进行温湿度预测。将该预测方法应用于舟山兴业集团的冷藏车内进行温湿度预测验证。试验结果表明：该预测方法对于冷藏车厢内温度预测的均方根误差、平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分比误差分别为0.343 8℃、0.273 0℃、1.51%;对于冷藏车厢内相对湿度均方根误差、平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分比误差分别为2.561 9%、1.995 6%、3.53%,相比于BP神经网络等其他浅层模型,该模型具有较好的预测精度和泛化能力,能够满足冷链储运环境预测的实际需求,可为冷链运输环境精细化管理和调控提供策略支持。     

深度学习框架下融合注意机制的机床运动精度劣化预示

数控机床运动精度衰退是一个动态的演化过程。为尽早发现数控机床潜在的失效风险,挖掘蕴含在各类监测数据序列中的运动精度演化特征,在深度门控循环网络（Gated recurrent unit,GRU）框架下,提出了一种融合注意机制的数控机床运动精度劣化预示方法。为了克服传统深度卷积神经网络不能学习时序特征的缺陷,采用深度编码器-解码器框架,提出基于深度GRU的运动精度深度学习建模方法,以数据驱动,自动挖掘运动精度与振动、温度、电流等状态信号时间序列的时空特征,预测运动精度,根据预测曲线对机床劣化趋势进行预示。为了增强主要状态信号和关键时间点的信息表达,提高精度劣化预测的准确性,提出一种在深度学习框架中融合注意机制的方法,建立状态参量的注意网络,计算振动、温度等状态信号与机床精度间关联程度,自动调整各信号的权值;进一步,建立时序注意网络自主选取精度劣化历史信息关键时间点,以提升较长时间段预示的准确性。实验结果表明,基于深度学习网络与注意机制的预示模型可以很好地追踪数控机床运动精度的劣化趋势和规律,有较高的预测精度,优于传统方法。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。