蓝莓果酒生产工艺技术研究

以种植和野生蓝莓果实为原料,采用发酵法酿制蓝莓果酒,优化高档蓝莓果酒的生产工艺。通过不同发酵工艺的对比试验表明,蓝莓带皮发酵和清汁发酵原酒在-5～-3℃下冷冻浓缩30%,可提高种植蓝莓果酒干浸出物浓度40%以上,口感丰满醇厚,果香浓郁;苹-乳发酵和鸭梨酒调兑（鸭梨原酒∶野生蓝莓原酒为2∶8）可以有效降低野生蓝莓果酒的总酸浓度,使酒体均匀,口感柔顺,果香突出。     

不同发酵工艺对蓝莓酒中花青素含量的影响

为降低蓝莓加工产品中花青素的损失,研究了蓝莓酒酿制过程中不同的发酵工艺及工艺参数对蓝莓酒中花青素含量的影响。结果表明,花青素含量在蓝莓酒发酵过程中呈下降趋势,陈酿阶段的损失大于主发酵阶段;不同发酵工艺条件下酿制的蓝莓酒中花青素含量不同,低温浸渍发酵酿造工艺可比传统工艺保存更多的花青素;添加3%的3#酿酒酵母时,可更好地保存蓝莓酒中的花青素;发酵温度在20~25℃、SO2添加量为150 mg/L时,蓝莓酒中的花青素损失较小。     

果浆处理对苹果酒发酵过程中多酚的影响

实验结果显示,苹果浆的处理方法对其汁和酒中多酚物质的质和量都有较大的影响。采用4种工艺处理果浆得到果汁:热处理、热处理加果胶降解、分解果胶和果浆发酵。果汁中总多酚含量从640mg/L下降到510mg/L;发酵使总多酚含量下降约25%。果浆中加入果胶酶,接入葡萄酒酵母进行发酵所获得的酒中多酚物质含量最高。果汁和果酒中主要的酚酸为绿原酸,含量为205mg/L￣263mg/L。在酿酒发酵的过程中,部分绿原酸等酚酸化合物水解成咖啡酸。     

葡萄汁澄清工艺方法的研究

葡萄汁的品质因其澄清工艺不同而存在差异,本试验中,分别用果胶酶法和小麦谷朊蛋白法对葡萄汁澄清效果进行研究,同时研究了VC的护色机理。结果表明,果胶酶澄清的最佳用量是0.2mL/kg、最佳酶解温度是50.5℃、最佳酶解时间是60min;小麦谷朊蛋白澄清的最佳用量为500mg/L,并且它因绿色环保不失为一种新型的澄清剂。在榨汁过程中,向榨得的葡萄汁中加入VC,经过比较试验发现,VC通过减少葡萄汁中呈色物质被氧化,来发挥护色作用以辅助澄清。     

黄桃酒澄清工艺研究

以黄桃果实为原料,破碎榨汁后发酵成黄桃酒,通过不同果胶酶、复合澄清剂澄清处理以及黄桃酒与杏酒、鸭梨酒两种果酒的不同比例混合后再用澄清剂处理的方式,探讨不同处理方式对酒体澄清及稳定性的影响。结果表明,经800 mg/L诺奥果胶酶处理后混合30%鸭梨酒,再用400 mg/L PVPP和800 mg/L皂土进行澄清处理,能使黄桃酒快速澄清且酒体稳定性好。     

浸泡型杨梅酒无硫护色工艺技术的研究

为解决浸泡型杨梅酒在加工贮藏过程中易出现褪色的现象,采用不同护色剂及组合配方护色,通过正交试验得到用于浸泡型杨梅酒的最优无硫护色剂组合配方为0.06 g/L氯化钙,0.1 g/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠,3 g/L柠檬酸,0.15 g/L山梨酸及其钾盐,用该护色剂组合对浸泡型杨梅酒进行护色,其吸光度达到了0.821,而添加0.04 g/L焦亚硫酸钠的浸泡型杨梅酒吸光度为0.804。说明使用其他护色剂能代替焦亚硫酸钠进行护色。     

复合果渣发酵酒加工工艺研究

以蓝莓、桑果、杨梅果渣为原料,通过单因素、多因素对比和正交试验,对复合果渣发酵果酒加工过程中物料配比、发酵菌种筛选及工艺参数进行了系统研究。结果表明,复合果渣与水配比为1∶1,经安琪果酒酵母在发酵温度18℃,酵母用量0.02 mg/L,SO_2用量80 mg/L的工艺条件下发酵,生产出酒精度12.0 (V/V),挥发酸0.35 g/L,干浸出物18.3 g/L的天然复合果酒。     

全发酵蓝莓干红精深加工的关键技术研究

以蓝莓为主要原料,经过低温浸渍预发酵处理后,研制全发酵型干红蓝莓酒,并对影响蓝莓干红发酵的因素进行优化研究。采用单因素及正交试验设计考察酵母添加量、亚硫酸添加量、起始pH值和发酵温度对酿造的蓝莓干红品质的影响。结果表明,发酵蓝莓浆在起始pH值为3.0,酿酒酵母的添加量为0.15 g/L,亚硫酸添加量为10 mL,主发酵温度22℃的条件下经过酿造并陈酿,可获得呈宝石红色、澄清透明、酒香和谐且具有馥郁花香的蓝莓干红。     

肉桂酸终止低醇葡萄酒酒精发酵的工艺优化

以天津汉沽“玫瑰香”葡萄为原料酿造低醇葡萄酒,以添加SO2终止发酵为对照,以酒精度、酵母菌致死率和稳定性等重要理化指标及感官评价为检测依据,比较了单纯添加不同浓度的肉桂酸（100、150、200、250 mg/L）,以及肉桂酸（50、75、100、125 mg/L）协同SO2（60 mg/L）共同终止酒精发酵对酿造低醇葡萄酒品质的影响,并采用高效液相色谱法检测了最终成品酒中肉桂酸的含量。结果表明：单纯添加肉桂酸组和肉桂酸协同SO2组均优于对照组（单纯SO2 组）,其中单纯添加250 mg/L肉桂酸终止发酵能获得品质最高且稳定性最好的低醇葡萄酒,其酒精度为6.32%(V/V),酵母菌致死率达98.58%。所酿低醇玫瑰香葡萄酒呈浅玫瑰红色,澄清透明,果香、酒香平衡,酸甜适中,无酵母味,具有一定的玫瑰香的品种香。该低醇葡萄酒中肉桂酸检测含量为62 mg/L。     

不同包装方式对酸地参储藏品质的影响

为研究不同包装方式对酸地参储藏期间品质的影响,以地参为试验材料,通过乳酸菌发酵,定期测定PE+PA复合真空包装、铝箔复合真空包装和PET塑料瓶包装酸地参的亚硝酸盐、VC、pH、单宁、总酸等成分含量,并进行感官评价。结果表明:4℃条件下储藏15 d时,铝箔复合真空包装的酸地参品质最好,其感官评分、VC含量、pH、单宁含量和总酸含量最高,分别为89分、0.15 mg/100 g、3.21、13.02 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg,同时其亚硝酸盐最低,为0.15 mg/kg;PE+PA复合真空包装的酸地参品质次之,而PET塑料瓶包装效果最差。因此,铝箔复合真空包装比较适合酸地参的储藏。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.