8种杀虫剂对云南不同区域草地贪夜蛾种群的室内毒力测定

为有效防控新入侵迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾,指导科学用药,本研究按照农业农村部推荐用药,在室内采用浸叶法测定了8种杀虫剂对滇西南、滇南、滇中、滇东北4个区域5个草地贪夜蛾种群3龄幼虫的毒力。测定结果表明,8种杀虫剂对上述草地贪夜蛾种群的毒力大小顺序依次为:5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐WG(0.05～0.09 mg/L)≥25%乙基多杀菌素WG(0.16～0.26 mg/L)5%虱螨脲SC(0.84～7.07 mg/L)20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC(3.31～10.50 mg/L)10%虫螨腈SC(4.82～11.47 mg/L)30%茚虫威SC(23.79～40.41 mg/L)2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC(102.85～147.60 mg/L)32 000 IU/mg Bt WP(141.09～352.61 mg/L),其中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、茚虫威和Bt对4个区域种群的LD_(50)无显著性差异,虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虫螨腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯对4个区域种群的LD_(50)存在区域性差异,其中区域间差异显著的是5%虱螨脲SC,最大相对毒力指数为8.42倍。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺和虫螨腈对草地贪夜蛾的LD_(90)均低于各药剂的田间推荐剂量,是防治草地贪夜蛾的最佳杀虫剂;茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾的LD_(90)超过了推荐剂量,选用时注意防效,高效氯氟氰菊酯和Bt不推荐作为防治药剂。研究结果为云南地区草地贪夜蛾的有效防治提供了参考。     

4种农药对草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果

本文研究了60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 50 mL/666.7m~2、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC 15 mL/666.7m~2、5%甲维盐WG40 g/666.7m~2和5%啶虫咪EC 45 m L/666.7m~2对玉米草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果。结果表明,药后3 d乙基多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和甲维盐防效达90%以上,啶虫咪平均防效略低,仅为84.7%±2.18%;药后7～10 d,4种农药防效均达90%以上,乙基多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和甲维盐防效优于啶虫咪;药后14 d,各处理区药剂防效有所下降。试验结果表明,60 g/L乙基多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对草地贪夜蛾幼虫均较好的防治效果。在草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫高峰期,使用60 g/L乙基多杀菌素50 mL/666.7m~2、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺15 mL/666.7m~2、5%甲维盐40 g/666.7m~2,兑水40 L对玉米叶面喷雾,可收到较好的防治效果。     

不同杀虫剂对烟蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

烟蓟马是一种世界性害虫,为筛选出高效低毒的药剂,采用叶管药膜法测定了不同药剂对烟蓟马的室内毒力,并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明,对成虫活性最高的药剂是阿维菌素、乙基多杀菌素和虫螨腈,其LC₅₀均小于1 mg/L;多杀霉素的毒力也较高,其LC₅₀为2.11 mg/L;吡丙醚对2龄若虫表现较高毒力。田间试验结果表明,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯SC、10%虫螨腈SC和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC对烟蓟马药后3~14 d的防效均达90%以上,除100 g/L吡丙醚SC外,其他药剂药后14 d的防效均达80%以上。2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯SC、10%虫螨腈SC和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC可作为防治烟蓟马的首选药剂,并交替使用其他药剂。     

6种农药对瓜蚜的毒力测定及田间药效

为了筛选防治西瓜瓜蚜的有效药剂,用6种药剂进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对瓜蚜的毒力最高,60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC毒力最低,48hLC50分别为0.38mg/L和2 225.63mg/L。6种药剂毒力大小依次为阿维菌素溴氰虫酰胺氟啶虫胺腈啶虫脒吡虫啉乙基多杀菌素。田间试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 3 000倍、10%溴氰虫酰胺OD 2 000倍、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC 4 000倍对瓜蚜速效性及持效性均较好,3~14d防效均达到90%以上,防效差异不显著;20%啶虫脒WP 3 000倍和10%吡虫啉WP 3 000倍速效性及持效性均较差,1d防效分别为31.31%和6.66%,14d防效分别为57.39%和47.80%;60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 1 000倍防效最差,药后14d的最高防效仅为34.70%。推荐田间轮换使用阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈防治瓜蚜。     

麦田草地贪夜蛾农药防治技术研究

草地贪夜蛾可为害苗期至灌浆期的小麦, 但国内目前尚未进行麦田农药防治的研究工作。我们利用农业农村部推荐的草地贪夜蛾防控药剂在云南完成了对拔节期麦田草地贪夜蛾的防治试验, 结果表明, 不同类型农药7 d后的防治效果有显著差别。25%乙基多杀菌素WG、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC、5%多杀霉素SC、5%甲维盐ME、10%虫螨腈SC、50 g/L虱螨脲EC、150 g/L茚虫威及10%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC防效为70.4%~97.2%, 拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂10%高效氯氰菊酯EC和有机磷杀虫剂40%氧乐果EC的防效分别为49.8%和46.8%。生物农药32 000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌WP防效为65.1%, 100亿孢子/mL短稳杆菌SC、300亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌WP和10亿PIB/L斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒SC的防效为35.3%~41.9%。因此, 麦田草地贪夜蛾种群高密度下建议使用乙基多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺等化学农药防治, 低密度下可选择苏云金杆菌、短稳杆菌等生物农药, 研究结果为麦类作物草地贪夜蛾的应急防控提供了依据。     

不同杀虫剂对黄曲条跳甲的室内毒力和田间防效

为明确多种杀虫剂对黄曲条跳甲的防治效果,通过浸叶法测定乙基多杀菌素、噻虫嗪、高效氯氰菊酯等14种杀虫剂对黄曲条跳甲的室内毒力,并选室内毒力较高的杀虫剂开展田间试验以验证其防效。结果表明,供试14种杀虫剂中,以乙基多杀菌素对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒力最高,LC_(50)(致死中浓度)为31.97 mg/L;啶虫脒(LC_(50)=70.27 mg/L)、甲维盐(LC_(50)=96.41 mg/L)、噻虫嗪(LC_(50)=138.13 mg/L)、高效氯氰菊酯(LC_(50)=142.64 mg/L)也具有较高毒力;吡虫啉(LC_(50)=249.97 mg/L)、噻虫胺(LC_(50)=272.99 mg/L)毒力一般;其他药剂毒力较低(LC_(50)350 mg/L),杀虫单对黄曲条跳甲则基本无效(LC_(50)2 000 mg/L)。田间试验表明,60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂、40%啶虫脒水分散粒剂和25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂对白萝卜田黄曲条跳甲防效较好,药后第7天防效大于80%。综合分析室内毒力和田间药效,乙基多杀菌素、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪等药剂可作为田间防治黄曲条跳甲的候选药剂。     

棉花棉铃虫药剂防效试验

由于棉铃虫抗药性上升,常规有机磷、菊酯类杀虫剂防效欠佳,急需新的替代药剂,特进行新药剂防治棉铃虫效果试验。试验结果表明:6%阿维.氯虫苯甲酰胺SC、15%茚虫威EC、22%氰氟虫腙SC、60g/L乙基多杀SC等四种农药防治棉花棉铃虫安全、高效、持效期长,值得大面积推广。     

6种杀虫剂对甜玉米上草地贪夜蛾幼虫的田间防治效果

本研究在武汉市蔡甸区侏儒山原种场对6种杀虫剂开展了对甜玉米上草地贪夜蛾幼虫的田间药效试验。结果表明,5%虱螨脲EC、4.3%氯氟·甲维盐EC、6%乙基多杀菌素SC药后7 d对草地贪夜蛾幼虫防效均达85%以上; 2.5%甲维·苏云金WP、10%甲维·茚虫威SC两种药剂药后7d防效分别为78.7%和71.7%; 50%除脲·高氯氟SC防效为25.2%。药后7 d对甜玉米的保叶效果,以6%乙基多杀菌素SC保护率最好,达83.8%,其次是4.3%氯氟·甲维盐EC、5%虱螨脲EC、10%甲维·茚虫威SC。     

常用化学杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾防效的室内测定

化学农药是防治暴发性和突发性农业害虫的有效手段。针对草地贪夜蛾入侵我国后尚无登记农药可用的情况,我们在室内采用浸叶法和浸卵法测定了21种常用商品化学杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果。结果表明,20%甲氰菊酯EC、15%唑虫酰胺SC、25 g/L溴氰菊酯EC、25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和20%呋虫胺SC对草地贪夜蛾卵具有较高的毒杀活性,校正孵化抑制率可达80%以上。1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME、75%乙酰甲胺磷SP、6%乙基多杀菌素SC和20%甲氰菊酯EC对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用,校正死亡率超过90%。本研究评价了不同类型化学杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫的毒杀效率,以期为生产上制定草地贪夜蛾化学防治用药方案提供技术指导。     

4种增效剂对3种小菜蛾防治药剂的增效作用

为明确增效剂对防治小菜蛾的杀虫剂的增效作用, 减少化学农药用量, 分别采用浸叶法和茎叶喷雾法进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验?室内测定结果表明, 3种供试杀虫剂中, 虫螨腈和乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾毒力较强, 其LC50分别为6.303 mg/L和10.479 mg/L; 3种杀虫剂分别与不同增效剂混配后均具有一定的增效作用, 增效比介于1.6~5.1, 其中高效氯氰菊酯+橙皮精油?虫螨腈+激健和乙基多杀菌素+有机硅的组合增效作用明显?田间试验表明, 在保证防效的前提下, 通过添加激健可使10%虫螨腈SC使用量减少20%, 添加有机硅可使60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC使用量减少50%?因此, 激健?有机硅可作为防治蔬菜小菜蛾杀虫剂的理想增效剂产品, 在生产中推广应用?     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.