水稻白叶枯病抗性基因在不同载体品种上及杂种F_1的抗性研究

本研究测试了八个水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa3、Xa4、xa5、Xa7、Xa10、Xa11、Xa14和Xa23在相应载体品种上对华南白叶枯病优势致病菌系Ⅳ型菌和强毒菌系Ⅴ型菌的抗性反应;分析了Xa4、xa5、Xa7和Xa23抗病基因与不同感病品种杂交组合F_1的抗性表达模式以及显性抗病基因Xa7和Xa23在杂交水稻上的利用价值。结果表明:大部分抗性基因在不同载体品种上抗性表达一致,但也有少数基因在不同载体品种上抗性表现不一,甚至截然相反,说明不同遗传背景对抗性表达有影响,而这种影响因不同抗性基因而异。隐性抗病基因xa5(IRBB5)和显性抗病基因Xa23(CBB23)与感病亲本组合的F_1代分别表现感病和抗病,符合隐性基因或显性基因的抗性表达模式;而2个显性抗病基因Xa4(IRBB4))和Xa7(IRBB7)与感病亲本组合的F_1代,有部分组合的F_1代表现抗病,符合显性基因的抗性表达模式,有部分组合的F_1代表现感病,不符合显性基因的抗性表达模式。在杂交水稻上的利用价值方面,Xa7与2个不育系组合的F_1代均表现高感,不宜在杂交水稻上利用;Xa23(CBB23)与4个感病亲本,无论是不育系还是常规稻组合的4个F_1代全部表现抗病,抗性在F_1充分表达,在杂交水稻上有重要的利用价值。     

IRBB21(Xa21)对广东稻白叶枯病菌5个小种的抗性反应

测定携有Xa21抗性基因品种IRBB21对广东省稻白叶枯病菌Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ5个小种的抗性反应。结果表明,IRBB21抗Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ,不抗Ⅳ和Ⅴ;以IR24为遗传背景育成的分别含Xa1、Xa2、Xa3、Xa4、xa5、Xa7、xa8、Xa10、Xa11、xa13、Xa14等单基因的近等基因系对我省稻白叶枯病菌优势小种Ⅳ和强致病力小种Ⅴ的抗性反应表明,只有IRBB5和IRBB7抗病,IRBB1、IRBB2、IRBB3、IRBB4、IRBB8、IRBB10、IRBB11、IRBB13、IRBB14均感染。     

东北水稻白叶枯病菌生理小种及水稻品种对9号小种的抗性

对东北地区水稻白叶枯病菌生理小种群体的构成及分布,以及水稻品种对白叶枯病菌9号小种的抗性进行了研究。结果表明,东北地区水稻白叶枯病菌生理小种群体由6个小种,即Race 1、Race 2、Race 3、Race 6、Race 8和Race 9构成。小种Race 1、Race 2和Race 9在东北三省吉林、辽宁和黑龙江都有分布,小种Race 3和Race 8只存在黑龙江省,Race 6只存在辽宁省。在30个水稻品种中,对9号生理小种表现抗病的有13个,出现频率为43.3%;中抗7个,频率23.3%;中感6个,频率20.0%;感病4个,频率13.3%。本研究为在东北粳稻地区挖掘白叶枯病的抗源,以及利用抗病品种控制白叶枯病危害提供依据。     

哈茨木霉NF9菌株对水稻的诱导抗病性

在温室条件下用哈茨木霉NF9菌株进行种子处理，诱导水稻感病品种原丰早幼苗对稻-瘟病和白叶枯病的抗病性，其抗性水平为中抗，对稻瘟病菌不同菌株(SYl、H16)以及对白叶枯病菌不同菌株(CRl、CR7)的抗性表现无显著差异。经木霉种子处理的水稻幼苗接种稻瘟病菌或白叶枯病菌后，过氧化物酶及苯丙氨酸转氨酶活性增强，在某一时段显著高于未经木霉种子处理的对照。诱导抗性可能是哈茨木霉NF9菌株的生防机制之一。     

Harpin xoo在水稻中表达提高对白叶枯病不同小种抗性

用剪叶接种法测定10个转hrf1基因水稻株系对15个水稻白叶枯病菌小种的抗性.所有的转基因系对JxOV和PXO79小种的抗性与受体对照相比显著提高,RT-PCR结果显示,在转化hrf1基因的抗病水稻中,信号传导基因npr1表达明显增强,表明转hrf1基因水稻可能通过激发水稻中信号传导基因的表达,提高对白叶枯病菌不同小种的抗性.     

云南药用野生稻对四种水稻主要病害的抗性鉴定

 对云南药用野生稻7个不同居群的稻瘟病、纹枯病、白叶枯病和细菌性条斑病抗型表型进行鉴定,筛选抗源,并检测已克隆的抗稻瘟病、抗白叶枯病基因在它们中的存在情况。结果表明:用云南稻瘟病菌毒性菌株16t接种云南药用野生稻7个居群,除勐海药野(7)表型为感病外,其他6个居群均为抗病;勐遮药用野生稻(4)和景纳上沟药用野生稻(1)分别不含Pib和Pi2基因片段,其他5个居群都含有Pib、Pi2、Pi9、Pid2、Pikp、Pis和Pi56等基因片段;所有的参试药用野生稻高抗纹枯病;除勐往药野(13)和澜沧孟矿药野(14)对细菌性条斑病菌菌株RS105表现为感病和勐遮药野(5)对菌株RS1-20表现为感病外,其他材料对菌株RS105和RS1-20都表现为抗病;云南白叶枯病菌强致病性菌株CX30-1、菲律宾菌株PXO99和PXO86对景纳上沟药用野生稻(1)和澜沧孟矿药用野生稻(14)具有强致病性,其他居群表现为抗病至中抗;7个居群都含有Xa5、Xa13、Xa21基因片段。本文首次报道了云南药用野生稻多个居群类型对4种主要病害的抗性,这些结果为深度挖掘利用云南药用野生稻资源的有效抗病基因奠定了基础。     

稻瘟病菌生理小种及品种抗性基因的研究

我省水稻栽培面积约500万亩左右,稻瘟病每年都有不同程度的发生,在大发生年份造成严重损失。1968年以来陆续推广的高产品种京引59、普选10号、合江20等品种,都先后表现严重感病,近年来,采用了日本的12个粳型单基因鉴别品种进行小种研究,初步明确了我省致病小种的种类、地理分布以及品种有关抗性基因对小种的反应,为我省进一步开展抗病育种和抗病品种的合理布局提供了科学依据。     

小麦抗源武汉2号和品冬34的抗条锈性遗传分析

为明确小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34对小麦条锈菌流行小种的抗病性及抗病遗传规律,用小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33以及致病类型Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-11、PST-Ch42在苗期接种小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34进行抗病性鉴定,并用武汉2号和品冬34分别与感病亲本铭贤169进行杂交,对F₂群体和F_2：3家系在温室进行苗期遗传分析。结果表明：武汉2号对CYR29和CYR32表现感病,对其它小种和致病型均表现抗病,且对CYR31的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;品冬34对所测试的小种和致病类型均表现高抗,且对CYR32的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

小麦品种‘Waikea’抗条锈病基因的遗传分析

‘Waikea’是当前美国西北部地区大面积种植的小麦品种,研究证实该品种对中国条锈菌小种CYR31、CYR32及CYR33三种菌的混合菌苗期表现为感病,成株期表现免疫的抗性水平.采用苗期室内潜育期变温处理方法(常温昼15℃,夜10℃和高温昼24℃,夜18℃)对3个小种分别进行抗病性鉴定,明确其是否含有温敏微效基因,田间成株期抗性鉴定对其成株抗病基因进行遗传分析.结果表明‘Waikea’不含温敏微效抗病基因,至少含有一显一隐2对成株期主效抗病基因,以重叠或独立方式控制抗病性.美国西北部小麦品种‘Waikea’含有成株抗病基因,成株期对中国当前流行小种CYR33表现高抗,建议在抗病育种中加以充分利用.     

水稻抗病基因Xa21转入3个粳稻品种的抗性初步分析

 通过农杆菌介导转化,将已克隆的水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21转入我国辽宁省3个粳稻品种:沈农606、辽粳454、辽粳294,共获得独立转基因系205个。通过PCR、GUS染色和Southern blot分析,证明Xa21基因已经整合到3个粳稻栽培品种的基因组中。通过温室接种菲律宾白叶枯病小种6的代表菌系PXO99,T₀代转基因水稻除了3-34表现部分抗性外,其它的转基因材料均表现高度抗病,表明Xa21转基因水稻已经获得抗性;温室接种T₁和T₂代试验表明,单拷贝整合的转化体呈现3:1分离,同时单拷贝3-34材料也表现部分抗性和感病3:1分离,证明已整合的Xa21基因能稳定遗传;同时对3-34部分抗性机制进行了分子生物学检测,证明GUS基因全部丢失、Xa21基因部分丢失并导致部分抗性。获得部分抗性材料,对于深入研究Xa21基因的功能区和研究抗病分子机制具有重要的意义。     

旱作对水稻生长及氮、磷利用效率的影响

为了探明旱作对水稻氮、磷利用效率的影响以及产量与氮磷营养的关系,通过温室微区试验研究了传统水作(CT)、覆膜旱作(FM)和裸地旱作(LD)下水稻产量、产量构成因子、氮磷累积、氮磷收获指数、氮磷生理利用效率等的差异。结果表明:旱作在一定程度上阻碍了水稻生长,降低了稻谷产量,产量构成因子中的千粒重受旱作影响较小;FM处理的稻谷产量比CT处理下降6.47%,但未达显著差异,另外,氮、磷累积量均没有受到明显影响;然而LD处理产量的下降幅度则达14.9%,且氮磷累积量均明显下降;与氮磷生理利用效率相比,水稻氮磷收获指数对旱作敏感程度更高,FM和LD处理均显著低于CT处理,其中,LD处理下降程度更大。相关性分析表明,水稻产量与氮素营养的相关性要高于与磷素营养的相关性。总之,FM处理能有效降低旱作对水稻生长及养分利用效率的影响,调控好氮、磷营养,特别是氮素营养有利于旱作条件下水稻生长及产量形成。     

Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in 21 cultivars of rice

ABSTRACT Genetic analysis for resistance to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) of 21 rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars was carried out. These cultivars were divided into two groups based on their reactions to Philippine races of bacterial blight. Cultivars of group 1 were resistant to race 1 and those of group 2 were susceptible to race 1 but resistant to race 2. All the cultivars were crossed with TN1, which is susceptible to all the Philippine races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae. F(1) and F(2) populations of hybrids of group 1 cultivars were evaluated using race 1 and F(1) and F(2) populations of hybrids of group 2 cultivars were evaluated using race 2. All the cultivars showed monogenic inheritance of resistance. Allelic relationships of the genes were investigated by crossing these cultivars with different testers having single genes for resistance. Three cultivars have Xa4, another three have xa5, one has xa8, two have Xa3, eight have Xa10, and one has Xa4 as well as Xa10. Three cultivars have new, as yet undescribed, genes. Nep Bha Bong To has a new recessive gene for moderate resistance to races 1, 2, and 3 and resistance to race 5. This gene is designated xa26(t). Arai Raj has a dominant gene for resistance to race 2 which segregates independently of Xa10. This gene is designated as Xa27(t). Lota Sail has a recessive gene for resistance to race 2 which segregates independently of Xa10. This gene is designated as xa28(t).     

深水稻品种对稻纹枯病抗性鉴定初报

12个深水稻品种对稻纹枯病抗性进行盆栽接种测定和品种农艺性状调查的结果显示,深水稻品种与感病对照在抗性水平上存在极显著的差异。大部分供试深水稻品种的抗性都在抗至中抗之间,个别品种还表现出较高的抗性水平。深水稻品种间抗性存在显著差异,但抗性与品种的生育期以及株型性状等没有显著的相关性。     

Identification and molecular mapping of the rice bacterial blight resistance gene allelic to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xa7</Emphasis> from an elite restorer line Zhenhui 084

Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo), is a serious disease in rice production worldwide. Rice cv. Zhenhui 084, a newly developed strong indica restorer line, exhibits high resistance to most of the Philippine races of BB and has been widely used in rice hybrids in China; however, the resistance gene has not yet been cloned. Here, we show that the resistance of Zhenhui 084 to Xoo strains is similar to that of IRBB7 containing Xa7, a durable and broad resistance dominant gene for BB. To map the resistance gene in Zhenhui 084, a F₂ population with 331 highly susceptible individuals derived from a cross between Chenghui 448 and Zhenhui 084 was built. We finely mapped the target R gene to a region between two proximal markers RM20576 and MY4 in rice chromosome 6. A marker-based physical map of chromosome six was used to construct the contig covering the genomic region between two markers RM20576 and MY4. The target gene was assumed to be in an interval of approximate 200 kb, in which 16 candidate genes were predicted. Our findings will greatly facilitate the isolation and characterisation of the target R gene allelic to Xa7. Additionally, two PCR-based markers, tightly linked to the target R gene locus, will be a useful tool for the marker-assisted selection of the target R gene allelic to Xa7 in breeding programmes.     

137份云南省地方稻抗白叶枯病多菌系多基因鉴定

为选育水稻抗性品种和发掘抗白叶枯病基因,以来自中国、日本和菲律宾的9株革兰氏阴性菌黄单胞菌水稻变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae菌株为供试菌株评价137份云南省地方稻种质资源对白叶枯病菌的抗性,同时检测供试材料中含14个已克隆抗白叶枯病基因的情况。结果显示,供试材料中至少对1株黄单胞菌水稻变种菌株有抗性的材料有104份,抗1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8和9株黄单胞菌水稻变种菌株的材料分别有25、19、14、19、11、6、5、2和3份;其中白杂一号、珍白18、麻旱谷、老来红、晋糯、香谷、毫冷薅、齐头蚂蚱谷、九谷和来之不易10份材料抗谱较广。大部分抗性材料携带1～7个白叶枯病抗性基因或其同源基因,未检测到含有Xa7、xa13、Xa21和Xa45(t)基因或其同源基因的材料。供试材料携带的抗性基因数量与抗性水平均呈极显著相关。     

山栏稻资源早期抗旱性评价及抗旱资源筛选

为明确山栏稻抗旱差异性,筛选抗旱性强的资源,采用PEG人工模拟干旱的方法,研究20个山栏稻资源的芽期、苗期抗旱性。结果表明,采用不同的评价指标,资源间的抗旱性排序有所不同;山栏稻资源的抗旱性具有显著差异;芽期、苗期抗性极显著正相关,芽期抗旱性较强的资源有L6、L30、L31、L33,苗期抗旱性较强的资源有L6、L26、L30、L31;采用隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合分级,结果显示山栏稻资源总体抗旱性较强,中抗以上的资源占55%,其中L6、L30、L31几个资源具有强抗旱性,建议在季节性干旱地区推广,同时为抗旱种质创新利用提供参考。     

云南野生稻和地方稻资源抗白叶枯病分析

为鉴定云南稻种质资源对水稻白叶枯病的抗性情况,于孕穗期采用剪叶接种方法,用水稻白叶枯病强致病型代表菌株BD8438、CN9404和X1接种云南野生稻和地方稻种质资源,以病斑长度大于6 cm为感病分界线,对其抗感表现型进行调查分析。结果显示,共鉴定出来源于云南省不同种植生态区的186份地方稻抗性材料和22个野生稻抗病居群。野生稻对水稻白叶枯病的抗病能力较地方稻强,其中疣粒野生稻的抗性最强,抗病等级为0~2;药用野生稻次之,抗病等级为1~2;普通野生稻相对较差,抗病等级为1~5。地方稻抗性资源来自于云南省各个传统水稻种植区,抗性1级的材料占17%,抗性2级的占2%,抗性3级的占81%;按照稻种质资源亚种类型、粘糯性和水旱性分类,各类型地方稻抗性材料所占比例分别为粳稻占61%、籼稻占39%;粘稻占66%、糯稻占34%;水稻占83%、陆稻占17%。从利用抗白叶枯病基因培育新品种的角度评价,这些抗性资源具有潜在的发掘利用价值。     

Rice response to simultaneous bacterial blight and drought stress during compatible and incompatible interactions

Plant response to one type of stress can be affected by simultaneous exposure to a second stress, for example when abiotic and biotic stresses occur together. Ten rice genotypes comprising those with bacterial blight (BB) resistance (R) genes, drought quantitative trait loci (QTLs) plus a BB R gene, and BB susceptible genotypes, were subjected to mild and moderate drought stress and plants were inoculated with two Xoo strains (PXO99 and PXO145) to simulate the challenges rice crops face under simultaneous stress of drought and BB. Plant height and dry shoot biomass were significantly reduced by drought stress treatments. The BB disease lesion lengths varied according to rice genotypes and PXO99 Xoo multiplication and spread in planta was higher compared to that of PXO145, which generally decreased under mild drought stress. Rice genotype IRBB7 (Xa7) showed less Xoo spread and a reduced Xoo multiplication under drought stress compared to the well-watered control with PXO145. In contrast, in genotypes with a different BB R gene and/or drought QTLs [IRBB4 (Xa4), IR87705–6-9-B (Xa4 + qDYT _2.2 ), IR87707–445-B-B-B (Xa4 + qDYT _2.2  + qDYT _4.1 ) and IR87707–446-B-B-B (Xa4 + qDYT _2.2  + qDYT _4.1 )], Xoo multiplication and spread in planta was higher with drought stress. This study has shown that drought stress affected rice response to the BB pathogen and the response varied according to the rice genotype. It is concluded that evaluating rice varieties under combined abiotic and biotic stresses will be the best strategy to determine biotic stress resistance durability under climate change.