美国对船舶压舱水的管理

美国对船舶压舱水的管理●董贤忠冉俊祥编译由于外来水生有害生物的侵入，美国的港湾遭受了经济与生态上的损害。在大湖区，仅欧洲斑马贻贝（ＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＺｅｂｃａｍｕｓｅｉ）到９０年代末将会造成超过５０亿美元的损失。大湖区入侵的另一种物种是海七鳃鳗（Ｓｅａ...     

进境船舶压舱水外来生物入侵性传播及其监管措施研究

进境船舶压舱水是海洋外来生物传播的重要载体,对我国生物安全和生态环境形成了潜在威胁。本文分析了船舶压舱水的危害因素,概述了我国对压舱水及沉积物生物多样性的调查情况,研究了国际及国外主要国家压舱水立法及监管措施,对比我国压舱水管理立法和检疫监管现状,明确了我国压舱水监管工作中的不足,并提出监管对策,即完善一套法律法规体系,搭建协作管理和信息技术两个平台,构筑生物监测、风险预警、检疫监管等3大体系以及加强船舶压舱水监管应落实的4项具体措施。     

上海港外来船舶压舱水中赤潮种的调查及风险分析

对2007～2011年间上海港的60艘外来船舶压舱水样品进行了调查和分析。结果表明进入该水域的外来船舶压舱水中赤潮种丰富度较高,共发现62种赤潮生物,分别隶属于5门32属。其中,出现率较高的种有菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula)、长菱形藻(Nitzschialongissima)、中肋骨条藻(Skelrtonema costatum)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)。初步评估显示外来船舶压舱水的排放对上海港生态具有一定风险。     

寒地稻作区藻类的发生,危害及防除

近几年寒地稻作区藻类的发生危害日益严重,经济有效地防除藻类,已是我们面临的新课题。中国寒地稻作区指北纬４３°以上,包括黑龙江省全部、吉林省图们、桦甸以北、内蒙古东北部稻田区。此区土壤有机质含量高,一般为３％～７．５％。春季气温低,昼夜温差大。近几年水...     

稻水蝇危害水稻产量损失研究

采用相关分析和通径分析法研究了稻水蝇危害与水稻产量损失的关系。结果表明:水稻产量(y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头 /m²)、穗损失率 (x₅,% )间0.01水平显著时的关系符合方程:y^=9433.965-6.6637x₁-402.7469x₅;产量损失(Y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头/m²)间关系符合下列方程 :Y^=-13.4989+6.0043x(r=0.9647^**)。通径分析显示 ,穗损失率和虫口密度对产量建成直接效应最大 ,分别为-0.9218和-0.1422     

进境船舶压舱水检疫监管风险评估指标体系的建立

进境船舶压舱水是海洋外来生物传播的重要载体,对我国生物安全和生态环境形成了潜在威胁。本研究以提高进境船舶压舱水检疫监管水平,保障口岸安全和海洋生态环境为目的,采用德尔菲法和层次分析法,通过风险因素识别、评估指标筛选和处理、层次模型判断矩阵建立以及指标权重计算和无量纲化等步骤,构建了进境船舶压舱水风险评估指标体系。     

外来有害生物对我国城市园林绿化危害及防控对策

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,城市绿化建设事业迅速发展,入侵的外来有害生物随着城市绿化苗木的引进和调运,在我国城市间不断扩散蔓延。本文阐述外来有害生物在城市绿化建设过程中入侵和扩散的严峻形势,从而分析其原因,并提出城市绿化过程中防控外来有害生物入侵和扩散的对策。     

外来杂草薇甘菊在云南德宏州的危害及防控措施

薇甘菊在云南省德宏州扩展蔓延,给农业生产及生态系统造成了严重危害。4年来,通过开展调查与防治,系统地掌握了薇甘菊在德宏州的发生与危害规律。据此,应加强防治技术研究,筛选高效、安全、低毒、低残留除草剂,确定防治方法;广泛宣传培训,提高群众认识和防治技能,结合实际制定合理的措施开展防治,遏制薇甘菊扩散蔓延。     

Introduced weeds pollinated by introduced bees: Cause or effect?

In the present review we attempt to synthesize evidence for a causative relationship between the presence of non-native bee pollinators and the successful establishment and spread of introduced weed species. Using data drawn from the literature and from our own survey conducted in New Zealand, we show that introduced bees favor foraging on introduced plant species, and that in some cases they depend totally on these plants as sources of nectar and pollen. It is also apparent that the flowers of many introduced plants are visited, exclusively or predominantly, by introduced bees. Accepting that visitation does not necessarily imply pollination, and not all plants require pollination to reproduce, we review relationships between seed set of exotic weeds and visitation by introduced pollinators. Although few studies have been carried out, we show that those reported so far all point to increased seed set when introduced plants are visited by non-native bee species. There is clear evidence for a positive link between the spread of weeds and the presence of introduced bees. Nevertheless, ecologists have neglected this aspect of weed population biology and remarkably few studies have been conducted on the importance of pollinator availability in the management of weed species. We suggest several avenues along which future research can be conducted and highlight how the management of present and future weed species may be influenced by this research.     

我国外来入侵生物福寿螺种类的多重PCR鉴别方法

为研发能快速、准确地鉴别在我国为害严重的3种福寿螺——小管福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata、斑点福寿螺P. maculata和新发现入侵种Pomacea sp.的PCR技术,基于其线粒体全基因组序列,通过比对分析找到种间差异区段,分别设计并筛选了上述3种福寿螺的特异性引物对,建立了多重PCR检测方法,对其特异性和灵敏度进行评价。结果表明,所设计的引物特异性强,能从不同地理种群的小管福寿螺、斑点福寿螺和Pomacea sp.中分别扩增出1 238、901和571 bp的特异性条带,阴性对照无条带;退火温度为60℃时,32个扩增循环的检测灵敏度可达1 ng样品DNA量。所构建的多重PCR体系可应用于福寿螺不同部位组织碎片、不同性别及不同发育阶段样品的鉴别,具有准确快速、灵敏高效的特点,可用于植保检疫及食品安全部门福寿螺种类的检测。     

Detection of invasions by exotic plant pests

Quantitative aspects of the detection of invasion by exotic pests are reviewed. Equations are linked for estimating the expected number of occurrences of pests, and the probability of detecting at least one pest occurrence. The frequency distributions of the annual number of detections for some exotic plant pests were calculated and in 6 of 7 analyses were not significantly different from Poisson frequency distributions. The aim of early detection of invading exotic pests would be assisted by better surveillance schemes, better data bases of invasions and more sophisticated modelling of entry by pests.     

Identification and pest status of two exotic flea beetle species newly introduced in Portugal: Epitrix similaris Gentner and Epitrix cucumeris (Harris)

Around 2004, a new type of injury was noticed in potato tubers harvested in the north of Portugal. Two North American flea beetles, Epitrix cucumeris and Epitrix similariswere later identified. The second species seems to be responsible for the characteristic type of tuber injury observed. The main morphological characters enabling the two species to be distinguished are presented.     

越冬作物覆盖保水效应及对后茬大豆水分利用效率和产量的影响

为探索越冬作物冬油菜(Brassica rape)、冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)、冬豌豆(Pisum sativum)的覆盖保水效应及对后茬大豆的影响,于2019—2020年和2020—2021年生长季,在甘肃省镇原县以地膜覆盖和露地为对照,比较了5种处理的地表覆盖度、耗水特征及后茬大豆水分利用效率和产量的差异,分析了越冬作物耗水量与生物量和地表覆盖度的相关性。结果表明：从出苗期到刈割期,冬小麦生物量分别较冬油菜和冬豌豆显著增加15.6%和130.5%(P<0.05),冬油菜和冬小麦具有更高的地表覆盖度,分别为89.2%和84.4%。冬油菜、冬小麦、冬豌豆的耗水量分别较地膜覆盖和露地增加50.4%和18.6%、150.2%和97.4%、41.6%和11.7%;冬油菜和冬小麦耗水量与生物量的相关系数分别为0.923和0.966,呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与地表覆盖度相关性不显著,冬油菜耗水量与地表覆盖度间有负相关趋势。在相对干旱生长季,冬油菜和冬豌豆耗水量分别较露地减少6.7 mm和7.5 mm,具有保水效应,冬小麦和冬豌豆后茬种植大豆具有更高的籽粒产量,产量水平分别为2 583.3 kg·hm^-2和2 550.4 kg·hm^-2,冬小麦后茬大豆的水分利用效率最高,2 a的平均值为8.3 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。综合分析地表覆盖度、耗水量、土层水分变化、大豆籽粒产量等因素,在本试验条件下,冬油菜、冬豌豆是西北旱作区冬季农田覆盖和土壤水分保持的有效措施,冬小麦是大豆种植的优势茬口。     

固体水的吸水特性及其抗旱节水效应

为了探讨固体水在西部生态建设和节水农业中应用的可行性，对“沙漠王”固体的吸水保水特性进行了研究，结果表明：不同浓度离子对固体水的保水性能影响较大，该产品所保持的水分主要集中于0－0．5MPa之间，属于植物易利用的水分，固体水在日光照射时易分解，施用时不宜表施，有灌溉条件时施用方式应为浅层层施，在沙漠中植树时采用混施或袋施方式（采用纸包装或袋侧打孔）更佳，盆栽玉米试验结果表明，固体水处理根冠比和根干重明显增加，玉米总耗水量减小，固体水，保水剂层施处理促进了地上，地下部分的生长，水分利用效率明显提高，固体水在干旱沙漠地区的应用展现出良好的前景。     

Barley yellow dwarf virus in ryegrass and its detection by ELISA

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) effectively detected PAV- and MAV-like strains of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in ryegrass. MAV-like BYDV was found in a large proportion of ryegrass plants with foliar symptoms. There was a poor association between foliar symptoms and PAV-like virus, which occurred with similar frequency in plants with and without symptoms. By August 1982, plots of perennial, Italian and hybrid ryegrass sown at Auchincruive in 1980 were extensively infected with PAV- and MAV-like strains of BYDV. Tests on samples from 1981- and 1982-sown plots in August 1983 also indicated early invasion by BYDV. Infection levels of 7–80% were found in 13 commercial crops of perennial ryegrass surveyed near Auchincruive in May 1983. PAV-like BYDV occurred with greater frequency than did MAV-like strains of the virus.     

云南小粒咖啡园杂草发生危害及防除

简要介绍了云南小粒咖啡园主要发生危害的杂草及不同气候类型下咖啡园杂草群落结构,提出了相应的防除措施.并根据周年杂草发生危害特点提出有效药剂和科学的用药方法等.     

京津冀地区经济增长对工业用水的脱钩效应及其驱动因素研究

量化分析经济增长与工业用水之间的脱钩状态及其驱动效应对缓解区域工业水资源供需矛盾具有重要意义。利用2001年至2017年省际面板数据,从时间与空间、整体与局部等不同视角对京津冀地区经济增长对工业用水的脱钩状态及其驱动因素进行分析,结果表明:从总体上看,研究期内京津冀地区经济增长对工业用水的脱钩水平较高且脱钩状态稳定;从区域差异来看,京津冀三地经济增长对工业用水的脱钩状态存在显著的空间差异,其中北京脱钩状态最优,河北次之,而天津则具有较大的改进空间;从驱动因素来看,技术效应是决定京津冀地区经济增长与工业用水脱钩状态的关键因素,同时也是推动经济增长对工业用水消耗实现背离的核心驱动力,而结构效应对京津冀地区经济增长与工业用水实现脱钩的驱动作用有待提升。在此基础上尝试对京津冀地区工业节水路径展开探讨。