蚯蚓粪对番茄根际土壤微生物学特性的影响

以番茄为试材,设置单施蚯蚓粪试验和蚯蚓粪配施化肥试验2组处理,研究蚯蚓粪对番茄根际土壤微生物学特性及酶活性的影响,以期为利用蚯蚓粪有机肥改良保护地栽培土壤肥力提供参考依据.结果表明:单施蚯蚓粪和蚯蚓粪配施化肥处理均能显著增加番茄根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,并提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮及过氧化氢酶与脲酶活性.各处理表现的效果不同,2组试验中,60％～100％蚯蚓粪处理显著增加细菌数量,40％～100％蚯蚓粪处理显著增加真菌数量,20％～80％蚯蚓粪处理显著增加放线菌数量;20％～80％蚯蚓粪处理显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳氮,且随着蚯蚓粪含量的递增而递增;40％蚯蚓粪处理过氧化氢酶活性增加的幅度最大,脲酶活性则随蚯蚓粪含量的增加而增加.     

蚯蚓粪、牛粪、商品有机肥在番茄上的 应用效果试验

摘要：为研究蚯蚓粪在番茄生产上的最佳用量,以番茄“希唯美191”为试材,采取完全随机设计, 比较不同用量蚯蚓粪与不同用量牛粪及商品有机肥对番茄长势、产量、品质等的影响。结果表明：施用蚯 蚓粪提高了土壤碱性,但降低了土壤盐害;施用牛粪增加了土壤盐含量,且土壤有机质含量随牛粪施用量 的增加而增加;定植前,施用牛粪有利于作物养分的供应,蚯蚓粪比普通有机肥在土壤中会更快、更多地 释放有效养分。定植前增施有机肥有利于番茄快速生长,T3（667 m2 增施蚯蚓粪2 t）、T4（667 m2 增施蚯 蚓粪3 t）、T6（667 m2 增施牛粪2 t）、T7（667 m2 增施牛粪3 t）处理的番茄长势、产量、品质均优于其他 处理,尤其是T3处理（667 m2 增施蚯蚓粪2 t）的番茄产量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸 比均最高,较对照分别提高了39.82%、1.2个百分点、0.2个百分点和26.43%,总酸含量最低,较对照降低 19.37%,果实品质最好。     

菌糠源蚯蚓粪生物有机肥对果蔬生长和品质的影响

以草莓、黄瓜和番茄3种果蔬作物为试材,采用单因素随机区组方法,设置等氮食用菌菌糠源蚯蚓粪生物有机肥、等氮菌糠常规堆肥和等氮常规化学肥料(对照)3个处理,通过测定果蔬产量、株高、叶绿素、叶面积等生长指标及硝酸盐、维生素C、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸等品质指标,研究了菌糠源蚯蚓粪生物有机肥对果蔬生长及品质的影响,以期为菌糠源蚯蚓粪生物有机肥在果蔬种植中应用提供参考依据。结果表明：与化学肥料相比,施用菌糠蚯蚓粪处理果蔬的生长水平显著提高(P<0.05),黄瓜株高和茎粗分别提高11%和8%,草莓和黄瓜的叶面积分别提升了44%和11%。菌糠蚯蚓粪生物有机肥处理的草莓、黄瓜和番茄的产量均有显著提高,其中番茄产量提高幅度最大,提高了48%,草莓和黄瓜则分别增产45%和20%。果蔬品质指标含量分析结果显示,施用蚯蚓粪生物有机肥同比化学肥料能够显著降低果蔬中的硝酸盐含量,3种果蔬果实中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸和维生素C含量均高于菌糠堆肥和常规化肥处理。综上,菌糠蚯蚓粪生物有机肥的施用相较常规堆肥能更好的提高果蔬产量及品质。     

减量施肥对番茄生长和品质的影响

以番茄品种'粉红908'为试材,采用设施大棚随机区组试验,设定4个不同减量施肥处理,化肥减量10％(T1)、化肥减量20％(T2)、化肥减量10％+有机肥(T3)、化肥减量20％+有机肥(T4),通过测定番茄株高、茎粗和产量以及硝酸盐、可溶性糖、维生素C、可溶性蛋白质、有机酸含量,比较不同减量施肥方法处理对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响,以期找到一种少肥高效的施肥方法.结果 表明:化肥减量10％、20％能使番茄生长减慢,番茄株高、茎粗均显著低于对照,且产量、品质也低于对照.有机无机肥料配施的减量施肥模式能保证番茄产量稳定,使品质指标显著提高,其中最优施肥模式为减化肥20％配施有机肥处理模式.     

生物有机肥对番茄生长发育及产量品质的影响

以144番茄为试材,研究了酵素菌生物有机肥对番茄生长发育及产量品质的影响。结果表明,生物有机肥与化肥配施可显著促进番茄植株的生长,提高产量,同时,亦可改善果实营养品质与风味,尤其可显著增加果实的番茄红素含量,降低果实硝酸盐含量。单施生物有机肥及生物有机肥与化肥配施的番茄产量分别达5463·7和5937.8kg·(667m2)-1,分别比单施化肥增产7.2%和16.5%,纯收入增加8.0%和11.3%。     

生物有机肥对番茄生长发育及产量品质的影响

以144番茄为试材,研究了酵素菌生物有机肥对番茄生长发育及产量品质的影响。结果表明,生物有机肥与化肥配施可显著促进番茄植株的生长,提高产量,同时,亦可改善果实营养品质与风味,尤其可显著增加果实的番茄红素含量,降低果实硝酸盐含量。单施生物有机肥及生物有机肥与化肥配施的番茄产量分别达5463·7和5937.8kg·(667m2)-1,分别比单施化肥增产7.2%和16.5%,纯收入增加8.0%和11.3%。     

生物炭对设施菜田土壤理化性状及番茄生长的影响

为深入了解生物炭对设施菜田土壤质量保育效果以及对蔬菜生长的影响,以番茄为供试材料,采用田间试验定量分析方法,在设施菜田中施入不同用量的生物炭(1000、2000、3000、4000、5000 kg/hm^2),研究生物炭对菜田土壤理化性状及番茄生长、产量、品质的影响。结果表明:适量增施生物炭,番茄产量、总糖含量有所增加,可溶性酸含量显著减少。同时,施用生物炭可降低土壤容重4.7%~11.8%,土壤中有机质含量有一定程度提升。生物炭用量2000 kg/hm^2时增产最明显,较对照可增产10.52%,生物炭用量4000 kg/hm^2时土壤保育效果与番茄品质提升最显著。     

优化施肥配施蚯蚓粪有机肥对嫁接西瓜产量和品质的影响

为探究优化施肥配施蚯蚓粪有机肥替代常规施肥对嫁接西瓜生长的影响,在优化施肥基础上设置4个不同用量蚯蚓粪有机肥处理:Q400、Q500、Q600、Q700(每667 m2施用蚯蚓粪400、500、600、700 kg),以不施肥(CK)和常规施肥(CF)为对照,研究不同施肥处理对嫁接西瓜生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,与CF相比,优化施肥配施500 kg·667 m-2蚯蚓粪有机肥,可以在不降低西瓜产量的基础上显著改善果实品质,西瓜维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量、糖酸比、中心可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量均显著提升,并显著提高了肥料偏生产力与肥料农学利用率。综合分析认为,Q500处理可代替常规施肥在陕西地区西瓜生产中推广施用。     

生物炭和微生物菌肥配施对平欧杂种榛生长发育和产量的影响

以6年生平欧杂种榛辽榛7号为研究对象,研究生物炭与微生物菌肥不同施肥配比对平欧杂种榛生长指标、叶绿素含量和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明：生物炭225g/株与微生物菌肥90g/株配施处理,对平欧杂种榛的新生枝条、芽间距、冠径、产量增效最显著,分别增加了29.4%、70.3%、16.4%、20%;其他处理与对照组相比,在生长指标和产量方面均有促进作用。生物炭和微生物菌肥配施,提高了平欧杂种榛出果率和出仁率,C1W1的纵径与对照组存在极显著差异,高于对照20.9%,各处理果仁横径与对照无显著差异。综合比较分析,生物炭225g/株与微生物菌肥90g/株配施C1W1为本试验的最佳施用量。     

羊粪和蚯蚓粪对番茄农艺性状和品质的影响

以番茄品种‘鑫研九号’为试材,采用不同配比的羊粪和蚯蚓粪作为基肥进行露地番茄栽培比较,以期得出最佳施肥处理。结果表明:施用羊粪和蚯蚓粪均能显著提高番茄植株长势,提早开花和采收,显著提高果实大小和产量,显著增加番茄可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和番茄红素含量。其中20%蚯蚓粪+80%土壤处理的植株株高最高(180.6 cm)、茎粗最粗(13.9 mm)和叶片数最多(38.7片),植株长势最好;该处理可使番茄开花提早4 d,果实提早7 d采收;使单果质量(200.0 g)和单株产量(4.0 kg)显著增加。施用20%的蚯蚓粪使番茄可溶性糖含量(2.6%)、糖酸比(3.5%)达到最高,使果实变甜。综合考虑番茄的生长势、生育期、产量和品质,20%蚯蚓粪+80%土壤施肥方法最佳。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

遮阴及地膜覆盖对黄皮果实表面温湿度变化及果实品质的影响

以金鸡心黄皮为试材,研究了遮阴及地膜覆盖处理对黄皮果实品质与果实表面温湿度变化的影响。结果表明：阴雨天气下,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖处理的果实表面日平均湿度低;晴天天气下,地膜覆盖处理及对照果实表面的日平均温度高,昼夜温差大,阴雨及晴天天气下温度变化、湿度变化趋势基本一致;地膜覆盖提高了果实品质,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖降低了果实好果率。     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。