新疆南疆矮化密植枣园三种红枣病害发生规律及其影响因素研究

以新疆南疆矮化密植枣园中发生的枣缩果病、枣果黑斑病和枣叶斑病为研究对象,采用普查和定时、定点调查的方法,研究不同间作模式、不同品种对3种病害发生为害的影响以及3种病害在田间的消长规律。结果表明:枣缩果病从7月中旬开始发生,到8月中下旬达到发病高峰,随后随着枣果的成熟,病害逐渐减轻;枣果黑斑病在8月下旬开始发生,随后不断加重;枣叶斑病在5月上旬开始发生,随着叶片的不断长大,病害逐渐加重。枣棉间作和枣辣椒间作均会加重3种病害的发生,不同品种中,"灰枣"的缩果病、枣果黑斑病发生最轻,"骏枣"次之,而"赞皇大枣"发病最重,"赞皇大枣"叶斑病发生最轻,"灰枣"次之,而"骏枣"发生最重。     

裂果症对临猗冬枣好果率的影响

通过调查问卷和重点调查相结合的方式,对临猗县现代农业鲜枣示范区(庙上)冬枣的主要病虫害情况及影响冬枣好果率的因素进行了初步调查。调查结果显示,临猗冬枣虫害主要有枣园桃蛀果蛾、枣园朱砂叶螨,两者皆是危害枣树栽培的主要虫害;病害主要有枣黑斑病,枣炭疽病,枣缩果病、枣裂果症等。其中枣裂果症,虽然是生理性病害,但是临猗冬枣的裂果现象普遍存在,严重影响了冬枣的好果率和经济效益。因此,充分分析临猗冬枣裂果症产生的具体原因以及寻找有针对性的解决措施,对于临猗冬枣健康良好的持续发展至关重要。     

枣炭疽病菌鉴定及9种杀菌剂对其菌丝生长的影响

为明确枣炭疽病的病原菌,从病样中分离病原菌并选择获得代表性的2个菌株,研究病原菌的形态学特征、rDNA-ITS序列、致病性及9种杀菌剂对其菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:引起枣炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides),该病原菌主要侵染枣果实,发病初期果皮病斑为淡黄色,逐渐变成黑褐色圆形或近圆形斑,病斑中央凹陷,边缘呈黄色晕圈。吡唑醚菌酯和咪鲜胺对炭疽菌菌株YY-02和YY-05的菌丝生长抑制作用最强,其平均EC_(50)值分别为0.27,0.23μg/ml,2种药剂的毒力显著高于其他药剂;戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、醚菌酯、三唑酮4种药剂对胶孢炭疽菌YY-02和YY-05菌丝也具有一定的抑制作用,其平均EC_(50)值分别为2.85、2.97、3.17、5.69μg/mL。建议在枣炭疽病发病的不同时期,轮换使用吡唑醚菌酯、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、醚菌酯和三唑酮等杀菌剂,以有效控制该病害。     

冬枣主要病害及其防治措施

正危害冬枣的病害种类较多,下面笔者列举一些常发病害,并总结经生产实践的有效防治措施,供果农参考。1枣炭疽病主要危害果实,也可侵染枣吊、枣叶、枣头及枣股。在果肩或果腰的受害处,最初出现淡黄色水浸状点,逐渐扩大呈不规则形黄褐色斑块,中间产生圆形凹陷病斑,病斑扩大后连片,呈红褐色,引起落果。防治措施:(1)彻底清扫果园,清除落地的枣吊、枣叶、僵果,摘除树上老枣吊,结合修剪剪除病枝、枯枝,集中烧毁。(2)秋季追施有机肥,花期     

5%霉能灵可湿性粉剂防治冬枣褐斑病药效试验

冬枣褐斑病是一种危害枣叶和枣果的真菌性病害,自2002年以来在山东沾化地区发生严重,流行年份使冬枣减产20%～40%.冬枣褐斑病的发病点也是炭疽病、轮纹病等病害的侵染点,有些园片的病果率高达60%以上.我们于2006年用爱利思达生命科学株式会社提供的5%霉能灵可湿性粉剂进行了田间药效试验.     

冬枣斑点病及综合防治方法

冬枣斑点病俗称黑斑病、斑点病,是一种危害冬枣果实和叶片的重要病害.斑点病的危害,对冬枣的产量和品质影响极大,自2002年来,在沾化县连年发生该病,给沾化冬枣产业带来了巨大的损失.据近几年的观察研究,冬枣斑点病的严重流行,能使冬枣减产20%～40%,形成的残次果有的占到60%以上,严重影响了冬枣的经济效益.冬枣斑点病的发病点是炭疽病、轮纹病等病害的侵染点,对后期烂果性病害的流行,有着极其重要的作用.所以做好冬枣斑点病的防治,是增加冬枣产量,提高冬枣品质的重要措施之一.     

辽宁朝阳地区冬枣黑斑病发生与防治初报

经调查,冬枣黑斑病是朝阳市新发现的一种严重危害大枣果实的重要病害,严重枣园发病率达100%,对枣的产量和品质影响极大。该病主要侵染源为细菌的假单孢杆菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）、黄单孢杆菌属（Xanthomonassp.）、欧式杆菌属（Erwinia sp.）。在6-7月降雨较多、湿度较大的田间条件下暴发成灾。通过症状分析,此病害是典型的细菌性疮痂病,应该命名为大枣细菌性疮痂病。通过田间防治试验证明,使用20%噻菌铜SC 500倍液,2.3%克菌康WP 800倍,7月份开始间隔5-7 d喷雾防治,防效较高,建议在田间推广使用。     

三种枣果病害的症状和防治方法

炭疽病、缩果病、褐斑病是为害枣树果实的三种主要病害。发生严重时,急剧降低枣果品质,还会导致减产乃至绝产。1 枣炭疽病 俗称“烧茄子”病。果实染病后,果肩部初变淡黄色,进而出现水渍状斑点,中间产生圆形凹陷。病斑连片后呈红褐色,使果实早落,果核变黑。病果味苦,重者晒干后仅剩果核和丝状物连接果皮,无法食     

枣树病害与栽培管理的关系

近年来,新疆南疆的枣树病害日趋严重,主要有黑斑病、炭疽病、黄叶病和缩果病等,轻者使枣质量下降,严重者枣园绝产,成为枣树生产发展的极大障碍.为更好地防治病害,2011年5～8月,笔者对新疆阿拉尔垦区的枣树病害进行了实地调查,分析了枣树病害发生与栽培管理的关系,提出了防治对策. 1 枣树病害与栽培管理的关系 调查发现不同枣品种的抗病力有差异,‘灰枣’、‘鸡心枣’等小枣类品种较抗黑斑病和炭疽病,‘骏枣’、‘金昌’、‘壶瓶枣’等大枣类品种对黑斑病和炭疽病较敏感.如‘灰枣’园和‘骏枣’园两园间只隔一条田埂,‘灰枣’无黑斑病而‘骏枣’非常严重.     

如何防治枣果炭疽病和褐斑病

答安徽省定远县读者王光荣枣果炭疽病和褐斑病是我国红枣主产区枣树的重要病害,且呈现严重的流行趋势,流行年份病果率可达50%以上,甚至绝收。现将其病害的发生症状特点、发病规律和防治技术介绍如下,以便枣农朋友进行病害鉴别和防治。1枣果炭疽病1.1症状特点炭疽病主要危害枣果,俗称烧茄子病。病果发生部位一般在果肩或腰部,最初出现淡黄色水渍状斑点,逐渐扩大成不规则黄褐色斑点,中间产生圆形凹陷病斑,病斑扩大后连片呈红褐色,最后果实提早脱落。早落的果实枣核有变黑现象,病果果肉变褐、含糖量低、味苦、品质差,重者不堪食用。多数炭疽病…     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

遮阴及地膜覆盖对黄皮果实表面温湿度变化及果实品质的影响

以金鸡心黄皮为试材,研究了遮阴及地膜覆盖处理对黄皮果实品质与果实表面温湿度变化的影响。结果表明：阴雨天气下,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖处理的果实表面日平均湿度低;晴天天气下,地膜覆盖处理及对照果实表面的日平均温度高,昼夜温差大,阴雨及晴天天气下温度变化、湿度变化趋势基本一致;地膜覆盖提高了果实品质,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖降低了果实好果率。     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。