自行式缆索起重集材机集材作业工艺研究

基于从欧洲最新引进的自行式缆索起重集材机(KOLLER-K303H)及集材作业技术,"陡坡山地森林择伐作业技术及其设备引进"项目组对森林采运的缆索集材作业工艺进行了研究,旨在为提高森林集材作业的效率、降低成本,减轻集材作业过程对森林生态系统的破坏,并消化吸收和完善所引进的集材作业技术,为其推广应用做准备。根据引进设备的机构功能特点,本研究详叙了"塔架上置式"和"塔架下置式"集材作业工艺技术,及探讨了"正反坡同步集材"和"超范围集材"的集材技术。伐区实地的集材试验结果表明:本研究所探讨的集材作业工艺效率高,能较好地适应中国南方林区复杂地形集材作业的需要。     

亚布力林业局适宜集材方式的探讨

本文根据几种集材方式的特点,结合亚布力林区的实际情况,对目前亚布力林业局适宜的集材方式进行了探讨。通过比较论证,认为畜力原木集材是目前亚布力林区适宜的集材方式。今后集材方式的改革应是机畜结合,以畜力原木集材为主,机械原条集材为辅。     

低强度择伐伐区集材方式的探讨

这篇文章探讨了低强度择伐伐区集材方式，分析了各种集材方式的优缺点，讨论了新的集材工艺和集材方式。新的集材工艺和集材方式是：由轻型绞盘机或小型拖拉机或畜力将原木或原条运到集材道两侧，完成小集中作业；再由拖拉机或索道或畜力将这些原木或原条运到伐区楞场，完成集材作业。     

竹材集材关键技术装备研究现状

竹材集材是有效衔接竹子砍伐和竹材运输的关键一步,实施竹材集材关键技术装备的机械化可使竹林场从砍伐、集材到运输真正实现集约化、机械化、连续化运营。文章分析了我国竹林场经营面临的问题,综述了国内外竹材集材关键技术装备的研究现状以及竹材集材可借鉴的木材集材的方法与装备。文章认为,竹材集材技术装备的研究还处于初级探索阶段,存在着机械化程度低、缺乏自主创新、社会重视程度低等问题,未来在借鉴木材集材技术装备的同时,应努力提升竹材集材的机械化程度,加大自主创新力度。     

利用轮式小拖拉机进行集材的研究

将轮式小拖拉机进行改造,装配绞盘机和搭载板后进行集材,在集材距离200~300 m时,日集材量为:冬季20~30 m3,夏季15~20 m3,比畜力集材提高了4~6倍;集材成本为15~20元.m-3,是畜力集材的50%。利用轮式小拖拉机进行集材,对地表及幼苗幼树的破坏程度大幅度降低,是目前可供选择的一种较好的集材方式。     

伐区集材机牵引力和集材量的计算

目前,我国伐区集材的主要方式为拖拉机集材和架空索道集材。前者适于坡度小于50％的林地集材使用,后者适于坡度大于50％的林地集材使用。一、集材机牵引力和阻力的计算集材机牵引力的选择决定于集材阻力和集材量。集材阻力与集材方式、林地(集材道)状况和坡度大小有关。集材方式有全悬空式、半拖地和全拖地三种,如图1所示。图1中a与g为全拖地式集材,b、d、与e为半拖地集材,c与f为全悬式集材。     

马达声声话集材

集材就是将木材从伐木地点汇集到装车场或山上楞场(或推河场)的作业。集材随着科学技术的发展也在逐步前进。解放初期是靠畜力即牛马套子进行集材。1950年辽东地区创造了单轨木马、木轨双滑杠等集材工具,随之在东北林区全面推广应用了这些集材工具。1952年末至1954年在黑龙江省带岭实验局实验了拖拉机原条集材和绞盘机原条集材。1955年用拖拉机试验常年集材。1956年乌敏河林业局安全伐木场     

空中集材

在木材生产中,把伐区内大量分散在采伐迹地上的木材集中在一起,叫做集材。集材有多种方式,如机械集材(拖拉机集材、绞盘机集材)和手工集材(牛、马套子集材和人力集材)等。当今所谓空中集材,主要是指飞机和气球集材。现分别简介如下:     

不同采伐、集材方式对林地土壤理化性质影响的研究

选择５种不同集材方式的皆伐作业与采伐强度为３０％的择伐作业,进行土壤理化性质指标变化程度的比较。在考虑各种作业的集材量和集材道面积的情况下,经主成分分析得出不同采伐、集材方式对林地土壤理化性质的干扰程度。认为,以皆伐作业手扶拖拉机集材为最大,其次为皆伐作业土滑道集材,其余依次为皆伐作业半悬索道集材,皆伐作业手拉板车集材,皆伐作业全悬索道集材,最低为择伐作业人力集材。     

兴安落叶松人工林抚育机械作业效率的研究

通过对沾河林业局现有的兴安落叶松人工林抚育机械即割灌机、油锯、集材机械进行分析和研究,结果表明：国产机型与国外先进机型相比,还存在着很大的改进空间。短距离集材,畜力集材具有优势;随集材距离加大,拖拉机集材效率明显高于畜力集材。影响集材效率的关键因素是回空和重载时间。     

Beyond reduced-impact logging: Silvicultural treatments to increase growth rates of tropical trees

Use of reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques has repeatedly been shown to reduce damage caused by logging. Unfortunately, these techniques do not necessarily ameliorate the low growth rates of many commercial species or otherwise assure recovery of the initial volume harvested during the next cutting cycle. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates on trees in general and on of future crop trees (FCTs) of 24 commercial timber species. The study was carried out in a moist tropical forest in Bolivia, where we monitored twelve 27-ha plots for 4 years. Plots received one of four treatments in which logging intensity and silvicultural treatments were varied: control (no logging); normal (reduced-impact) logging; normal logging and low-intensity silviculture; and, increased logging intensity and high-intensity silviculture. Tree growth rates increased with intensity of logging and silvicultural treatments. The growth rates of FCTs of commercial species were 50–60% higher in plots that received silvicultural treatments than in the normal logging and control plots. Responses to silvicultural treatments varied among functional groups. The largest increase in growth rates was observed in FCTs belonging to the partially shade-tolerant and the shade-tolerant groups. These results indicate that silvicultural treatments, in addition to the use of RIL techniques, are more likely to result in a higher percentage of timber volume being recovered after the first cutting cycle than RIL alone.     

Prospects for Reduced Impact Logging in Central African logging concessions

Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) has traditionally been described as a set of forest management practices that reduce logging impacts and improve productivity. In this paper, we review the evolution of the logging sector in the Congo basin since the early 20th century. We argue that logging in the Congo basin has been little influenced by RIL until the recent regional Forestry Law reforms that started in Cameroon in 1994. RIL has not been integrated into the logging sector of the region as an independent body of knowledge, but more as a complement of the new mandatory management plans. In spite of its proven environmental and economic advantages, the role of RIL in improving forest management has been poorly understood, and we identify some causes of this situation. Finally, based on a regional study of 30 concessions, we analyse the frequency of some RIL-related practices and their relation with markets and certification schemes. We conclude that a clear definition of what RIL techniques are embraced by the logging sector is needed if RIL is to fully benefit from the recent development of new market and logging schemes based on certification, improved logging efficiency and a more transparent chain of custody.     

Invasion of Non-Commercial Tree Species After Selection Logging in a Bolivian Tropical Forest

Abstract

Single-tree selection logging will likely result in a 4.3% loss in the relative abundance and a 4.1% loss in basal area of trees of commercial species in one cutting cycle due to their removal by harvesting combined with their potential recolonization of only 31% of logging gaps in a Bolivian tropical dry forest. Densities of the most valuable species, Amburana cearensis and Cedrela fissilis, were particularly reduced by logging. To sustain the current harvesting rate, uses need to be developed for more non-commercial species and/or silvicul-tural treatments employed that increase regeneration of commercial species and remove non-commercial species using timber stand improvement techniques.     

A Model for comparing reduced impact logging with conventional logging for an Eastern Amazonian Forest

Using data from a logging experiment in the eastern Brazilian Amazon region, we develop a matrix growth and yield model that captures the dynamic effects of harvest system choice on forest structure and composition. Multinomial logistic regression is used to estimate the growth transition parameters for a 10-year time step, while a Poisson regression model is used to estimate recruitment parameters. The model is designed to be easily integrated with an economic model of decisionmaking to perform tropical forest policy analysis. The model is used to compare the long-run structure and composition of a stand arising from the choice of implementing either conventional logging techniques or more carefully planned and executed reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques, contrasted against a baseline projection of an unlogged forest. Results from “log and leave” scenarios show that a stand logged according to Brazilian management requirements will require well over 120 years to recover its initial commercial volume, regardless of logging technique employed. Implementing RIL, however, accelerates this recovery. Scenarios imposing a 40-year cutting cycle raise the possibility of sustainable harvest volumes, although at significantly lower levels than is implied by current regulations. Meeting current Brazilian forest policy goals may require an increase in the planned total area of permanent production forest or the widespread adoption of silvicultural practices that increase stand recovery and volume accumulation rates after RIL harvests.     

The influence of reproductive traits on liana abundance 10 years after conventional and reduced-impacts logging in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

Balancing timber production and conservation in tropical forests requires an understanding of the impacts of silvicultural manipulations on specific groups of organisms. Lianas are characteristic of many tropical forests, where they contribute to species diversity, ecosystem functioning, and biomass. However, lianas can also impede timber production by increasing logging damage and slowing tree growth. Cutting lianas prior to logging can mitigate the negative effects, but may adversely affect a forest's value for conservation. To evaluate the effects of forest management activities on lianas, this study assessed the impacts of logging, both with and without pre-logging liana cutting, on the relative abundance and population structure of five species of lianas that differed in primary reproductive strategies.Inventories of the five study species were conducted 10 years following logging in 4.4 ha plots in three adjacent treatment areas: (1) an old-growth forest reserve, (2) a selectively-logged forest that used conventional practices for the region, and (3) a forest that was logged using reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques including complete liana cutting prior to logging. Liana species responses to logging varied according to their primary modes of reproduction. Croton ascendens, a pioneer species with a persistent seed bank, had a higher abundance in the two logging treatments relative to the old-growth forest, while Serjania caracasana, an early successional species lacking a persistent seed bank, showed abundant regeneration following conventional logging but negligible regeneration following RIL. In contrast, Acacia multipinnata, also an early successional species, showed abundant regeneration following RIL owing to the sprouting of persistent prostrate stems present on the forest floor prior to logging. In both logged areas, Bauhinia guianensis recruited abundant climbing stems from self-supporting seedlings that were present prior to logging, but it showed greatly reduced seedling density following RIL. By sprouting profusely from both fallen stems and stumps, Memora schomburgkii recruited abundant small-diameter climbing stems in both of the logging treatments. The results of this study demonstrate that there are interspecific differences in liana responses to different types of logging and that knowing species’ primary modes of reproduction is a valuable first step toward predicting those responses.     

Costs of harvesting, transportation and milling in the Brazilian Amazon: Estimation and policy implications

We estimate economic cost functions for timber harvesting, transportation and milling in the Brazilian Amazon using a 2003 sample of 527 firms in both new and older frontier locations. We find that labor wage, distance from the forest to the processing location, type of equipment, and the type of the frontier all factor significantly in the total and marginal cost of each activity, and that predicted processing costs are not significantly different on new frontiers implying a lack of technology adoption as industry expansion into the Amazon has occurred. We also show that capturing economies of scale in logging by increasing average annual logging volumes by 50% and reducing the number of firms to about 1400 could lead to an industry wide cost savings of approximately US$90 million per year. Similar economies of scale are also present in log transport but not in processing. Further, if improved logging techniques allow harvest for an additional 1 month per year, for example through better planning, the industry could reduce logging costs by almost US$30 million. This points towards generating forest policies and economic conditions that encourage firm size growth, as opposed to those policies encouraging massive entry of small, unregulated and inefficient firms, and the adoption of management practices that allow for additional time in the forest.     

Reduced-impact logging: Challenges and opportunities

Over the past two decades, sets of timber harvesting guidelines designed to mitigate the deleterious environmental impacts of tree felling, yarding, and hauling have become known as “reduced-impact logging” (RIL) techniques. Although none of the components of RIL are new, concerns about destructive logging practices and worker safety in the tropics stimulated this recent proliferation of semi-coordinated research and training activities related to timber harvesting. Studies in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South and Central America have clearly documented that the undesired impacts of selective logging on residual stands and soils can be substantially reduced through implementation of a series of recommended logging practices by crews that are appropriately trained, supervised, and compensated. Whether reducing the deleterious impacts of logging also reduces profits seems to depend on site conditions (e.g., terrain, soil trafficability, and riparian areas), whether the profits from illegal activities are included in the baseline, and the perspective from which the economic calculations are made. A standardized approach for calculating logging costs using RILSIM software is advocated to facilitate comparisons and to allow uncoupling RIL practices to evaluate their individual financial costs and benefits. Further complicating the matter is that while there are elements common to all RIL guidelines (e.g., directional felling), other components vary (e.g., slope limits of 17–40° with ground-based yarding). While use of RIL techniques may be considered as a prerequisite for sustaining timber yields (STY), in particular, and sustainable forest management (SFM), in general, RIL should not be confounded with STY and SFM. This confusion is particularly problematic in forests managed for light-demanding species that benefit from both canopy opening and mineral soil exposure as well as where harvesting intensities are high and controlled primarily by minimum diameter cutting limits. These qualifications notwithstanding, since logging is the most intensive of silvicultural treatments in most tropical forests managed for timber, some aspects of RIL are critical (e.g., protection of water courses) whether forests are managed for STY, SFM, or even replacement by agricultural crops.     

Harvesting intensity versus sustainability in Indonesia

In East Kalimantan (Indonesia), impacts of conventional (CNV) and reduced-impact logging (RIL) on forest ecosystems were compared on the basis of pre- and post-harvesting stand inventories. There was a positive and significant correlation between the proportion of trees damaged by felling and the density of trees felled. Logging intensity ranged from 1 to 17 trees ha⁻¹(9–247 m³ ha⁻¹) and averaged 9 trees ha⁻¹ (86.9 m³ ha⁻¹). The study has shown that with RIL techniques, logging damage on the original stand can be significantly reduced by 50% compared with conventional logging. However, this 50% reduction in logging damage, was dependent on the felling intensity. With a felling intensity of 8 stems ha⁻¹ or less, RIL techniques only damaged 25% of the original tree population whereas 48% were damaged with conventional techniques. Above this felling intensity (i.e. 8 stems ha⁻¹), the effectiveness of RIL in limiting forest damage was significantly reduced, mainly because of the increasing felling damage. Moreover, the removal of all harvestable timber trees, leaving only few potential crop trees, will result in a seriously depleted residual stand. Because of the high damage involved by high felling intensity, leaving few potential crop trees, and the yield capacity of the remaining stand, acceptable harvesting volume will not be reached within the felling rotation of 35 years. It is concluded that silvicultural system based on diameter limit alone, as is the Indonesian system (TPTI), cannot be compatible with sustainability and more sophisticated harvested-selection rules are needed.     

Impacts of selective logging on above-ground forest biomass in the Monts de Cristal in Gabon

Selective logging is an important socio-economic activity in the Congo Basin but one with associated environmental costs, some of which are avoidable through the use of reduced-impact logging (RIL) practices. With increased global concerns about biodiversity losses and emissions of carbon from forest in the region, more information is needed about the effects of logging on forest structure, composition, and carbon balance. We assessed the consequences of low-intensity RIL on above-ground biomass and tree species richness in a 50 ha area in northwestern Gabon. We assessed logging impacts principally in 10 randomly located 1-ha plots in which all trees ?10 cm dbh were measured, identified to species, marked, and tagged prior to harvesting. After logging, damage to these trees was recorded as being due to felling or skidding (i.e., log yarding) and skid trails were mapped in the entire 50-ha study area. Allometric equations based on tree diameter and wood density were used to transform tree diameter into biomass.Logging was light with only 0.82 trees (8.11 m³) per hectare extracted. For each tree felled, an average of 11 trees ?10 cm dbh suffered crown, bole, or root damage. Skid trails covered 2.8% of the soil surface and skidding logs to the roadside caused damage to an average of 15.6 trees ?10 cm dbh per hectare. No effect of logging was observed on tree species richness and pre-logging above-ground forest biomass (420.4 Mg ha⁻¹) declined by only 8.1% (34.2 Mg ha⁻¹). We conclude from these data that with harvest planning, worker training in RIL techniques, and low logging intensities, substantial carbon stocks and tree species richness were retained in this selectively logged forest in Gabon.