紫甘薯花色苷的组分及抗氧化活性研究(英文)

对紫甘薯花色苷的化学成分和抗氧化活性进行了研究.研究采用大孔树脂AB-8纯化紫甘薯花色苷,高效液相色谱-2极管阵列法(HPLC-DAD)分析表明,纯化后的提取物中共含有11种花色苷,其中主要成分为酰化的矢车菊素和芍药素.并测定了紫甘薯总花色苷在DPPH自由基清除体系、超氧阴离子体系、还原力和亚油酸体系的抗氧化活性.在质量浓度均为0.5g/L时,花色苷、L-AA和 BHT的还原力分别为0.572、0.460 和0.121,花色苷的清除DPPH自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC50)和清除超氧阴离子IC50分别为6.94和3.68mg/L,表明花色苷还原能力强,并能有效地清除DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子.此外,紫甘薯花色苷能较好地抑制脂质过氧化.     

绵马贯众多酚的分离纯化及其抗氧化活性研究

采用70%乙醇提取绵马贯众多酚,并通过吸附实验考察了7种大孔树脂对绵马贯众多酚粗提物吸附率和解吸率的影响,发现HPD100树脂对绵马贯众多酚的纯化效果较好;进一步分析了样品质量浓度、上样速度、解吸乙醇体积分数、洗脱速度及样品pH值对HPD100树脂纯化绵马贯众多酚的影响,得出最佳纯化工艺条件为:样品溶液质量浓度为2.00 g/L,pH值为5,上样速度为1 mL/min,解吸乙醇体积分数为70%及洗脱速度为2 mL/min。该工艺条件下,绵马贯众多酚纯度由纯化前的27.64%提高到纯化后的54.00%(得率为6.46%),纯化效果显著。纯化后绵马贯众多酚抗氧化活性显著增加,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)及羟基自由基(·OH)的IC₅₀值分别为0.01和0.49 g/L(纯化前为0.05和1.79 g/L),0.04 g/L时对DPPH·的清除率为90.82%,与Vc相当;质量浓度为0.05 g/L时,纯化后绵马贯众多酚对铁离子还原能力为0.47,明显高于纯化前的0.25;且在酸性条件下DPPH·清除能力以及铁离子还原能力更高,在碱性条件下·OH清除能力更高。     

巨尾桉树皮总多酚的提取分离及其生物活性研究

以巨尾桉树皮为原料提取按树皮中的总多酚,通过正交试验优化了酶处理与超声波辅助联合提取法及超声波辅助提取法的工艺条件,并对抗氧化活性较强的乙酸乙酯萃取物进一步分离,通过大孔吸附树脂分离纯化制备得到11个活性组分(Fr.1~Fr.11)及1个活性单体化合物(Pu1),同时对其进行了体外抗氧化活性实验,并对Pu1进行了结构表征。研究结果表明:超声波辅助提取法的最佳工艺条件为60%乙醇、提取温度60℃、超声波作用时间50 min、料液比为1∶12(g∶mL),总多酚得率为5.12%。酶处理与超声波辅助联合提取法中最佳酶处理工艺条件为:酶溶液质量浓度0.15 g/L、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间50 min、酶溶液pH值5.0,在此基础上再经超声波辅助提取,总多酚得率为6.23%。乙酸乙酯萃取物的分离活性组分中Fr.5、Fr.6、Fr.7和Fr.8在质量浓度为24 mg/L时对DPPH·清除率大于60%,具有较好抗氧化能力,Pu1的半数抑制质量浓度(IC_(50))值为8.99 mg/L,小于对照样Vc的IC_(50)值(10.46 mg/L),说明Pu1具有显著的体外抗氧化活性。活性组分的总多酚含量与其抗氧化活性有很好的相关性(R=0.944 8,P0.000 1)。通过UV、FT-IR、MS和NMR等分析表明:化合物Pu1的相对分子质量为498,分子式为C21H_22O14,确定化合物Pu1为2'-甲氧基-六羟基联苯二酸-4-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷。     

大孔树脂纯化白及多酚及其体外抗氧化活性研究

对比了10种大孔树脂对白及多酚粗提液的静态吸附与解吸效果,并对优选的LSA-21树脂纯化白及多酚粗提液的工艺进行了探讨,对纯化前后的白及多酚提取液的体外抗氧化活性进行检测。研究结果表明:室温下,多酚粗提液质量浓度0.4～0.6 g/L,pH值4,上样流速2.0 mL/min为LSA-21树脂吸附白及多酚粗提液的最佳工艺;乙醇体积分数80%,解吸液pH值6,上样流速1.0 mL/min为最佳解吸工艺。以100 mL质量浓度为0.47 g/L粗提液在最佳工艺条件下纯化,白及多酚纯度由4.48%提高到27.61%,纯化效果较好。纯化后的白及多酚清除自由基能力有显著提升,其对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为7.72、8.65和205.39 mg/L。     

应用生物活性追踪法对香椿抗氧化活性的研究

采用生物活性追踪法,将香椿老叶甲醇提取物划分为4个不同极性部位,通过测定其总还原力、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基-肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力和三价铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)测试值,确定香椿老叶提取物抗氧化活性及其组成.结果表明:香椿老叶提取物中的强抗氧化活性物质主要集中在乙酸乙酯部位,该部位的总还原力相当于467.53mg/gVc的总还原值,FRAP值相当于10578μmol/g硫酸亚铁的FRAP值,质量浓度50mg/L的DPPH自由基清除率为92.84%,均比同浓度的2,4-二叔丁基甲基苯酚(BHT)强.相关性研究表明,香椿老叶提取物的抗氧化活性主要在于其含有较高的黄酮类化合物所致.TLC和HPLC分析表明:香椿老叶提取物强抗氧化活性物质主要由4个黄酮-糖苷类化合物组成.     

棕榈花苞抗氧化成分提取及体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究棕榈花苞中抗氧化成分的最佳提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性,在单因素试验的基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、液料比和提取时间为考察因素,以DPPH·自由基清除率和ABTS·+自由基阳离子清除率等抗氧化能力指标为衡量指标,采用Box-Behnken试验设计来优化提取工艺。在最佳提取工艺下得到提取物,测定其多酚和黄酮的含量,并以多项抗氧化指标综合评价其体外抗氧化能力。结果表明:当乙醇体积分数78%,液料比28∶1(m L∶g),提取时间64 min,提取温度80℃时,棕榈花苞提取物DPPH·清除率为92.05%,ABTS·+清除率为63.82%,提取物中总酚含量4.72%,得率为15.08 mg/g;总黄酮含量3.63%,得率为11.67 mg/g。本试验条件下每100 g棕榈花苞(以干质量计)的体外抗氧化能力相当于2 990~6 262 mg Vc,棕榈花苞的体外抗氧化能力IC50为0.115~5.795 mg/m L,具备一定的抗氧化能力。     

多指标综合评分法研究姜黄色素的提取工艺

姜黄色素主要含有姜黄素、脱甲氧基姜黄素和二脱甲氧基姜黄素等抗氧化成分。本研究以得率和抗氧化活性为考察指标,在正交试验的基础上,采用多指标综合评分法研究了温度、乙醇体积分数、提取时间和料液比对姜黄色素的得率、二苯基苦基苯肼自由基(DPPH.)和羟基自由基(.OH)清除率的影响。综合评分法得到的姜黄色素优化提取工艺为:提取温度80℃、乙醇体积分数90 %、提取时间1.5h、料液比1∶8(g∶mL),该工艺条件下姜黄色素得率为4.37%,DPPH.清除率8.58%,.OH清除率20.67%。     

均匀设计法优选大孔树脂纯化七叶莲总皂苷工艺研究

以总皂苷比吸附量和解吸率为指标,通过静态和动态吸附解吸附试验,从9种树脂中筛选出AB-8型大孔吸附树脂;以总皂苷收率和总皂苷纯度为指标,通过单因素试验考察了最佳洗脱剂浓度,并利用均匀设计法对大孔树脂富集纯化的工艺进行了优化.结果表明:以70%乙醇为洗脱剂,以总皂苷收率为指标,优选的工艺参数为:上样质量浓度0.976g/L、上样流速2.2mL/min、洗脱剂用量3.0BV(1BV=80mL,下同)、洗脱流速3.6mL/min,其总皂苷收率62.17%,总皂苷纯度41.22%;以总皂苷纯度为指标,优化的工艺参数为:上样质量浓度0.976g/L、上样流速2.8mL/min、洗脱剂用量0.6BV、洗脱流速0.8mL/min,其总皂苷收率41.25%,总皂苷纯度49.79%.     

桦褶孔菌不同溶剂萃取物抗氧化活性研究

为了研究桦褶孔菌不同溶剂萃取物的体外抗氧化能力及总黄酮含量、多酚含量与抗氧化活性之间的相关性,采用不同极性溶剂对桦褶孔菌75%乙醇提取物进行萃取,得到石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相萃取物,测定不同萃取相中总黄酮和多酚的含量,研究各萃取相清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基能力,并分析总黄酮和多酚含量与抗氧化活性的相关关系。结果表明,石油醚相中的总黄酮含量最高,为(214.62±3.24)mg/g,乙酸乙酯相中多酚含量最高,为(50.34±30.13)mg/g。桦褶孔菌不同溶剂萃取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中正丁醇相萃取物清除DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基活性最强,其EC_(50)分别为(66.09±1.82)μg/mL和(47.94±1.68)μg/mL;正丁醇相萃取物浓度在0.5mg/mL时清除DPPH自由基的能力和V_C相当;乙酸乙酯相萃取物清除超氧阴离子自由基活性仅次于正丁醇相萃取物,EC_(50)为(93.63±1.97)μg/mL。相关性显示桦褶孔菌不同萃取相中总黄酮和多酚含量与抗氧化活性呈现较好的相关关系(P0.05)。研究结果表明正丁醇相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物具有较强的抗氧化活性,可为桦褶孔菌活性成分的分离奠定理论依据。     

东紫苏挥发油的化学组成及其抗氧化活性研究

通过蒸馏对东紫苏挥发油进行提取，利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分，并采用DPPH自由基清除法对其抗氧化活性进行测定。结果显示：东紫苏挥发油中检测出16种化合物，占总挥发油质量的80.32%,其中桉树醇的相对质量分数最高，占43.57%。东紫苏挥发油在1.83～8.29 mg/mL浓度范围内，与DPPH自由基清除率呈现出良好的量效关系，IC50值为12.25 mg/mL,表明东紫苏挥发油具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.