Bola型表面活性剂磺化脱氢松香酸二钠盐的表面化学性质

以脱氢松香酸为原料,经磺化、中和反应合成了一种非对称Bola型表面活性剂磺化脱氢松香酸二钠盐(DSDA),利用FT-IR、1H NMR及MS对目标产物结构进行确证,采用表面张力法确定了DSDA在303.0K、pH值为10.5时的临界胶束浓度(CMC),考察了其在不同NaCl浓度(0～0.50mol/L)下的表面活性.结果表明,DSDA溶液表面张力-浓度曲线出现了一个转折点;一定温度下,随着NaCl浓度的增大,DSDA溶液CMC从25mmol/L降至3.83mmol/L,表面极限吸附量(Г∞)下降,最低表面张力(γCMC)基本不受影响.     

二乙醇胺基木质素非离子表面活性剂的制备及表征

依据酸沉淀法对碱木质素进行了分级,分级后pH值4 ～ 6的木质素与环氧氯丙烷、二乙醇胺反应,制备了木质素基非离子表面活性剂.通过红外光谱、含氮量的测定对产物的结构进行了表征,通过表面张力测定对产品的表面活性进行了分析.结果表明:木质素基非离子表面活性剂固含量为32.6%,含氮量为1.99%,红外光谱分析可确定在木质素上引入了环氧氯丙烷和二乙醇胺,水溶液表面张力降低到53.27mN/m,表明二乙醇胺基木质素非离子表面活性剂(DLNS)具有良好的表面活性.另外通过与十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)复配后浊度的测定,表明产品在SDS与DLNS的体积比为20: 3 ～ 20: 20范围与SDS复配,浊度较低,复配效果较好.     

脱氢松香酸甲酯喹啉衍生物的合成与表征

以脱氢松香酸甲酯(Ⅱ)为起始原料,通过在12位溴代得到12-溴-脱氢松香酸甲酯(Ⅲ),再经过在13位选择性硝化后还原制得中间体13-氨基脱异丙基脱氢松香酸甲酯(Ⅴ),Ⅴ继续与甘油在浓硫酸作用下缩合得(4R,12bS)-4,12b-二甲基-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12b-八氢化萘并[1,2-g]喹啉-4-羧酸甲酯(Ⅵ)和(7R,10aS)-7,10a-二甲基-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-八氢化萘并[2,1-f]喹啉-7-羧酸甲酯(Ⅶ)两种松香基喹啉衍生物,这两种产物的产率分别为51.2%和20.3%,质量分数分别为71.6%和28.4%,产物的结构通过IR,1HNMR和元素分析进行了表征。     

3-氯-2-羟丙基二甲基脱氢枞基氯化铵的制备及其表面活性研究

以环氧氯丙烷(ECH)和脱氢枞胺(DHA)为基本原料,首先通过Eschweiler-Clarke反应使DHA转化为N,N-二甲基脱氢枞胺(DMDHA),再用DMDHA和盐酸作用生成的盐酸盐与ECH。经季铵化反应合成3-氯-2-羟丙基二甲基脱氢枞基氯化铵(CHPDMDHA),并表征其结构,测定产物中CHPDMDHA含量,研究其表面活性。结果表明,CHPDMDHA相对于纯化后DHA的收率约在60%,离子色谱(IC)分析结果显示经乙酸乙酯/乙醇(体积比2.0∶1.0)构成的混合溶剂重结晶后的产物中CHPDMDHA质量分数为98.32%,表面张力测定显示25℃时产物的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为1.60×10-5mol/L,达到cmc时水溶液的表面张力(γcmc)为30.38mN/m,能够达到的最低表面张力值(γmin)为27.4 mN/m。     

竹醋液与茶多酚协同抗氧化性能研究

通过研究竹醋液与茶多酚复配后的协同抗氧化效果,考察了两种复配液(竹醋液与茶多酚的体积比分别为10∶1和5∶1)对DPPH、超氧阳离子O2·-和羟基自由基·OH的清除能力.结果显示:竹醋液与茶多酚复配液的抗氧化能力优于单独竹醋液或单独茶多酚,即复合抗氧化剂具有协同清除自由基的作用.可见,竹醋液与茶多酚复配后,产生了协同效应,复配液抗氧化能力不仅与复配物本身性质有关,并且与复配物的比例有关.     

牵牛子化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

采用硅胶柱层析和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析从牵牛子 70% (体积分数)乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到8个化合物,经理化及光谱方法鉴定分别为肉桂酸( Ⅰ )、阿魏酸( Ⅱ )、绿原酸( Ⅲ )、氯原酸甲酯( Ⅳ )、氯原酸丙酯( Ⅴ )、大黄酸( Ⅵ )、12-羟基松香酸甲酯(Ⅶ)、12-羟基氢化松香酸甲酯( Ⅷ).经检索,这些化合物均为首次从牵牛属植物中分离得到.     

肽类表面活性剂的合成及其表面活性性能的研究

以生物质资源棕榈酸、硬脂酸和脱氢枞酸为原料,通过甘氨酸羧基保护法合成了棕榈酰甘氨酸(A)、硬脂酰甘氨酸(B)和脱氢枞酰甘氨酸(C)3种肽类表面活性剂,用IR光谱确证其结构,并对其表面活性性能进行了研究.研究表明:所合成的3种表面活性剂具有良好发泡能力及乳化能力,棕榈酰甘氨酸的表面活性略优于硬脂酰甘氨酸和脱氢枞酰甘氨酸,其泡沫高度可达112 mm,分水时间可达15 min.肽类表面活性剂是一类环境友好的表面活性剂.     

基于自燃点法的复配麻风树柴油的十六烷值改进与测定

采用自燃点法,用自制自燃点测定仪在考察标准燃料自燃点与十六烷值(CN)的线性关系成立的基础上,在复配生物柴油(即麻风树种子油经添加黏度调整剂和改进剂等复配而成)中添加硝酸正丁酯(NBN)、草酸正丁酯(DNBO)、氢过氧化叔丁烷(TBHP)以及三者两两复配的CN改进剂,实验结果表明:单一的CN改进剂添加量为0.1%~1.0%时,能有效提高复配生物柴油的CN15~25个单位;单一添加时以NBN效果最好,当其添加量为0.6%,则复配生物柴油的CN由27提高到50。复配CN改进剂,DNBO与TBHP复配有协同增效作用,当其复配比例为1∶9~9∶1,添加量为0.6%时,复配生物柴油的CN为52~54;而NBN与DNBO的复配无协同效应。在自燃点测定及其计算CN的指导下,用单缸柴油机验证CN预测及添加改进剂的效果,结果表明:自燃点测定预测燃料的十六烷值的方法是可行的。     

磺化碳固体酸催化麻疯油与甲醇的酯交换反应

制备了磺化碳固体酸催化剂,用红外光谱、元素分析、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析对所制备的催化剂进行了定性定量研究.用磺化碳固体酸催化麻疯油与甲醇的酯交换反应,研究了相关因素对反应的影响,用高效液相色谱法分析反应中甘油三酯(TG)、甘油双酯(DG)、甘油单酯(MG)和脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)的含量,结果表明,用磺化碳固体酸催化麻疯油与甲醇的酯交换反应非常有效,最佳反应条件(甲醇与麻疯油物质的量之比固定为12∶1):催化剂用量为麻疯油质量的10%,反应温度120℃,反应时间8h,反应原料中含脂肪酸不大于10%,含水量不大于5%,酯交换率可达到95%左右.这种催化剂循环使用10次,酯交换率没有下降.     

麦草碱木质素的氧化降解及产物特性的研究(I)

对不同氧化条件下,麦草氧化碱木质素的分子质量、酸溶木质素含量、酚羟基、羧基、甲氧基含量、表面活性的变化进行了研究.研究表明,当用碱量较高(60%,30%)时,其分子质量均一化程度较高.加入H2O2后分子质量＞10 000的高分子组分含量明显下降,但用碱量较低(10%.5%)时则变化不大,说明在02/H202氧化时碱有着明显作用.对酸溶木质素含量来说,也呈现出这一规律.木质素经氧化后,酚羟基含量升高,而羧基、甲氧基含量下降.在高用碱量条件(60%、30%)下,氧化木质素的表面张力下降较大,添加H202后下降更为明显.当用碱量为60%、H202用量10%时,氧化木质素4%水溶液的表面张力可由原木质素的46.8 mN/m降至38 8 mN/m     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.