水竹叶总黄酮的提取及纯化工艺研究

以水竹叶为原料,采用水浴和超声波两种提取方法,通过单因素与正交试验确定了水竹叶总黄酮提取的最佳条件,并筛选了不同树脂对总黄酮的吸附和解吸附特性.实验结果表明:水浴提取最佳条件为:温度50 ℃,提取时间2.0 h,乙醇体积分数60%,固液比1:20(g:mL,下同);总黄酮得率1.65%.影响得率的因素为:固液比＞乙醇体积分数＞提取温度＞提取时间.超声波提取最佳条件为:2.0 g水竹叶,超声波作用时间30 min,乙醇体积分数60 %,固液比1:15;总黄酮得率为1.27%.影响得率的因素为:超声波作用时间＞乙醇体积分数＞固液比.AB-8树脂对总黄酮纯化具有较好效果,体积分数为70%的乙醇是较好的解吸剂.     

竹叶总黄酮提取纯化工艺研究

以芦丁为对照,竹叶总黄酮得率为考察指标,通过正交试验法优选破碎提取竹叶总黄酮的最佳工艺.在此基础上,采用真空薄膜浓缩,超声波脱色,大孔树脂Diaion HP-20吸附分离纯化竹叶总黄酮提取物.结果表明,20 g竹叶粗粉最佳提取工艺为用80%(体积分数)乙醇做溶剂,液固比为10:1(mL:g)提取1次,5 min.最佳分离纯化工艺为:采用大孔树脂Diaion HP-20进行分离富集,以不同浓度的乙醇进行梯度洗脱,洗脱流速为5mL/min,收集并减压浓缩各洗脱部分的总黄酮提取物,精制后的总黄酮纯度可达76%.     

超声波辅助提取旱柳树叶中的总黄酮

以旱柳落叶为原料，60％乙醇（质量分数，下同）为提取剂，芦丁为标准对照品，研究探索了柳叶中总黄酮的溶剂提取法和超声波辅助提取法的最佳提取条件，并对两种提取方法的提取效果进行了比较。试验表明，溶剂提取法的最佳提取条件为：0．3g柳叶粉末以60％乙醇为溶剂，料液比1：35（g：mL，下同），65℃提取3次，每次75min，总黄酮得率3．83％；超声波辅助提取的最佳条件为：0．3g柳叶粉末以60％乙醇为溶剂，料液比1：35，超声波功率400w，超声波处理3次，每次30min，总黄酮得率4．26％。超声波辅助提取比单纯的溶剂提取缩短了60％的提取时间，得率却提高了11．23％。     

超声波辅助提取竹叶茶多酚工艺研究

以竹叶为原料，采用超声波辅助提取茶多酚，通过单因素实验和正交试验优化提取条件。结果表明，从竹叶中提取茶多酚的最佳条件为：乙醇浓度60％、料液比1：10、温度65℃、提取时间30min、超声波功率320W，此条件下茶多酚得率为1．78％。     

超声波辅助萃取法提取乌药叶黄酮类化合物的工艺研究

以乌药叶为原料,用均匀设计试验法优化了乌药叶总黄酮(FL)的超声波提取工艺,考察了乙醇体积分数、液固比、超声波功率和超声波作用时间4个因素对乌药叶总黄酮提取率的影响,确立了乌药叶总黄酮的优化超声波提取工艺条件为:5 g乌药叶粉,超声波作用时间18 min,超声波功率250 W,乙醇体积分数40%,液固比10∶1(mL∶g),测得乌药叶总黄酮得率为2.13%。对超声波提取进行了数学模拟,模拟值与试验结果吻合良好。     

野龙竹茎中黄酮类化合物的组织化学定位及其提取工艺研究

以野龙竹竹茎为材料,采用组织化学定位方法,研究野龙竹茎中黄酮类物质的积累分布及含量;采用超声波萃取竹茎中的总黄酮,比较各因素对总黄酮提取率的影响,影响顺序为乙醇体积分数〉萃取温度〉料液比〉超声萃取时间。通过正交试验确定最佳萃取条件为：乙醇体积分数为70％,萃取温度为50％,超声萃取时间为15min,料液比为1：25,总黄酮的平均含量为10．36mg／g。     

亚临界水提取协同大孔树脂纯化杨树芽总黄酮

采用亚临界水提取-大孔树脂纯化联用技术对杨树芽中总黄酮进行提取、纯化,以提取温度、液料比和提取时间为考察因素,以总黄酮的得率为考察指标,采用正交试验优化亚临界水对杨树芽总黄酮的提取工艺;从4种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出对总黄酮有最佳分离纯化效果的一种树脂,研究其对总黄酮静态和动态吸咐以及解吸效果。结果表明,5 MPa下亚临界水提取杨树芽总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度180℃、提取时间10 min、液料比30∶1(mL∶g),总黄酮的粗品提取得率为11.83%,纯度为13.16%。通过静态吸附试验筛选出最有效的HP-20树脂分离纯化杨树芽总黄酮,通过动态吸附试验确定应用HP-20树脂吸附分离杨树芽总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:上样质量浓度为4 g/L,流速为60 mL/h,pH值为2~3,此时吸附量为42.69 g/L洗脱剂乙醇的体积分数为90%,解吸率为93.91%,经纯化后总黄酮的纯度为49.28%。     

竹叶制备糊状叶绿素的工艺研究

在单因素试验的基础上,利用L9(34)正交试验法研究了竹叶中叶绿素的提取工艺.结果表明,以乙醇为溶剂,竹叶叶绿素的最佳提取条件为:乙醇体积分数80％、液固比25∶ 1.5(mL∶g)、提取温度60℃、提取时间3.5h,叶绿素的得率0.49％.制备的糊状叶绿素,检验结果符合化工产品企业标准.     

金银花中总黄酮的超声波提取工艺优化

采用超声波法提取了金银花中的总黄酮,通过单因素试验研究了乙醇体积分数、超声温度、超声时间、料液比和超声频率等因素对提取效率的影响。在此基础上,选择乙醇体积分数、超声温度、料液比和超声时间进行L9（34）正交试验,得出了总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数：乙醇体积分数为70％,超声温度为50℃,料液比为1∶25（g · mL1）,超声时间为2．0h ,超声功率为900W ,最大提取率达到9．37％。     

微波辅助提取桔皮中天然抗氧化剂的研究

以桔皮为原料，乙醇为溶剂，在微波功率900W，提取温度75℃条件下，通过单因素试验探讨了乙醇体积分数、浸提时间、料液比对总黄酮提取率的影响，并通过正交试验对桔皮中黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了研究。结果表明，用微波法从桔皮中提取总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数75％，浸提时间7min，料液比l：30。用此工艺提取的总黄酮得率为12．04％。通过1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）法测定不同工艺条件下桔皮提取物的抗氧化性能，表明不同工艺的桔皮提取物均有一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力，其清除率与总黄酮的含量有一定的量效关系。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.