异海松酸分离制备的新方法

利用异丁醇胺对异海松酸的选择性结晶特性,采用湿地松松脂蒸馏后得到的新鲜松香,或者采用工厂生产得到的湿地松松香进行热异构使大部分枞酸型树脂酸异构成为枞酸,而后将异海松酸与异丁醇胺反应形成异海松酸的异丁醇铵盐而与其他树脂酸进行分离,再利用复式重结晶法纯化异海松酸铵盐结晶,分解游离得到异海松酸,其得率达到原料松香质量分数的10.1%,纯度达到95.4%,提取率为42.2%.     

从松脂中分离左旋海松酸的新工艺研究

探讨了以乙酸乙酯替代丙酮为溶剂,从松脂中分离左旋海松酸的新工艺。结果表明,在乙酸乙酯中,松脂树脂酸与丁醇胺反应,生成粒径大、粘度小、易于转移、过滤和洗涤的聚针晶形胺盐沉淀;减压过滤得到的胺盐粗产物具有溶剂残留量少、色泽浅、分散性好的特点,仅用95%乙醇重结晶提纯2次,就可获得纯度为95%的左旋海松酸胺盐;左旋海松酸胺盐和左旋海松酸的得率高于以丙酮为溶剂的传统工艺。     

枞酸烯丙酯的制备、表征及UV固化性能研究

以枞酸为原料先制备得到枞酸钠水溶液,后在此反应液中加入一定量的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为催化剂和对苯二酚为阻聚剂,在微波辅助的条件下边搅拌边滴加氯丙烯,微波功率400 W,反应温度50℃,反应时间30 min,氯丙烯与枞酸钠物质的量之比2.5∶1,催化剂用量为原料质量的4%,在此条件下得到的枞酸烯丙酯得率为94.4%。采用GC、GC-MS、FTIR、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR和元素分析对产物结构进行了表征,所得枞酸烯丙酯GC纯度为89.5%。经过分析,证明产物的结构和目标合成物结构一致。紫外光(UV)固化反应的结果表明,枞酸烯丙酯作为聚合单体有较强的聚合活性,所得聚合物热稳定性较好,初始热分解温度和玻璃化转变温度分别为218℃和22.32℃。枞酸烯丙酯UV固化产物的数均相对分子质量为4 176,数均聚合度约为12。     

松脂中树脂酸的酸异构分离与枞酸分子结构

松脂中枞酸型树脂酸在酸的作用下经过异构反应、结晶分离得到99.15%高纯度(-)-(4R,10R,9S,5R)-7,13-二烯-18-枞酸,得率74.2%.通过MS,1HNMR,13CNMR,IR光谱分析和单晶X-光衍射研究确证其化合物分子结构,其单晶X-光衍射测试数据与湿地松松香和马尾松松香直接经过重结晶分离得到枞酸样品的结果一致,都为单斜晶系,P21空间群,分子绝对构型和天然枞酸构型一样.在枞酸晶体结构中2个枞酸分子的羧基生成氢键连接是得到高纯度结晶的主要原因.     

松香基甲基丙烯酸酯单体的合成和聚合活性分析

以脱氢枞酸为原料,先合成脱氢枞酸酰氯,然后再与甲基丙烯酸β-羟基乙基酯进行酯化,合成脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯,纯度为99.8％.并分别采用了FT-IR、GC - MS、13C NMR,DSC和GPC对其结构和性能进行表征.研究结果表明,脱氢枞酸(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯是一种熔点为54.23℃的白色晶体,...     

去氢枞酸醇类香料酯的合成与表征

以去氢枞酸为原料,经去氢枞酸酰氯与醇类香料的O-酰化反应,合成得到去氢枞酸肉桂酯、去氢枞酸葑醇酯、去氢枞酸龙脑酯和去氢枞酸薄荷酯等4种去氢枞酸醇类香料酯,其中去氢枞酸肉桂酯和去氢枞酸葑醇酯为新化合物.目标产物的适宜合成条件为:反应时间10 h,反应温度95～100℃,反应物n(醇)∶n(酰氯)=1.2∶1.采用IR、UV、NMR和MS等方法对目标产物进行了结构表征.     

桦木醇提取及纯化工艺的研究

以白桦树皮为原料,研究了桦木醇提取和纯化的工艺,确定了适宜的提取工艺条件:树皮原料30 g,树皮颗粒大小为0.42~1.16 mm,采用氯仿为溶剂,用索氏抽提器抽提7 h,得到粗桦木醇黄色固体,得率为38.5%。通过重结晶对桦木醇进行纯化,确定了适宜的重结晶条件:以异丙醇为重结晶用溶剂,粗提物与异丙醇的比为1∶20(g∶mL),结晶温度-5℃,结晶时间1 h,在此条件下桦木醇的结晶得率41.4%,产品熔点为245~254℃,纯度为95.4%。     

蒎酸二酰基双去氢枞基双噁二唑的合成与表征

以歧化松香中提取的去氢枞酸为原料,经酰化得到去氢枞酸酰氯。以松节油的主要成分α-蒎烯为原料,经过蒎酮酸、蒎酸、蒎酸二乙酯得到蒎酸二酰肼。蒎酸二酰肼与去氢枞酸酰氯在相转移催化剂的作用下反应,得到N,N′-二去氢枞基取代蒎酸二酰肼,再经三氯氧磷脱水环合,得到蒎酸二酰基双去氢枞基双噁二唑。初步探讨合成条件,通过元素分析、IR、MS、1H NMR和13C NMR对所合成的化合物进行了结构表征。     

脱氢枞酸芳环改性的研究进展

脱氢枞酸是由歧化松香分离提纯得到的一种树脂酸,芳环是其特征结构,同其它芳香族化合物一样,可以进行多种亲电取代反应,合成抑菌剂、抗氧剂、荧光衍生试剂等.本文全面综述了近10年对脱氢枞酸芳环的改性研究,主要包括傅克反应、溴代、硝化等亲电取代反应,以及基于硝化取代产物合成含氮杂环、芳胺和酚、醌等系列衍生物,并展望了未来的改性...     

脱氢枞基伯胺衍生物的合成及其抗癌活性研究

以左旋海松酸(0.3 mmol)为原料、三乙胺(TEA)为碱、1-(3-二甲胺基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDCI)为脱水剂、1H-苯并三唑-1-基氧三吡咯烷基六氟磷酸盐/4-二甲氨基吡啶(n(PyBOP)∶n(DMAP)=0.03 mmol∶0.01 mmol)为催化剂、乙腈(MeCN)为溶剂,简单、高效地合成了脱氢枞基伯胺衍生物:脱氢枞酰胺甲酸(1),脱氢枞酰胺乙酸(2),脱氢枞酰胺丙酸(3),脱氢枞酰胺丁酸(4),并对其结构进行了表征,其中化合物3产率可达78%。经伯胺酰胺化后的化合物3对人胃癌MKN-45细胞株具有较高的增殖抑制活性,IC50值为31.26μmol/L。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.