High frequency plant-regeneration through direct shoot development and somatic embryogenesis from immature inflorescence cultures of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn)

Summary Plant regeneration from cultured immature inflorescence segments of Eleusine coracana was obtained by direct shoot development and somatic embryogenesis. Direct development of shoots from cultured inflorescence segments occurred on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D in combination with zeatin. Inflorescences with well developed spikelets differentiated at a low frequency (<5%) from callus cultures initiated on media supplemented with 2,4-D in combination with zeatin or coconut water or picloram + kinetin. Somatic embryogenesis was also induced in callus cultures growing on MS + picloram + kinetin at the end of four passages. Supplementation of the media with different concentrations of sucrose showed 3% sucrose as the best concentration for plant differentiation from somatic embryos. The majority of the regenerated plants showed the diploid chromosome constitution in their root tips. The regenerants were in general shorter with an increased number of tillers compared to the control.Abbreviations CW Coconut water - 2,4-D 2,4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid - Kn Kinetin - Z Zeatin     

Plant regeneration from immature inflorescence callus cultures of wheat,rye and triticale

Summary Callus cultures were initiated from inflorescence explants of wheat, rye and triticale on MS medium supplemented with 2 mgl^-1 2,4-D+5% CW or 2 mgl^-1 2,4-D+0.5 mgl^-1 BA. On transfer of the cultures to medium supplemented with 15% CW+0.2 mgl^-1 NAA or 1 mgl^-1 BA+0.1 mgl^-1 IAA, shoot buds and embryoids were produced. Full fledged plantlets obtained on MS medium supplemented with NAA were transferred to the field. Cytological analysis showed the plants to be diploid. However, the regenerated plantlets were shorter, produced fewer tillers and had lower fertility compared to the control.Abbreviations BA Benzyladenine - CW coconut water - IAA indoleacetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid     

Improvement of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum Desf.) scutellum and inflorescence cultures

Scutellum and inflorescence explants of four genotypes of durum wheat(Triticum turgidum var. durum Desf.) were used to define culture conditions to obtain high frequencies of embryogenesis and plant regeneration in vitro. Under all conditions tested, scutellum cultures gave higher frequencies of embryogenesis and plant regeneration than inflorescence cultures. Two different auxins, 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and picloram(4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), were compared for their effect on scutellum and inflorescence explant response in vitro. Picloram was found to significantly increase the frequency of plant regeneration from both explants. When cultures were grown on regeneration medium containing zeatin for two three-week passages, the frequency of plant regeneration increased by between 20–30% compared with cultures exposed to hormones for a single three-week passage. Finally, the addition of 1 mg/l 6-BAP (6-benzyl aminopurine) to the plantlet growth medium was found to enhance tiller production in regenerants. The optimized culture conditions were applicable to the four genotypes tested and frequencies of plant regeneration varied between 97% to 100% for scutellum cultures (2 mg/l picloram in induction medium) and between45% and 80% for inflorescence cultures (4 mg/l picloram in induction medium). The number of plants regenerated per explant was improved over previous procedures, with means of 34 plants per scutellum, and 16 plants per inflorescence explant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆大叶紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa.L)子叶、下胚轴、根的植株再生

随着植物抗逆性研究和植物转基因技术的发展，通过异源目的基因转化培育耐盐碱苜蓿品种的研究已引起人们的关注，植物受体高频再生体系的建立是异源转化高效的基础。选取新疆大叶紫花苜蓿种子萌发5~7d无菌苗的子叶、下胚轴及根为外植体，诱导愈伤培养基为MS+2,4-D 0.1~3.0 mg/L(8种不同水平)或MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+ KT 0.01~0.5 mg/L(10种不同水平)，诱导芽培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.05 mg/L，生根培养基为MS。结果表明，外植体在MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+ KT 0.2 mg/L培养基中能够产生状态较好可再分化的愈伤组织，子叶、下胚轴、根的平均出愈率分别为93.1%、100%、100%。愈伤组织在MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.05 mg/L培养基中培养40~80d中均可分化芽，子叶、下胚轴、根的芽平均分化率为50%、78%、50%，将2 cm以上的芽转入MS培养基中诱导生根，14d后，生根的小植株炼苗移入花土中，成活率达90%以上。子叶、下胚轴、根在该体系中均能获得再生植株，根也是一种较好的植株再生材料，以根为外植体进行植株再生的研究报道还较少。     

甘蓝型油菜花茎高效再生体系研究

研究了甘蓝型油菜花茎外植体高效诱导不定芽的再生体系,结果表明：以含有2,4-D（0.5~1.0mg/L）的培养基对外植体进行预培养,以及在分化培养基中加入AgNO3（2~6mg/L）,可显著降低外植体褐化坏死的频率,提高了不定芽的发生频率及其再生能力;6BA（2.5 mg/L）与NAA（0.1mg/L）配合使用有利于提高不定芽发生频率;再生的不定芽90%可长根     

红花长寿花愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生研究

350002 福建省福州金山福建农林大学园艺植物生物工程研究所     

中国水仙花药培养及植株再生体系建立

本研究以中国水仙花药为外植体,通过器官发生途径建立其植株再生体系,并通过染色体计数鉴定筛选变异个体。结果显示:在4℃下预处理3d有利于花药愈伤组织的形成;愈伤组织诱导培养基最适配比为:MS+2,4-D1.0mg/L+BA0.5mg/L+CH500mg/L+AC500mg/L;愈伤组织分化小鳞茎的最适培养基为:MS+BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L+CH500mg/L+AC1000mg/L。通过染色体计数对38个再生植株进行倍性鉴定,结果显示其中30个为三倍体(2n=30),8个为非整倍体(2n=10,11,12,14,17,26)。以这些再生苗为外植体,经器官发生途径,建立了不同倍性的再生体系。     

Direct as well as indirect somatic embryogenesis from immature (unemerged) inflorescence of a minor millet Paspalum scrobiculatum L.

Somatic embryos differentiated directly on the rachis of immature inflorescences of Paspalum scrobiculatum L. cv. PSC 1 on culture to MS or N₆ medium supplemented with different concentrations (4.5–22.5 μM) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Direct embryogenesis on the rachis of inflorescence explants forms the first instance in graminaceous plants. Highest frequency of direct embryogenesis (34%and 30% cultures, respectively) was possible on N₆ medium supplemented with 4.5 μM of 2,4-D and MS medium fortified with9.0 μM of 2,4-D. Other tissues of the explant, floral-primordia, only after an initial phase of callusing differentiated into somatic embryos; indirect embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis, direct as well as indirect, was resolved by scanning electron microscopy. The somatic embryos germinated and developed into plantlets on regeneration medium. Interestingly, one week incubation of somatic embryos on activated charcoal (0.5%) fortified basal medium, supported high potential for ‘germination’ on transfer to charcoal-free basal medium. This beneficial effect of activated charcoal on regeneration of somatic embryos into plantlets is the first record in the Gramineae. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物激素配比对大蒜茎盘愈伤组织再生体系的影响

植物激素对大蒜茎盘愈伤组织再生的各个环节都发挥着重要的作用。试验结果表明：2,4．D对茎盘愈伤组织的诱导具有主要作用，高浓度的2，4-D有利于大蒜愈伤组织的诱导，但并不利于其增殖分化。MS＋NAA 2mg／L＋BA 1mg／L培养基适宜于愈伤组织的继代增殖，MS＋NAA 1mg／L＋BA 5mg／L培养基适宜不定芽的分化，只添加NAA或无激素的MS培养基有利于不定芽生根。     

油菜不同类型外植体组织培养及再生研究

为建立高效的组织培养体系，以甘蓝型油菜杂交品种恢复系627R、621R和616R材料田间种植植株的侧芽、花托和无菌种子实生苗下胚轴为外植体，探索不同苗龄、预培养时间、预培养基、愈伤分化培养基、诱导出芽培养基以及成苗壮苗培养基中激素配比对芽再生、成苗植株生长势的影响。结果表明：无菌苗快速繁殖体系中，发芽6 天的无菌苗下胚轴或者子叶在预培养（MS+ 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+ 8 g/L 琼脂，pH 5.85）3 天后转移到分化培养基MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 1.0 mg/L NAA+5 mg/L AgNO3+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂(pH 5.85)，或者MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 1.0 mg/L IAA+ 5 mg/LAgNO3+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂(pH 5.85)生长，可以获得较高的芽再生频率，对于田间生长到抽薹开花期植株取样的外植体，腋芽的出芽频率高于花托培养的出芽频率，但是这2 类外植体在分化培养基（MS+ 10 mg/L 6-BA+ 1 mg/L NAA+ 30 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂，pH 5.85）生长30 天后都有成苗的潜力，上 述外植体经过组织培养出芽后转移到添加矮壮素的培养基（MS+15 mg/L CCC+15~20 g/L 蔗糖+8 g/L 琼脂，pH 5.85）上继续生长30 天，能够得到根系发达、生长势强的植株。甘蓝型油菜优良恢复系建立的组织培养体系能够快速获得生长势优的油菜植株，加速油菜良种的繁殖与评价。     

唐菖蒲愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生

本试验以唐菖蒲无菌试管苗叶片、茎段、幼芽为外植体,探讨其愈伤组织诱导及植株再生情况。结果表明叶片愈伤组织诱导率极低。茎段愈伤多为黄色致密的非胚性愈伤,幼芽愈伤多为乳白色胚性愈伤。幼芽的愈伤组织诱导率和分化率以及分化速度也均高于茎段外植体。初步表明幼芽是建立愈伤组织再生体系的良好外植体。最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS 2,4-D4．0 6BA0．5。     

不同激素浓度对橡胶草不同器官直接分化再生苗的影响研究

分别以橡胶草(Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin)叶片、叶柄、根段为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,比较不同激素浓度对橡胶草不同器官直接分化再生苗的影响。结果表明：橡胶草不同器官直接分化再生苗所需最佳激素浓度不同。(1)最适合诱导叶片和叶柄直接芽分化再生苗的激素浓度均为NAA 0.2 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L,其芽分化率和每外植体平均芽数分别为36.44%、38.83个和95.83%、10.56个;(2)最适合诱导根段直接芽分化再生苗的激素浓度为NAA 1.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.1 mg/L,其芽分化率和每外植体平均芽数分别为92.25%和21.49个。该研究为橡胶草高频再生体系的建立及进一步利用基因工程进行品种改良奠定了基础。     

大叶黄杨幼茎愈伤组织诱导的研究初报

以大叶黄杨的幼茎段为外植体,在添加BA和NAA、IBA、2,4-D不同激素组合的MS培养基上培养,对其愈伤组织进行诱导试验。结果表明：①生长素对愈伤组织诱导的效应为2,4-D >NAA>IBA;②在不同激素组合培养基上均可诱导出愈伤组织,其中MS+BA1.0~2.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0~1.5 mg/L、MS+BA1.5~2.0 mg/L+IBA1.0~1.5 mg/L、MS+BA0.5~1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.5~1.5 mg/L等对愈伤组织的诱导效果最好,其诱导率分别为74.3%、65.3%、81.1%。因此,通过科学配制不同激素组合的MS培养基,就能有效地诱导出大叶黄杨幼茎的愈伤组织。     

Induction of Embryogenic Callus in Gossypium barbadense L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. by Hormone Treatments

The aim of this study was to induce embryogenic callus from various cultivars of cotton in tissue culture, so that a stable and efficient regeneration system could be developed to produce new cotton varieties for cultivation in Xinjiang. The explant materials were hypocotyls of the main cotton cultivars grown in Xinjiang, i. e. Xinhai 25, Xinhai 16, Xinluzao 39, and Xinluzao 42. We tested the effects of different combinations of two hormones (kinetin, KT; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D) on induction of callus from these explants. Calli were produced by the explants under four different combinations of hormones in the media. The optimal hormone combination to induce callus from Gossypium hirsutum explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.05 mg·L^-1 2,4-D, while that to induce callus from Gossypium barbadense explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.1 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. Hormone-free medium and medium containing double to the normal concentration of KNO₃ promoted the emergence of embryogenic callus. Filter paper placed under the medium promoted somatic embryo growth and regeneration of the root system. The differentiation and embryogenesis processes occurred more rapidly in G. hirsutum explants than those in G. barbadense explants. Using this protocol, normal plantlets of these cotton cultivars with strong roots were produced within 10 to 12 months. These methods could be used to increase the number of cotton genotypes that can be regenerated in tissue culture.     

玉米幼苗不同部位的再生能力和某些影响因子

为建立以玉米幼苗为外植体的高效再生体系, 克服幼胚取材的限制, 本研究选取萌发3 d的玉米幼苗作为供体材料, 研究其不同部位的再生能力。分别研究了种子萌发时的光照条件, N6培养基中Ca²⁺浓度, 及6个不同基因型对芽尖和根尖愈伤组织诱导率和分化率的影响。结果显示, 黑暗条件下萌发的幼苗, 其芽尖和根尖更适合作为外植体, 诱导培养基中添加终浓度为5 mmol L^-1的CaCl₂ 时的愈伤组织诱导率最高, 不同基因型的玉米愈伤组织的诱导率和分化率存在差异, 但影响趋势相同, 且同一基因型的不同外植体形成的愈伤组织形态相似, 分化率也相似。最后结论是黑暗条件下萌发3 d的齐319和鲁原92的幼苗, 可以代替玉米幼胚作为外植体用于组织培养研究。     

降香黄檀愈伤组织培养与植株再生研究

为了实现降香黄檀工厂化快速繁殖和扩大栽培,并为降香黄檀抗寒基因导入打下一定的基础,以降香黄檀无菌实生苗茎段、叶片、根尖为外植体,MS为基本培养基,对各器官愈伤组织诱导与分化的最适培养基成分进行了研究。结果表明,可从降香黄檀无菌实生苗茎段、叶片、根尖成功地进行愈伤组织培养和植株再生。茎段、叶片、根尖诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基分别为1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L、1/2MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L和1/4MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L;茎段、叶片、根尖的愈伤组织诱导丛生芽最适培养基分别为1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+2,4-D 4.0 mg/L、1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+2,4-D 3.5 mg/L和1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+2,4-D 3.5 mg/L;茎段、叶片、根尖来源的单芽,其最佳生根培养基分别为MS+NAA 1.5 mg/L、MS+NAA 1.0 mg/L和MS+NAA 2.0 mg/L。比较茎段、叶片与根尖的愈伤组织诱导率、丛生芽诱导率和单芽生根率,得出以无菌实生苗根尖作为外植体是降香黄檀愈伤组织培养和植株再生的最佳选择。     

贵州地方稻种香禾糯组织培养再生体系建立

本研究以贵州地方香禾糯从江黑禾和来拢为材料,研究了不同激素组合对丛生芽诱导和再生芽生根的影响。结果表明,在本研究条件下,MS培养基添加2.0mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L 6-BA是从江黑禾最佳芽诱导培养基,在MS培养基添加4.0mg/L TDZ及0.5 mg/L IBA的培养基中培养10d后,转至添加4.0mg/L6-BA以及0.5mg/L NAA培养基继续培养,为从江黑禾茎尖诱导丛生芽最佳条件;以N6培养基添加1.0mg/L 2,4-D和0.1mg/L 6-BA是来拢最适芽诱导培养基,以MS培养基添加0.2mg/L NAA和2.0mg/L6-BA为来拢茎尖丛生芽诱导培养基。通过本研究建立的组织培养诱导再生技术,从江黑禾及来拢均获得移栽成活并能正常开花结籽的再生植株。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichosanthus dioica</Emphasis> Roxb. for nutritional security

The pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) is an important cucurbit reported for its medicinal value, therapeutic potential, and as a popular delicacy (especially in Indian cuisine). Being nutritive and desirous, it has potential to feed the nations and addresses their nutritional security and economic prosperity. The plant is usually vegetatively propagated and cultivated for fruits during summer and rainy seasons. The limited supply of planting material, limits cultivation and production. The present study was in anticipation for direct organogenesis, callus induction, and somatic embryo formation from leaf and node explants of T. dioica Roxb. In this study, the MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D was found to be most efficient for callus induction, followed by 0.5 mg/L Kn and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The embryogenic callus was developed by sub-culturing of node callus in the same media. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed the presence of embryogenic cell clusters having globular embryos, which were found irresponsive to develop further. Through direct organogenesis, the node explants have responded to produce true-to-type plants for propagation. It was observed that MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA was efficient for shoot proliferation, and 0.5 mg/L IAA was found more efficient for root development. Notably, the plant remains unexplored in its potential for improvement involving molecular breeding and tissue culture. These results may be effective to produce genetically stable plants on a large scale and aid the genetic improvement of pointed gourds.     

钩藤愈伤组织的诱导与植株再生

为了建立钩藤愈伤组织诱导与植株再生体系。以药用植物钩藤[Uncaria rhynchophyllai (Mip.)Jack]嫩茎、嫩枝、嫩叶为外植体,通过优化激素组合,进行愈伤组织诱导和分化、幼苗生根和移栽,初步建立了钩藤愈伤组织诱导和植株再生体系。结果表明,以钩藤嫩枝作为外植体出愈情况较好,污染率低,继代后愈伤组织生长快。培养基成分为WPM+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L 6-BA较适宜愈伤组织的诱导和增殖,诱导率可达83.3%。培养基成分为WPM+2.0 mg/L KT+0.2 mg/L NAA能分化出芽,愈伤组织率分化率达到82.3%;而1/2WPM+1.0 mg/L IBA适宜于试管苗生根,生根率达92.0%。以钩藤嫩枝为外植体诱导获得了质量良好的愈伤组织,并成功再生成植株,结果的获得可为解决钩藤人工栽培过程的资源和品质问题以及进行细胞培养和分子遗传改良奠定基础。     

沙田柚遗传转化再生体系的建立

以沙田柚的实生苗不同外植体为对象,进行了沙田柚遗传转化再生体系建立研究。研究结果表明：以实生苗上胚轴作为外植体,以MS无机盐＋100 mg/L肌醇＋0.2 mg/L维生素B1+1 mg/L维生素B6+1 mg/L烟酸+3％蔗糖＋0.8％琼脂（pH5.8）＋5 mg/L 6-BA为不定芽诱导培养基,暗培养7 d后,转移至光/暗周期16/8 h的条件下培养,不定芽的分化率高达91.1%;不定芽在1/2MS基本培养基＋3％蔗糖＋0.7％琼脂＋1.5 mg/L IBA＋0.2%活性炭的生根培养基,生根率高达80％;以卡那霉素作选择剂时,选择浓度为50mg/L。