城市街区空间小气候研究综述

随着当今我国城市化进程不断加快,城市规模持续扩大,人口急剧增加,城市内生产生活强度日益加大,导致城市生态环境问题频发,城市小气候日益恶化。街区空间作为城市空间的基本组成单元,对城市小气候的研究具有重要意义,受到越来越多国内外研究人员的关注和重视。本研究从城市街区空间尺度梳理了国内外城市小气候的相关研究现状,论述了城市街区空间小气候的概念、特征、研究进展,在此基础上,总结了目前相关研究所存在的问题与不足,提出了城市街区小气候研究的发展趋势和研究展望,以期为我国城市街区空间小气候的研究提供参考。     

遥感技术城市环境与生态研究中的应用

论述了遥感技术在城市环境调查监测和生态研究中的应用现状,指出存在的问题,提出了加强城市生态环境理论研究和建设数字化城市管理信息系统的建议.     

论国内外城市湿地保护规划研究进展

城市湿地保护是当今生物多样性的研究热点,世界上很多国家都意识到城市湿地保护对生态城市建设的重要性,保护、规划等方面的研究项目和研究机构已接踵出现,并且取得了一定的成果。本文着重分析国内外关于城市湿地资源保护规划的研究进展,对比分析国内外目前关于城市湿地保护规划研究的侧重点,从而寻求有效和合理的城市湿地保护措施。     

城市林业浅谈

城市林业是研究城市森林生态系统的一门综合性学科。随着城市化进程的加快,城市林业在城市建设与发展中的地位和作用越来越受到重视。本文介绍了城市林业的基本概念和内涵,论述了城市林业与其它学科间的区别与联系,阐述了城市林业在城市发展中的作用,探讨了我国城市林业存在的问题和发展趋势。     

城市口袋公园与康养景观设计

从风景园林设计的角度出发,回顾口袋公园的兴起和现阶段对于康养景观的研究进度,探究如何将城市口袋公园设计与城市公众健康保障相结合。运用了文献研究和案例分析等方法,指出了康养景观介入城市口袋公园设计的必要性。本研究关注了城市口袋公园中康养景观的设计,初步探索了其设计原则及设计要点,提出生态性、康养性两大原则,并鼓励在城市口袋公园中引入高科技手段,完善康养体系;提出康养景观应同时考虑使用者的生理安全保障和心理健康疏解;讨论了城市口袋公园中各类元素的设计方法,以期完善城市口袋公园相关研究,为将来的研究和建设提供一定理论参考。     

园林植物在海绵城市中的应用探究

海绵城市理念的提出解决了我国城市建设中存在的水资源短缺和内涝问题,保证了城市各项基础设施的建设水平,推动了城市化进程的加快。主要研究园林植物在海绵城市中的应用问题,旨在为海绵城市的建设提供参考意见。     

“低影响开发”理念在城市滨水景观设计中的应用

在城市建设高速发展的今天,城市滨水景观设计是比较敏感的问题之一,也是城市设计重要的研究和实践领域。本文分析了城市滨水景观低影响开发设计的必要性和可行性,探讨了基于LID理念的城市滨水景观设计目标和开发策略,并重点阐述了低影响开发在城市滨水景观设计中的应用途径和方法。     

城市景观规划控制体系研究

本文介绍了城市景观规划控制体系研究的意义,论述了城市景观规划控制体系的内容与地位,接着阐述了城市景观规划控制的基本原则,分析了整体规划、分区规划和详细规划阶段的内容和任务。     

城市绿道生态设计手法的应用

城市绿道是指沿着河流、溪谷等自然景观和生态区域环境建立的人工廊道,城市绿道连接了自然景区、生态保护区、城市主要公园和城市生活区,人们在工作、生活之余可在城市绿道休闲、交往,此外,城市绿道对完善城市生态功能具有重要作用。研究了城市绿道生态设计手法应用,以期能够为城市绿道建设提供参考。     

植物材料在垂直绿化中的应用策略及发展方向

随着高层建筑不断增加,城市对绿地的需求越来越大。垂直绿化在不占用城市土地面积的同时增加了城市绿地率,改善了城市生态环境。目前,已经有大量关于垂直绿化结构的研究,但是对植物材料的研究相对薄弱,本文总结了现有垂直绿化技术中关于植物材料的部分研究成果,从应用策略和发展方向做了相应分析。     

Exploring habitat patch clusters based on network community detection to identify restored priority areas of ecological networks in urban areas

Ecological connectivity is the foundation of maintaining urban biodiversity and ecosystem health. Identifying and managing ecological (connectivity) networks can help maintain the stability of urban ecosystems. However, few studies have explored the cluster effect in the ecological network caused by the imbalance in connectivity strength between habitat patches, which is not conducive to the in-depth restoration of ecological networks. In the present study, a typical urban area, Shenzhen, was used as an example to analyze the important habitats in the city based on the focal species and to identify an ecological network. Habitat patch clusters in the ecological network were explored based on random walk network community detection. These are clusters of closely connected habitat lands. Finally, we analyzed existing urban policies for the protection of clusters and the points to be repaired in the network. The results showed that 50 ecological corridors connected 39 habitats in the study area, which further formed seven habitat patch clusters. Most of the clusters were well-protected by existing policies. Nineteen barrier points were identified between the clusters, and their restoration helped strengthen the connectivity between clusters. This study provides a reference for future urban ecological restoration.     

城市绿地土壤质量评价指标研究进展

城市绿地具有改善城市生态环境和美化城市景观、改善城市空气质量、调节小气候、降低城市灾害发生等多种生态功能。文章对城市绿地的概念、分类、功能,城市绿地土壤质量评价指标,如城市绿地土壤质量的理化性状、微生物学特性研究进行综述。     

城市生物多样性保护的行动计划与规划

由于高速城市化引发的一系列生态环境问题,导致城市生物多样性急剧降低,城市生物多样性的保护已成为全世界关注的焦点问题和人类实现可持续发展过程中面临的首要任务。鉴于生物多样性面临的严峻局面,我国各级政府都纷纷采取措施,致力于生物多样性的保护与可持续利用工作,制定了一系列生物多样性保护行动计划与规划,为城市的生物多样性保护和生态建设提供依据和保证。     

Assessing the utility of topographic variables in predicting structural complexity of tree stands in a reforested urban landscape

The transformation of natural landscapes into impervious built-up surfaces through urbanization is known to significantly interfere with the ecological integrity of urban landscapes and accelerate climate change and associated impacts. Although urban reforestation is widely recognised as an ideal mitigation practice against these impacts, it often has to compete with other lucrative land uses within an urban area. The often limited urban space provided for reforestation therefore necessitates the optimization of the ecological benefits, which demands spatially explicit information. The recent proliferation of tree stands structural complexity (SSC) and topographic data offer great potential for determining the ecological performance of reforested areas across an urban landscape. This study explores the potential of using topographic datasets to predict SSC in a reforested urban landscape and ranks the value of these topographic variables in determining SSC. Tree structural data from a reforested urban area was collected and fed into a tree stand structural complexity index, which was used to indicate ecological performance. Topographic variables (Topographic Wetness Index, slope, Area Solar Radiation and elevation)- were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and used to predict SSC using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression technique. Results show that SSC varied significantly between the topographic variables. Results also show that the topographic variables could be used to reliably predict SSC. As expected, the Topographic Wetness Index and slope were the most important topographic determinants of SSC while elevation was the least valuable. These results provide valuable spatially explicit information about the ecological performance of the reforested areas within an urban landscape. Specifically, the study demonstrates the value of topographic data as aids to urban reforestation planning.     

土地规模化经营对农业生态效率影响及城乡市场分割调节作用探析

土地规模化经营是农业生态效率改善的重要动力,但土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率受到城乡市场分割的门槛调节。该研究借助2001—2017年全国30个地区(因数据缺失,西藏及港澳台地区未涵盖,下同)面板数据,运用面板门槛模型,就城乡市场分割调节土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率过程展开研究。结果表明:(1)我国农业生态效率总体向好,但地区间差异悬殊;(2)土地规模化经营驱动农业生态效率改善,但存在城乡市场分割门槛调节,弱市场分割地区土地规模化经营促进农业生态效率,强市场分割地区作用相反;(3)城乡市场分割调节土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率主要通过限制农产品、劳动力、资本城乡合理流动,削弱农业新型经营主体绿色农业发展意愿和能力途径展开;(4)我国多数地区城乡市场分割水平偏高,区域发展中城市资源偏向和工业优先发展突出,需进行及时改革。该研究可为政府制定绿色农业发展策略提供参考依据。     

城市森林绿地空气负离子生态效益评价研究

对长兴县三种功能类型森林绿地空气负离子浓度进行测定,结果表明:城郊森林绿地的空气负离子浓度为1 823个/cm~3,城区公共绿地为1 296个/cm~3,单位、居住区绿地为958个/cm~3;在森林植物生长期间,空气负离子浓度从城区向城郊呈增加趋势;在郊区以高大乔木为主的近自然林,空气负离子浓度高,生态效应明显。综合上述分析,本文提出应按照近自然森林群落建设理念,推广种植乡土树种、乔木树种,营造城区核心林地,改善城市生态环境,提高城镇居民的生活品质。     

西部城市滨水区生态景观的营造——以西安灞桥滨河生态公园为例

分析西部城市滨水区在开发过程中存在的诸多问题,提出营造西部城市滨水区生态景观的设计原则,并以西安灞桥滨河生态公园为例,提出营造西部城市滨水区的生态景观的途径。     

Environmental DNA metabarcoding effectively monitors terrestrial species by using urban green spaces

Ecological corridors and urban parks are created to connect habitats that become isolated due to urban development and integrate ecological, social, and cultural functions. Establishing and implementing the ecological function of urban green structures and conservation plans for urban terrestrial species requires prioritizing developing an understanding of the community structure of urban terrestrial species. However, understanding the appearance and distribution of terrestrial species in urban ecosystems is often neglected or lacking; furthermore, the inaccurate detection of species distribution can create biased estimates of species occupancy. Recently, an applied research method for detecting terrestrial species such as mammals and birds has been proposed based on molecular biology such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. We installed artificial water tanks (mesocosm) in urban green spaces (Urban forests; UFs, Urban ecological corridors; UECs, Urban parks; UPs), applying eDNA metabarcoding as a tool to detect wild terrestrial species, and camera traps (CTs) and field surveys were performed in parallel to verify the results. We detected 22 urban terrestrial species only by eDNA metabarcoding and identified 43 species in total by performing eDNA metabarcoding, CTs, and field surveys in parallel. In addition, we identified 31 species of UFs, 13 species of UECs, and 28 species of UPs of urban terrestrial species using the three species survey methods in parallel. We confirmed that eDNA metabarcoding is very useful for detecting small species that are difficult to detect with the naked eye and internal species vulnerable to disturbance. However, since some species were only detected by CTs or field surveys due to DNA false-negative errors or the species’ life-history characteristics, it was judged that the species inventory can be effectively collected using several monitoring techniques.     

Predicting the assembly of novel communities in urban ecosystems

Context

Ecological communities in urban ecosystems are assembled through ecological processes, such as species interactions, dispersal, and environmental filtering, but also through human factors that create and modify the landscape. These complex interactions make it difficult to untangle the relationships between social–ecological dynamics and urban biodiversity.

Objectives

As a result, there has been a call for research to address how human activities influence the processes by which ecological communities are structured in urban ecosystems. We address this research challenge using core concepts from landscape ecology to develop a framework that links social-ecological dynamics to ecological communities using the metacommunity perspective.

Methods

The metacommunity perspective is a useful framework to explore the assembly of novel communities because it distinguishes between the effects of local environmental heterogeneity and regional spatial processes in structuring ecological communities. Both are shaped by social–ecological dynamics in urban ecosystems.

Results

In this paper, we define social, environmental, and spatial processes that structure metacommunities, and ultimately biodiversity, in cities. We then address how our framework could be applied in urban ecosystem research to understand multi-scalar biodiversity patterns.

Conclusions

Our framework provides a theoretical and empirical foundation for transdisciplinary research to examine how social-ecological dynamics mediate the assembly of novel communities in urban ecosystems.

     

福建龙岩市区绿地系统建设相关问题的探讨

应用实地调查的方法,对龙岩市绿地系统现状进行调查和分析。结合市情,探讨龙岩市绿地系统建设的基本原则及相应的规划建设,为龙岩市区绿地系统的合理规划和城市生态环境的改善提供参考。