菜籽粕中抗营养因子去除方法的研究进展

文章对近10年来菜籽粕脱毒技术的研究进行综述,包括物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法、生物脱毒法,为去除菜籽粕中硫甙等抗营养因子、开发蛋白质饲料资源提供依据。     

硫甙脱毒菌株的筛选及其发酵菜籽粕的效果

本试验旨在筛选可用于菜籽粕脱毒的菌株并探讨其发酵菜籽粕的效果。以菜籽粕中主要抗营养因子硫甙为唯一碳源,从发酵青贮与土壤混合液中分离出54株在筛选培养基上生长情况良好的菌株进行分离纯化,以硫甙降解率为因变量进行复筛,初步得到5株硫甙降解率大于30%的菌株。通过菜籽粕固态发酵培养基进行单菌株发酵试验,得到1株硫甙降解率达23.69%的菌株A9,对菌株A9进行形态学观察和16S r DNA序列测定与分析,确定菌株A9为嗜酸乳杆菌,并将其与酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌进行菜籽粕混菌发酵。结果表明,混菌发酵后的菜籽粕硫甙含量由37.48μmol/g降低到25.96μmol/g,降解率为30.73%;粗蛋白质含量由38.41%提高到45.44%(P0.05);蛋白质结构发生改变,蛋白质分子质量变小,多肽含量由0.84%提高到2.62%(P0.05);混菌发酵后的菜籽粕呈黄褐色蓬松状,有浓郁的酸香味,总酸含量由1.01%提高到3.91%(P0.05)。由此可见,混菌发酵后的菜籽粕营养价值与风味得到了有效地改善。     

酶解法制备菜籽多肽的工艺研究

本文以菜籽粕为原料,酸处理将菜籽粕脱毒后,采用碱溶酸沉法提纯菜籽蛋白,再用碱性蛋白酶酶解菜籽蛋白制备菜籽多肽,采用单因素逐级优化试验设计,以酶解液中菜籽多肽的含量为指标优化酶解工艺参数。结果表明:酸处理后的硫甙含量下降了84.32%,碱溶酸沉后,蛋白的提取率为76.25%。单因素逐级优化试验的结果表明:碱性蛋白酶酶解的最适条件为底物浓度4%、加酶量7%(E/S)、温度50℃、p H 8.5、酶解时间120 min,该条件下多肽含量为(35.4±0.11)mg/m L。     

硫甙降解菌的筛选及其在菜籽粕饲用品质改善的应用

建立了一种高效筛选硫甙降解菌的方法,首先对从菜籽粕中分离得到的205株菌通过以硫甙为唯一碳源的培养情况进行初筛,获得了具有良好生长情况(OD600>0.6)的菌株22株,结合硫甙的降解情况,初步获得6株具有较强硫甙降解能力的乳酸菌。通过菜籽粕固态发酵进行复筛,最终获得了1株硫甙降解率为55.7%的乳酸菌戊糖片球菌-22。将其应用于菜籽粕的固态发酵,发酵菜籽粕的蛋白含量从40%提高到41.8%,肽含量从2.68%提高到12.48%,硫甙含量从45.25mol/g降低到18.65mol/g,总酸含量为3.82%,发酵菜籽粕的饲用品质得到明显的改善。     

发酵菜籽粕在肉鸡生产中应用的研究进展

菜籽粕是油菜籽榨油后的副产物,蛋白质、氨基酸和微量元素含量丰富,是良好的蛋白质饲料原料,但其含有的硫甙、单宁和其他抗营养因子限制了菜籽粕的使用量.发酵可有效减少菜籽粕中的抗营养因子,增加有益微生物数量,改善饲料品质.本文综述了发酵菜籽粕的发酵工艺和发酵效果、作用机理及其在肉鸡生产中的应用,以期为发酵菜籽粕在肉鸡养殖中的...     

菜籽粕对雏母鸭生化指标的影响

<正>菜籽饼粕作为非常规蛋白源,因其含硫代葡萄糖甙(硫甙)等抗营养因子而在饲料使用中受到限制。硫甙本身无毒害作用,是硫甙水解产物对畜禽有毒害作用。采食后经饲料中芥子酶或胃肠道微生物降解作用,生成异硫氰酸盐(ITC)、恶唑烷硫酮(OZT)、腈和硫氰酸盐等有害物质,它们有抗生物活性。雏母鸭对菜籽饼粕敏感性较强,因此本试验以雏母鸭作为动物模型,研究日粮中添加菜籽粕对其生化指标的影响,动态分析菜籽粕对其影响的变化规律。     

菜籽粕中的抗营养因子及应用研究进展

菜籽粕是一种营养价值很高的植物蛋白资源，但由于菜籽粕中葡萄糖硫甙、植酸、多酚等抗营养因子的存在，限制了其在食品和饲料工业上的应用。文章概括了菜籽粕中的抗营养因子及其去除方法，并对菜籽粕的饲用价值进行综述，为研究菜籽粕在饲料中的应用提供参考。 [关键词] 菜籽粕|抗营养因子|脱毒方法|饲用价值     

新西兰最新生物技术成果 菜籽粕、棉籽粕饲料脱毒剂(饲毒解)

菜籽粕、棉籽粕等含有一些有毒物质,必须进行脱毒才能饲喂。菜籽粕、棉籽粕饲料脱毒剂（简称饲喂解）中的微生物在发酵过程中,生长旺盛,分泌大量的消化酶、水解酶、脱氢酶与RE’“共同催化素素的水解反应,起到脱毒之效;并能产生大量的菌体蛋白、维生素、氨基酸,使菜籽粕等营养价值提高,变有毒为低毒,变低价为优质蛋白饲料。饲毒解使用方法：（）脱毒母液制备：按每脱毒100ks菜籽粕或棉籽粕用本品不少于10（）（一般以150－ZO0g为好）的量准备（菜籽粕等如有结块,应打碎,以免影响脱毒效果）,将与本品等量的红糖或砂糖用不合消毒…     

硫甙含量对菜籽粕中能量、粗蛋白和氨基酸消化代谢的影响

选用１０只６月龄罗斯商品代公鸡均分为两组。用强饲法进行代谢试验，测定两种硫甙含量不同的普通菜籽粕（含硫甙１３μｍｏｌ／克）和嵘选２号菜籽粕（含硫甙６２μｍｏｌ／克）的表现代谢能和粗蛋白、氨基酸的表现利用率。结果初步表明：菜籽粕硫甙含量不影响能量、氨基酸的消化、吸收，却使氨基酸分解代谢加快，体内氮沉积减少，粗蛋白表观利用率下降８．０５％。     

酶解发酵工艺对菜籽粕饲用品质的影响

采用益生菌菌种和组合酶共同作用酶解发酵菜籽粕,比较菜籽粕处理前后硫甙、恶唑烷硫酮、异硫氰酸酯、无机磷和酸溶蛋白质等含量及干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率的变化。结果表明:菜籽粕经酶解发酵后硫苷降解率达83.32%(P0.05),异硫氰酸酯含量下降60.85%(P0.05),恶唑烷硫酮含量下降45.86%(P0.05);菜籽粕经酶解发酵后酸溶蛋白质含量提高234.11%(P0.05),93.85%的磷以无机磷形式存在,无机磷含量增幅达到98.15%(P0.05),更有利于动物机体对磷的消化吸收;粗纤维经酶解发酵处理后含量下降32.17%(P0.05)。体外消化率,酶解发酵后菜籽粕干物质体外消化率可以提高16%以上(P0.05);粗蛋白质体外消化率提高23%(P0.05)。酶解发酵生物工艺改善了菜籽粕的营养品质,有利于提高其在饲料中的添加比例。     

Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal: a review

The composition of rapeseed meal and hulls is reviewed with emphasis on components of nutritional interest. Carbohydrates in rapeseed meal are mainly pectins, pentosans and cellulose and comprise nearly one-half the gross energy. The digestibility of energy is lower for rapeseed than for soybean meal. Protein is well digested, but the protein digestion coefficient and the availability of amino acids are lower than for soybean meal. Data on digestible and metabolizable energy are summarized. The kinds of glucosinolates present in high (HG) and low (LG) glucosinolate rapeseed meal and the nature of their hydrolytic products are discussed. The toxic effects of oxazolidinethione , isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles, and their relationship to their parent glucosinolates , to myrosinase action and to conditions during rapeseed processing are reviewed briefly. The effects of glucosinolates in animal tissues and products and the effects of converting to LG rapeseed meal are presented. Finally, a brief review is given of the responses of swine and cattle to the feeding of HG and LG rapeseed meal. The nutritional advantages of LG rapeseed meal, over the older type HG meal, are clearly evident from the feeding trials.     

Evaluation of rapeseed meal with low and high glucosinolates as a protein source in calf starters

Inclusion of 20% rapeseed meal in calf starters for rearing male calves in substitution for soybean meal significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the organic matter digestibility as determined with sheep. Calf starter with 10% rapeseed meal had an intermediate, but not significantly different digestibility.Feeding calf starters with 0, 10 or 20% rapeseed meal to rearing calves did not result in a significantly different average daily gain. Growth rate during 20 weeks averaged 0.80, 0.76 and 0.77 kg per day, respectively. When glucosinolate content is considered, the use of high glucosinolate rapeseed meal provoked a lower but not significantly different daily gain in comparison with soybean meal as supplemental protein source. Substitution of soybean meal with rapeseed meal decreased total starter intake from 270.4 to 262.1 and 259.6 kg and increased hay intake from 53.7 to 55.1 and 62.7 kg. However differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Feed conversion was similar and amounted to 2.94, 3.00 and 2.98 kVEM. The utilization of 20% rapeseed meal with high glucosinolate content significantly (P < 0.05) reduced starter intake.The incorporation of rapeseed meal reduced the palatability of the calf starter. When 20% rapeseed meal was included the rate of intake was significantly lower during the 8th and 14th experimental weeks. The mean rates of intake for a calf starter containing 20% rapeseed meal with either a high or a low glucosinolate level were 76.6 and 83.7% of the rate obtained for the calf starter without rapeseed meal.     

Transfer of 125I to eggs in hens fed on diets containing rapeseed meal.

1. Transfer of 125I into the egg in hens fed on diets containing rapeseed meal and a source of myrosinase, to liberate the antithyroid compounds from the glucosinolates, was studied. 2. It was found that less 125I was transferred if the diet contained a myrosinase source and rapeseed meal.     

Transfer of 125I to eggs in hens fed on diets containing high‐ and low‐glucosinolate rapeseed meals

1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of the gluco‐sinolate content of rapeseed meal on the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs.

2. The experimental diets, containing two concentrations (50 or 100 g/kg) of high‐ or low‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal and a diet, devoid of rapeseed meal, all supplemented with 0.3 mg I/kg were given to laying hens for 6 weeks before oral administration of ¹²⁵I daily for 11d.

3. The percentage of ¹²⁵I transferred to egg yolk was significantly reduced by the inclusion of high‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal but not by low‐glucosinolate meal.

4. Determination of the total iodine content of egg yolk indicated that there was some reduction in the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs even with the low glucosinolate rapeseed meal.     

不同处理方法对青海普通菜籽粕抗营养因子及营养成分影响的研究

采用铁盐法和生物发酵法对青海普通菜籽粕进行脱毒处理,对处理后菜籽粕中的抗营养因子硫葡甙（GL）？噁唑烷硫酮（OZT）？异硫氰酸酯（ITC）和植酸以及常规营养成分干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分等进行测定,并与双低菜籽粕加以比较和评价。结果表明,利用生物发酵法对青海普通菜籽粕进行脱毒处理,脱毒效果较为明显,不仅可提高菜籽粕...     

Rapeseed induced liver haemorrhage, reticulolysis and biochemical changes in laying hens: the effects of feeding high and low glucosinolate meals

Rapeseed meal hepatosis was produced by feeding high and low glucosinolate meals as a source of protein (about 200 g kg-1 diet) but could not be distinguished histologically from fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome which occurred in birds on the control diet. Both types of meal increased haemorrhage, reticulolysis and lymphoproliferation in the liver, reduced the packed cell volume and caused thyroid enlargement. Haemorrhages emanated from ruptured intrahepatic portal veins, capillaries and sinusoids and were associated with degenerative changes in vessel walls. Haemorrhage and reticulin scores were correlated. Parenchymal necrosis occurred only around large haematomas and caused increased aspartate transaminase activity in the plasma. Both meals also caused hyperglycaemia and reduced the plasma triglyceride content. Only the high glucosinolate meal decreased egg production, caused liver enlargement and reduced the plasma urate level. The addition of myrosinase enhanced its effects on egg production and packed cell volume but did not increase its hepatotoxicity.     

Role of glucosinolates in the causation of liver haemorrhages in laying hens fed water-extracted or heat-treated rapeseed cakes

Glucosinolates were removed from whole rapeseed by a hot-water extraction procedure or depleted by heat treatment. When laying hens were maintained for three months on diets containing about 300 g kg-1 of these rapeseed cakes, the incidence of liver haemorrhages detected at post mortem examination was similar to that in birds maintained on 300 g kg-1 commercial rapeseed meal and significantly greater than in control birds fed soya-based diets. The effectiveness of glucosinolate extraction or depletion was determined by chemical analysis and by histological examination of the thyroid glands. Histologically the haemorrhages were similar after feeding extracted and commercial rapeseed meals. Diets containing mixtures of nitriles and glucosinolates severely depressed food intake and egg production but did not cause a greater incidence of haemorrhages than the other rapeseed products tested. Mortality from causes other than liver haemorrhage was higher with the diets containing rapeseed and this suggests that rapeseed has a more generalised effect on the body's defence mechanisms. These observations suggest that other factors in rapeseed meal, alone or acting with glucosinolates, may be responsible for inducing liver haemorrhages in laying hens.     

菜籽饼的发酵脱毒及酶酸法水解制备复合氨基酸工艺研究

以菜籽饼为原料,选择黑曲霉、米曲霉、乳酸菌进行混合固态发酵,然后利用多菌种混合发酵中产生的蛋白酶进行菌酶水解试验,经55℃菌酶水解7 h,氨基酸含量达1.15 g/100 ml;然后,加适量盐酸,经95℃低酸水解8 h,氨基酸含量可达2.17 g/100 ml。本项目研究的生产复合氨基酸液的工艺集脱毒、菌酶、低酸水解为一体,能耗低、产率高,且氨基酸种类丰富齐全,为菜籽饼的综合利用开辟了一条新的途径。     

Responses of growing chickens to high dietary contents of rapeseed meal

1. The feeding of diets high in rapeseed meal to broiler chicks caused enlargement of the liver and may have caused some mortality.

2. High‐glucosinolate Brassica napus rapeseed meal caused a higher incidence of haemorrhagic livers among broiler chicks than did B. campestris meal and a low‐glucosinoate B. napus meal was without effect.

3. White Leghorn cockerels were of little use in studying the aetiology of haemorrhagic liver after feeding rapeseed meal if mortality was used as a criterion. They may be of value in studies of liver function.     

产蛋鸡日粮内低芥酸、低硫甙菜籽粕营养价值的研究

本文分析了国产低芥酸、低硫甙菜籽粕营养及抗营养成分。选21周龄罗曼蛋鸡500只随机均分为5组 ,分别饲喂全豆粕和10 %、15 %、17 %、20 %双低菜籽粕日粮 ,试期35周。结果表明 :双低菜籽粕的蛋白质品质不及豆粕 ,硫甙及其分解产物仅为普通菜籽的1/3左右 ,植酸和单宁含量较高。在日粮中添加10 %、15 %双低菜粕对蛋鸡的生产性能、甲状腺、肝、肾及血清中TSH、T3、T4 和血浆中GPT、GOT的活性等均无异常影响(P>0.05)。添加17 %、20 %双低菜籽粕 ,蛋鸡产蛋量及料蛋比不佳(P<0.05) ,甲状腺、肝等器官有一定异常变化 ,但未见明显肿大(P>0.05)。血清T3、T4、TSH及血浆GOT、GPT无异常变化(P>0.05)。