First occurrence of the reptile mite,Ophionyssus natricis (Acari: Dermanyssidae) in New Zealand

Extract

Madam:– In June 1985, a juvenile common bluetongue skink, Tiliqua scincoides, died at Wellington Zoological gardens. This animal was one of the progeny of three lizards imported from Melbourne Zoo in 1982. They joined a T. scincoides (origin unknown) already in residence at Wellington Zoo. Other juveniles had died on occasions but there were no records indicating whether the cause had been established.     

大小蜂螨的防治（三）

(上接2008年第3期) 4 巧治大小蜂螨 螨难治,难就难在大小蜂螨潜入与深藏在子脾,特别是封盖子脾中生活繁殖,一代又一代,周而复始,寄生为害.蜂螨吸吮蜂子和成蜂的血淋巴及营养物质,破坏子脾,损害蜜蜂健康,使蜂群不得安宁,严重者毁群垮场.     

巧用杀菌灯防蜂病

(接上期) 3 防螨 许多科教资料、工具书统称蜂螨的危害为寄生虫病.我认为其既是病害又具敌害特征,故应认真对待.     

雅氏瓦螨对氟氨氰菊酯的抗药性测定及机理初探

通过对氟氨氰菊酯的抗药性测定 ,发现抗性组蜂螨的LC50 是敏感组蜂螨的 4 0 99倍 ,说明抗性组蜂螨已经对氟氨氰菊酯产生了较强的抗性。测定了增效醚PBO和脱叶磷DEF对氟氨氰菊酯的增效作用 ,结果表明酯酶和多功能氧化酶的活性增强与大蜂螨的抗药性增强有关     

谈蜂螨的防治

防治蜂螨是每个养蜂员必做的工作之一,蜂螨防治的成败与否是养蜂生产的瓶颈所在.蜂螨有大小蜂螨之分,一般在5月至11月之间,随着春繁和秋繁的成功,蜂群不断壮大,给蜂螨提供了生存所需的营养条件和隐蔽场所,大小蜂螨的寄生率也与日俱增,如果不加以防患,就会形成大量的无翅蜂.导致蜂群的群势迅速下降,使蜂群不能安全度夏、越冬.     

Modelling population dynamics and response to management options in the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is a major pest and widespread ectoparasite of laying hens and other domestic and wild birds. Under optimal conditions, D. gallinae can complete its lifecycle in less than 10 days, leading to rapid proliferation of populations in poultry systems. This paper focuses on developing a theoretical model framework to describe the population dynamics of D. gallinae. This model is then used to test the efficacy and residual effect of different control options for managing D. gallinae. As well as allowing comparison between treatment options, the model also allows comparison of treatment efficacies to different D. gallinae life stages. Three different means for controlling D. gallinae populations were subjected to the model using computer simulations: mechanical cleaning (killing once at a given time all accessible population stages), sanitary clearance (starving the mite population for a given duration, e.g. between flocks) and acaricide treatment (killing a proportion of nymphs and adults during the persistence of the treatment). Simulations showed that mechanical cleaning and sanitary clearance alone could not eradicate the model D. gallinae population, although these methods did delay population establishment. In contrast, the complete eradication of the model D. gallinae population was achieved by several successive acaricide treatments in close succession, even when a relatively low treatment level was used.     

Development of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) at different temperatures

The development, viability, and life cycle parameters of Dermanyssus gallinae at five different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C), and at relative humidity 70-85% were evaluated. Life cycle duration was 690.75 h (28 days) at 15 degrees C, 263.12h (11 days) at 20 degrees C, 164.63 h (7 days) at 25 degrees C, 140.69 h (6 days) at 30 degrees C and 172.04 h (7 days) at 35 degrees C. The optimal development temperature for D. gallinae was 30 degrees C, with the greatest survival in all stages and the shortest development time. High mortality at 35 degrees C indicated that this temperature had adverse effects on development of D. gallinae, and that in field conditions D. gallinae populations may decrease or even disappear due to the negative impact of high temperature on development. There were no significant differences in the pre-oviposition period among the four temperatures 20-35 degrees C, indicating that temperature did not affect this part of the life cycle.     

Occurrence of acute paralysis virus of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) in a Hungarian apiary infested with the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni.

Viruses of the honey bee have been known for a long time; however, recently the attention of scientists and apiculturalists has turned towards the relationship between these viruses and the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni. Although clinical symptoms indicated the presence of some of the viruses of bees in Hungary, none have previously been isolated or identified. During July unusual adult bee and brood mortality was observed in some colonies of an apiary in Budapest known to be infested with Varroa jacobsoni. Large amounts of acute paralysis virus (APV) were detected serologically in healthy honey bee pupae killed by the injection of a bacteria-free extract of diseased adult bees. Crystalline arrays of 30 nm particles were seen in ultrathin sections of the tissues of injected pupae and naturally infected adult bees. In spite of the application of acaricide treatments the bee population in several colonies had collapsed by the end of summer and the apiary suffered severe wintering losses.     

Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

The acaricial activity of 56 plant essential oils against poultry house-collected adult Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods. In a filter paper contact bioassay, 100% mortality at 0.07 mg cm⁻² was observed in bay, cade, cinnamon, clove bud, coriander, horseradish, lime dis 5F, mustard, pennyroyal, pimento berry, spearmint, thyme red and thyme white oils, whereas the mortality of these oils was significantly decreased at 0.02 mg cm⁻². In fumigation tests with adult D. gallinae at 0.28 mg cm⁻², cade, clove bud, coriander, horseradish and mustard oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these essential oils was largely due to action in the vapour phase. Plant essential oils described herein merit further study as potential D. gallinae control agents.     

Assessment of susceptibility of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) to some acaricides using an adapted filter paper based bioassay

A previously described bioassay was modified to assess the response of the poultry red mite, an important ectoparasite of fowl, to a selected group of acaricides. The adapted bioassay is simple to use, escape-proof and provides data that can be subjected to probit analysis. The reproducibility of the method was assessed by three tests with alpha-cypermethrin against a reference strain, which produced dose-response lines that did not differ significantly (chi(2)=1.39, 2 d.f., p=0.50), and had a derived common slope of 1.89. In addition, a limited evaluation study enabled assessment of response to commercial formulations of bifenthrin, bifenthrin+malathion and cypermethrin by field populations of the poultry red mite.     

国外非化学农药防治蜂螨的研究进展

近年来,国外利用非农药防治蜂螨取得较大进展,包括植物熏烟杀螨、天然提取物质、合成天然物质、热力杀螨、抗螨育种、蜂螨抑制基因、食用粉剂、加强检疫和综合防治等措施,尤其是植物油和其他提取的天然物质以及合成天然物质研究得比较多,杀螨药逐渐绿色化,方法逐渐多样化,形成以非农药和其他方法代替化学农药防治蜂螨的发展趋势.     

Comparison of four methods of extracting DNA from D. gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

Dermanyssus gallinae is one of the most serious ectoparasites of poultry and it has been implicated as a vector of several major pathogenic diseases. Molecular detection of such pathogens in mites is crucial and therefore, an important step is the extraction of their DNA from mites. So, we compared four DNA extraction protocols from engorged and unfed individual mites: a conventional method using a Cethyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide buffer (CTAB), a Chelex resin, a Qiamp DNA extraction kit and a more recent one filter-based technology (FTA). The DNA samples have been tested for their ability to be amplified by an amplification of a D. gallinae 16S rRNA gene region. The best results were obtained using CTAB and Qiagen methods at the same time with unfed and engorged mites (96% and 100% of amplified samples). FTA produced similar results when using unfed mites but not when processing engorged ones (96% and 70%). Finally, the Chelex method was the least efficient in terms of DNA amplification, especially when applied on engorged individuals (50%). The possible inhibitor role of these Chelex extracted DNA was demonstrated by the means of a PCR control on PUC plasmid. No difference was observed with CTAB, Qiamp DNA extraction kit or FTA methods using DNA extracted one year before.     

Some wild hosts of the Karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae)

A variety of mammal and bird species in the Mountain Zebra National Park, eastern Cape Province, were examined for Ixodes rubicundus. In addition, caracal (Felis caracal) from the park and its vicinity as well as from the Graaff-Reinet region of the Karoo were examined. Amongst the animals collected, the red rock rabbit (Pronolagus rupestris) was a preferred host of the immature stages of the tick. Caracal were moderately good hosts of these stages and, with mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) and eland (Taurotragus oryx), are the preferred hosts of adult ticks.     

Contact and fumigant toxicity of oriental medicinal plant extracts against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

The acaricidal activity of methanolic extracts from 40 oriental medicinal plant species and a steam distillate of Cinnamomum camphora towards poultry house-collected adult Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer was examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays. Results were compared with those of 15 acaricides currently used. In filter paper contact toxicity bioassays using adult D. gallinae, C. camphora steam distillate (0.0051 mgcm(-2)) was the most toxic material, followed by extracts from Asarum sieboldii var. seoulens whole plant, Eugenia caryophyllata flower bud and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens whole plant (0.0063-0.0072 mgcm(-2)), based upon 24h LD(50) values. The acaricidal activity of these four plant preparations was almost comparable to that of profenofos (LD(50), 0.003 mgcm(-2)) but less effective than dichlorvos (LD(50), 0.0004 mgcm(-2)). The toxicity of Illicium verum fruit and Lysimachia davurica leaf extracts (0.09 mgcm(-2)) was almost comparable to that of benfuracarb, prothiofos, propoxur and fenthion (0.053-0.070mgcm(-2)). In vapour phase toxicity tests, these plant preparations were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these plant extracts was largely a result of action in the vapour phase. Plants described herein merit further study as potential D. gallinae control agents.     

香精油抗蜂螨作用的研究进展

香精油及其组分具有显著的抗螨效果。萜类化合物(主要是单萜)是香精油的主要成分。占总量的90％左右。研究者通过筛选试验测定了多种香精油及其一些组分的抗螨能力。大部分表现出良好的抗螨效果。但只有少部分在蜂群试验中表现出强抗螨能力。因此，有必要对此作进一步的研究。以达到最优化目标。同时联合其它防治手段，建立一套全面的害虫防治策略，实现蜂螨的最终控制。     

Hosts of the immature stages of the rhinoceros tick, Dermacentor rhinocerinus (Acari, Ixodidae)

The collection of the immature stages of Dermacentor rhinocerinus from host animals is described for the first time. These are the bushveld gerbil (Tatera leucogaster, from which larvae and nymphs were collected, the red veld rat (Aethomys crysophilus), from which a larva was collected, and the Natal multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis), from which a nymph was collected.The rodents were examined in a nature reserve in which there are white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum).     

Experimental examinations concerning the problem of deformed emerging bees after infestation with Varroa jacobsoni

The deformations of bees occurring in connection with varroatosis was examined both in case of natural and artificial infestation. Under both conditions, the number of bees showing wing deformations increased with the degree of mite infestation. Shortened abdomina, however, only appeared in the case of natural infestation. Inadequate brood care in colonies severely infested by Varroa mites is supposed to be responsible. Wing deformations could be produced by experimental haemolymph extraction.     

长白山区中华蜜蜂与西方蜜蜂寄生瓦螨比较分析

采用形态测定和RAPD-PCR相结合的方法对寄生于长白山区的中华蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂的瓦螨进行比较分析.结果表明,中、西蜂寄生瓦螨无论在形态水平还是分子水平上都是具有差别的.在选定的8个形态指标中,寄生于中华蜜蜂的瓦螨个体的指标有7个大于寄生于西蜂的瓦螨,其中有6个指标的均数差异达到显著(0.01相似文献