应用带病毒的松毛虫赤眼蜂防治思茅松毛虫的研究

通过对松毛虫赤眼蜂室内饲养观察实验及2004～2005年在思茅松林间释放携带病毒的松毛虫赤眼蜂卵卡防治思茅松毛虫的林间试验,结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂室内平均羽化率为84.3 %,对思茅松毛虫卵的平均寄生率为87.6 %;思茅松毛虫的林间防治效果分别为81.7 %和84.8 %.利用卵寄生蜂-松毛虫赤眼蜂作为媒介昆虫传递思茅松毛虫核型多角体病毒(NPV)防治思茅松毛虫取得了良好的效果.     

不同波长诱虫灯对思茅松毛虫监测研究

为探究思茅松毛虫最佳诱集波长及种群动态,本研究使用10种不同光谱范围和峰值光波的诱虫灯,选择思茅松毛虫虫口密度较高的湖南省岳阳市进行野外诱集试验,分析了思茅松毛虫最佳诱集波长、种群动态及雌雄性比。研究结果显示:10盏诱虫灯中5#诱虫灯(光谱范围408.87~433.49 nm,峰值光波422.55 nm)效果最好,13#(光谱范围439.87~543.92 nm,峰值光波494.93 nm、498.57 nm)诱集效果最差;思茅松毛虫雄虫先于雌虫羽化,在雌虫羽化位点等待雌虫羽化后与之交尾;后期,诱集的思茅松毛虫雌雄性比偏向于雌性。总体上,诱集的思茅松毛虫雌性较多,表明思茅松毛虫在林间雌虫占多数。本研究结果为利用频振式诱虫灯监测思茅松毛虫,同时为利用诱虫灯的最佳诱集波长及种群动态进行思茅松毛虫的防治提供了参考依据。     

云南澄江蛾类病毒资源及其应用

1980年以来云南澄江从松毛虫等自然感病虫尸中分离出多种核型多角体病毒（NPV），质型多角体病毒（CPV）和颗粒型多角体病毒（GV）。于1980-2001年先后应用NPV、CPV防治云南松毛虫、思茅松毛虫、文山松毛虫、灰褐带蛾、毒蛾、蚕蛾；面积达7732.2hm^2，当年防效平均约为97%，1次防治，防治效果可持续10年以上。     

思茅松毛虫自然种群生命表与精确管理研究

组建自然种群生命表来研究思茅松毛虫的种群动态。研究结果表明,思茅松毛虫平均存活率达1.63%,种群趋势指数为1.6529。在各虫态中,危害期幼虫期死亡率最高,其中主要影响因素是气候因素和被捕食,捕食性天敌影响很大,思茅松毛虫的防治关键时期也在幼虫危害期。根据这一结果和生物灾害精确管理原理,编制了思茅松毛虫防治历。     

休宁县防治思茅松毛虫试验初报

休宁县松林面积29万亩,思茅松毛虫是主要林业有害生物之一.在该地一年发生2代,越冬代松毛虫虫龄比较整齐,分布呈一定规律性,因此抓好越冬代思茅松毛虫监测和防治可以起到很好的效果.     

白僵菌防治思茅松毛虫研究

采用白僵菌喷粉法对云南油杉的思茅松毛虫进行防治,通过分析笼内虫口及非笼内虫口死亡情况表明:白僵菌防治思茅松毛虫效果显著。     

思茅松毛虫的危害与防治措施

景东县是思茅松毛虫的老灾区.中华人民共和国成立以来,全县共发生思茅松毛虫危害14.02万hm2.介绍了思茅松毛虫的形态、生活史、危害及经济损失,松毛虫的防治方法,分析了存在的问题,提出了改进建议.     

思茅松毛虫的危害与防治措施

景东县是思茅松毛虫的老灾区。中华人民共和国成立以来,全县共发生思茅松毛虫危害14．02万hm2。介绍了思茅松毛虫的形态、生活史、危害及经济损失,松毛虫的防治方法,分析了存在的问题,提出了改进建议。     

思茅松毛虫研究进展

从思茅松毛虫生物生态学特性、抽样监测和测报技术、防治技术等方面对前人的研究成果进行了系统的归纳和整理,综述了我国思茅松毛虫的研究进展,并提出今后的研究方向.     

森得保、虫螨克星对思茅松毛虫的防效试验

应用森得保、1.8%虫螨克星2种生物药剂对思茅松毛虫防治药效进行对比试验,结果表明:施用2种不同浓度的药剂后,1 d、2 d、3 d的死亡率之间存在显著性差异。2种药剂1000 mg·kg-1效果最好,对思茅松毛虫处理1 d、2 d、3 d均有杀死作用,1 d后思茅松毛虫死亡率达60%以上,3 d能达到99%以上,效果最好。森得保的直接效果优于1.8%虫螨克星。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.