8个小麦品种对壳针孢叶枯病表现免疫

<正>近年来我国小麦壳针孢叶枯病发生日益严重,为了寻找和发现该病的新抗性品种材料,浙江农林大学农业与食品科学学院、中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所联合通过人工接种法和病情分级法,对44个小麦品种(系)及4个常规品种的抗性水平进行了比较和评价。研究结果表明,48个小麦品种(系)中对壳针孢叶枯病免疫的品种有8个,占供试品种的16.7%;表现抗病的品种有23个,占供试品种的47.9%,其中高抗品种19个,中抗品种4个;表现感病的品种有17个,占供试品种的35.4%,其中中     

苗期及灌浆期抗Bipolaris sorokiniana叶枯病小麦品种（系）鉴定及相关性分析

叶枯病对小麦生产危害严重,麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌（Bipolaris sorokiniana）是小麦叶枯病的主要致病菌。为筛选抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病小麦种质,采用“孢子液喷洒、套袋（罩）保湿”接菌鉴定的方法,于2019-2020年对130个小麦品种（系）进行苗期及灌浆期叶枯病抗性鉴定,同时分析了小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性的相关性。结果表明,130个小麦品种（系）中,苗期抗病材料占32.3%,其中高抗与中抗材料分别为1.5%与30.8%,无免疫材料;感病材料占67.7%,其中中感与高感材料分别为20.8%与46.9%;灌浆期抗、感叶枯病材料分别占11.5%与88.5%,无高抗材料;小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性呈显著正相关关系（r = 0.72）。此结果为抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病的遗传育种与抗病机理研究提供了优异的种质资源;基于苗期抗性与灌浆期抗性的显著相关性,可以通过室内快速准确的苗期叶枯病抗性鉴定预测大田条件下小麦灌浆期的抗性,节省时间,减轻大田鉴定繁重的工作量,并降低环境因素对鉴定结果的影响。     

东北春麦区54份小麦品种的抗病性评价

2005-2006年对东北春麦区主要推广应用的54个品种（系）进行了抗秆锈病、白粉病和叶枯病鉴定。结果表明,在参鉴品种中,3份材料对白粉病表现抗病,占供试材料的6%;46份材料对秆锈病表现抗病,占供试材料的85%;11份材料对叶枯病表现中等抗病,占供试材料的20%。东北春麦区生产品种对秆锈病抗性表现较好,但也存在品种抗锈性下降的威胁;生产品种中普遍缺乏对白粉病的抗性,在育种中应加强新抗源的导入和应用;叶枯病发生普遍并且有逐年加重的趋势。针对以上情况,提出了解决办法。     

东北春麦区54份小麦品种的抗病性评价

2005-2006年对东北春麦区主要推广应用的54个品种(系)进行了抗秆锈病、白粉病和叶枯病鉴定.结果表明,在参鉴品种中,3份材料对白粉病表现抗病,占供试材料的6%; 46份材料对秆锈病表现抗病,占供试材料的85%;11 份材料对叶枯病表现中等抗病,占供试材料的20%.东北春麦区生产品种对秆锈病抗性表现较好,但也存在品种抗锈性下降的威胁;生产品种中普遍缺乏对白粉病的抗性,在育种中应加强新抗源的导入和应用;叶枯病发生普遍并且有逐年加重的趋势.针对以上情况,提出了解决办法.     

亚麻抗派斯莫病种质资源筛选

为了解不同亚麻种质对派斯莫病的抗性差异,采用菌土接种法进行盆栽试验,统计分析各种质的发病情况并计算病情指数,对20个亚麻品种(系)进行派斯莫病抗性鉴定与评价。根据病情指数将20个亚麻品种(系)的派斯莫抗性分为抗病、中感、感病和高感。试验结果表明：不同品种（系）间存在明显的抗性差异,但整体抗性较差,无免疫品种（系）;有7个抗病品系,分别为H2012-1、ZY03001-2-4、Y0310-7-3、ZY03119-2-12、ZY06175-10-15、01059-1-6-2、9804-38,占供试种质总数的35%;中感、感病和高感品种(系)分别为9、2、2份,共占供试种质总数的65%,因此,H2012-1、ZY03001-2-4等7个抗性较强的品系可作为亚麻抗派斯莫病育种的材料。     

春小麦壳针孢菌病害抗性鉴定初步结果

１９９２～１９９３年度，对２３５份春小麦、黑麦、小黑麦材料进行了抗壳针孢叶枯病（Ｓｅｐｔｏｒｉａｔｒｉｔｉｃｉ）和燕麦壳针孢菌小麦专化型（Ｓｅｐｔｏｒｉａａｖｅｎａｅｆ．ｓｐ．ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａ）的抗性鉴定，结果表明，仅有为数不多的高抗品种，品种间抗性存在明显差异。     

11份贵州省小麦区试品种对叶锈病、条锈病和白粉病的田间表型抗病性鉴定

采用大田品种诱发结合自然发病的方法,鉴定2020—2021年参加贵州省小麦区域试验的小麦品种（系）对锈病和白粉病的抗病性情况,分析11个品种对锈病和白粉病的抗性与表型性状的相关性,为评估区试小麦品种对锈病和白粉病的抗性及小麦白粉病和锈病抗性育种提供支持。在11个参加小麦区试材料中,表现为抗白粉病的有10个品种,占11份鉴定材料的90.91%,其中7个品种表现为免疫或高抗病性、3个品种表现为中抗病性;11个品种都表现为抗条锈病,占鉴定品种的100%,其中1个品种表现为免疫、9个品种表现为高抗、1个品种表现为中抗;11个品种都表现为抗叶锈病,占鉴定品种的100%,其中1个品种表现为完全免疫、6个品种表现为高抗、4个品种表现为中抗;在参加试验的11个品种中有10个品种对叶锈病、条锈病和白粉病均表现抗性,占鉴定品种的90.91%,11个区试小麦品种的抗病性存在较小差异。筛选鉴定出对3种病害表现高抗性的5个品种,分别为贵农麦1803、贵农麦20-1、黔1104、贵农19(CK)和贵农麦19-9,可作为抗病育种的优异备选材料。     

抗白粉病月季资源的田间筛选

筛选抗白粉病月季资源对月季栽培利用及抗病育种品种的选择有重要意义。对保存的来自国内外不同地区、不同类型的349份月季资源进行了田间筛选。供试品种病情分为高抗、抗病、中抗、感病、高感5个等级。供试品种对月季白粉病抗性表现比较分散。月季抗病资源182份,占供试品种的52.15%,其余167份均表现为感病,占47.85%,其中抗病资源中有13份表现为高抗,占供试品种的3.72%;349份资源中包括27份中国古老月季,其中有11份表现为抗病,占中国古老月季的40.74%。抗白粉病月季资源的筛选能够为月季栽培、育种亲本品种的选择提供参考。     

甘肃省主要小麦生产品种(系)及抗源材料抗白粉病基因推导分析

选用17个致病力不同的小麦白粉病菌菌系,对64个甘肃省主要生产品种(系)及抗源材料进行了苗期白粉病抗性鉴定,并结合系谱分析推导这些品种(系)所含抗病基因。初步判断陇原932含有Pm5及未知抗病基因;西峰20含有Pm6及未知抗病基因;98保1-2含有Pm8及未知抗病基因;863-13和石7816含有Pm19;天选43等6个品种(系)含有Pm21;兰天13等18个品种(系)对所有供试菌系均表现感病,与其他35个供试品种(系)一致,可能含有未知抗病基因或基因组合。聚类分析支持基因推导结果。     

山东省主栽小麦品种对孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)抗性的鉴定

本研究利用孢囊指数方法室内鉴定31个小麦品种(系)对Heterodera avenae的抗性,结果表明:供试31个小麦品种中大多数品种表现高度感病(HS)、无高抗(HR)和中抗(MR)品种。淄麦12和山农8355两品种的单株孢囊数为11~20个,属中度感病(MS)品种,仅占供试品种的6.5%;其他29个品种单株孢囊数大于20个,均为高度感病(HS)品种,占供试品种的93.5%。在接种量相同的条件下,小麦根系特点和生长状况与最终形成的孢囊数没有明显相关性。     

Resistance to multiple leaf spot diseases in wheat

Tan spot (TS), Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), and Septoria tritici blotch (STB) are three major leaf spot diseases of wheat worldwide. Host plant resistance (HPR) is one of the main components in the management of these diseases in wheat. The objective of this study was to identify new sources of resistance to TS (races 1 and 5), SNB, and STB. A total of 164 wheat genotypes developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico were individually evaluated for TS, SNB and STB in spring and fall of 2006 in the greenhouse. Two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Each replicate consisted of 164 wheat genotypes planted in cones with three seedlings/genotype in each cone and disease reaction was assessed for each race or pathogen at the two- to three-leaf stage. Based on the disease reactions, three wheat genotypes were resistant to both TS and SNB, while 13 genotypes were resistant to TS and STB. Similarly, 13 genotypes were resistant to both SNB and STB. In addition, four wheat genotypes were highly resistant to TS, SNB, and STB. These results suggest that the resistant genotypes identified in this study possess high levels of resistance to multiple leaf spot diseases and could be valuable sources for wheat improvement programs.     

山西省不同生态区小麦叶锈菌毒性研究

利用已知抗叶锈病基因的小麦近等基因系 (或单基因系 )作鉴别寄主 ,监测来自山西省 3个不同小麦生态区 11个县 (市 )的 92份叶锈标样。在发现的 2 7个致病类型 (毒性基因组合 )中 ,TRK ,TRT ,PHT ,THT出现频率分别为 19 6% ,9 8% ,6 5 % ,6 5 % ,为优势致病类型。对叶锈菌群体毒性基因频率分析结果表明 ,毒性基因V19,V2 4 ,V38的出现频率较低 ,分别为5 4 % ,16 5 %和 0 ,其对应的抗性基因可视为山西省小麦叶锈菌的有效抗病基因     

Genomewide association study reveals novel quantitative trait loci associated with resistance towards Septoria tritici blotch in North European winter wheat

Fungal diseases are a major constraint for wheat production. Effective disease resistance is essential for ensuring a high production quality and yield. One of the most severe fungal diseases of wheat is Septoria tritici blotch (STB), which influences wheat production across the world. In this study, genomewide association mapping was used to identify new chromosomal regions on the wheat genome conferring effective resistance towards STB. A winter wheat population of 164 North European varieties and breeding lines was genotyped with 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) wheat array. The varieties were evaluated for STB in field trials at three locations in Denmark and across 3 years. The association analysis revealed four quantitative trait loci, on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 5D and 7A, highly associated with STB resistance. By comparing varieties containing several quantitative trait loci (QTL) with varieties containing none of the found QTL, a significant difference was found in the mean disease score. This indicates that an effective resistance can be obtained by pyramiding several QTL.     

河南小麦新育成品种(系)白粉病抗性鉴定与分子标记检测

利用华北地区流行的白粉菌菌株E09和E20,分别对河南省小麦新品种(系)区域和预备试验参试材料908份(2009—2013年度)和412份(2009—2012年度)进行苗期白粉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与Pm2、Pm4a、Pm8和Pm21基因连锁的分子标记检测相关抗病基因的分布。结果显示,抗E09的材料占21.9%(199/908),抗E20的材料占9.5%(39/412),同时抗E09和E20的材料仅占3.6%(15/412)。在908份供试材料中,580份含有1BL/1RS,占63.9%,含Pm8或新的1RS来源抗白粉病基因;另有2份材料含6AL/6VS来源广谱抗白粉病基因Pm21,8份可能携带Pm2,2份可能含有Pm4a;有6份材料可能含有多个抗白粉病基因。表明河南省近年育成的小麦新品种(系)依然含有对我国白粉菌菌系有效的抗白粉病基因,但抗源遗传基础较窄,部分已经或正在丧失抗性,应加快引进和利用新的多样化抗病基因资源。     

12个主产区历史小麦品种抗叶锈病基因分析

近年来,小麦叶锈病发生有加重趋势,培育抗病品种是减轻小麦叶锈病危害的环保有效途径。用12个小麦品种及35个含已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品系在苗期接种19个不同毒性的叶锈菌生理小种,通过基因推导和系谱分析发掘待测品种中的抗叶锈病基因,并通过分子标记检测进一步验证;在田间接种强毒性混合生理小种,进行成株期病情严重度与普遍率调查,筛选慢锈性品种。结果表明,在石新828、百农3217、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共9个品种中检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37和Lr46共5个抗叶锈病基因,其中部分品种中发现多个抗性基因。成株期筛选出百农3217、平阳27、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、碧蚂4号、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共10个慢叶锈性品种,其中碧蚂4号和小偃6号等品种是我国小麦育种的骨干亲本,探究这些品种中的抗病基因对培育小麦抗叶锈病品种具有重要意义。     

Screening the Spanish Barley Core Collection for disease resistance

The Spanish Barley Core Collection comprises 159 landrace-derived inbred lines and 16 cultivars adapted to Southern European conditions. The collection was screened for resistance to powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis ), scald ( Rhynchosporium secalis ), leaf rust ( Puccinia hordei ), net blotch ( Pyrenophora teres f. teres ), Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). Resistance to powdery mildew was outstanding, with 58 lines presenting mean overall resistance, among them seven landrace-derived lines resistant to all seven isolates tested. About 26% of the Spanish lines were resistant to scald. Resistance to leaf rust and to net blotch was scarce, though a few accessions showed resistance levels as good as the checks. Thirteen accessions (12 Spanish) were totally resistant to BaMMV and c. 20% of accessions showed moderate tolerance to BYDV. Landrace-derived lines from the Mediterranean Coast and Southern regions of Spain were the most resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust, but the most susceptible to viruses. Potential sources of resistance might be preserved in some accessions subjected to selective pressure in the region of origin.     

利用离体技术鉴定小麦根腐病抗性研究

通过不同处理的离体试验及田间对比试验,对离体鉴定技术应用于小麦抗叶部根腐病(H.sativum)育种的可行性进行了较深入的研究,试验证明：应用离体技术鉴定小麦叶部根腐病抗性结果准确、速度快,而且不受环境条件限制。同时,采用离体鉴定的方法对参试的2632份材料进行抗性评价,从中筛选出8份高抗和60份中抗的材料,其中17分来自人工合成六倍体小麦,51份来自普通小麦。     

A Field Disease Evaluation Method for Selecting Wheats Resistant to Mycosphaerella graminicola

Reliable and efficient methods of selection are important for improving disease resistance. Three methods of field assessment of the Septoria tritici blotch disease, caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fückel) Schroeter, were compared to identify the most reliable for selecting resistant wheats, Triticum aestivttm L. Nine cultivars which differed in disease reaction to plant height and maturity, and their progenies from several generations were used. The methods consisted of scoring chlorotic and necrotic leaf area covered with pycnidia on the flag leaf and the leaf below the flag leaf (flag leaf-1) as percent of the total leaf area, on a plant-basis, and the percent necrosis visually estimated on a plot-basis. Plot data were greatly influenced by environmental changes leading to inconsistent genetic results. The flag leaf and flag leaf-1 methods provided the most precise consistent results. The use of the flag leaf-1 method is suggested for selection.     

马铃薯种质资源晚疫病抗性评价及分子标记辅助筛选

由致病疫霉（Phytophthora infestans）引起的晚疫病是马铃薯生产上最具危害性的病害,种植抗病品种是防治该病害最有效的方法。分子标记辅助选择可以大大缩短育种年限,提高育种效率。对395008.45×克新27号的60份杂交后代进行了晚疫病抗性评价,结果有39份表现抗病,21份表现感病。利用晚疫病抗性基因R8的分子标记对60份杂交后代进行了检测,其中有43份含有R8基因;对36份种质资源进行检测,其中有28份含有R8基因。本研究鉴定的抗性资源可为马铃薯抗病育种提供优质的亲本材料。     

Chromosome location of resistance to septoria leaf blotch and common bunt in wheat-barley addition lines

Septoria leaf blotch and common bunt are important diseases of wheat to which Hordeum vulgare is resistant. Addition lines of H. vulgare in wheat were utilized to determine which H. vulgare chromosomes carry resistance genes. Resistance to septoria leaf blotch was conferred by gene(s) present all over the barley genome, but more strongly by those located on chromosomes 7 and 4. Almost complete resistance to common bunt was conferred by gene(s) present in chromosomes 6 and a slight but significant level of resistance was conferred by chromosome 7. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.