福建烤烟种植区大气氮素湿沉降研究

为研究大气湿沉降中氮素营养对福建烤烟生产的影响,通过对5个监测点降水样品的收集和分析,研究福建烤烟种植区大气湿沉降氮素状况。结果表明,福建烟区年降雨量在1134~1737 mm,总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机氮年平均浓度分别为1.14 mg/L、0.37 mg/L、0.39 mg/L和0.38 mg/L;总氮沉降量在11.77~20 kg/(hm2?a)之间,平均为15.94 kg/(hm2?a),硝态氮、铵态氮和有机氮各占1/3;沿武夷山脉从南到北,大气湿沉降氮的年平均浓度和沉降量均表现为下降趋势。不同监测点在1—2月和9—10月湿沉降中氮的浓度相对较高,有4个点的氮素沉降量主要集中在3—9月,长汀主要集中在上半年;烤烟生长季（2—7月）的大气湿沉降中的无机氮（铵态氮+硝态氮）、有机态氮和总氮分别占全年总量的44%~62%、33%~67%、44%~63%。大气氮素湿沉降量与降雨量之间呈乘幂型正相关,其决定系数平均为0.41。     

干旱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响

为了研究干旱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响,以黄瓜幼苗为试材,采用盆栽试验,研究PEG模拟干旱对黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫浓度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光的降幅增大。干旱胁迫1天,5%PEG与对照(CK)之间叶绿素总含量差异不显著,10%、20%PEG处理叶绿素总含量较CK分别降低5.2%、16.3%,干旱胁迫2天,5%、10%、20%PEG处理叶绿素总含量较CK分别降低8.6%、12.0%、37.2%。干旱胁迫1天,CK和5%PEG处理之间Pn、E、Gs差异不显著,CK、5%、10%、20%PEG处理之间Ci差异显著,干旱胁迫2天,CK、5%、10%、20%PEG处理之间Pn、E、Ci差异显著。干旱胁迫2天,5%、10%、20%PEG处理的YIELD较CK分别降低2.4%、8.7%和13.2%,ETR较CK分别降低8.5%、17.6%和40.2%,qP较CK分别降低4.6%、9.3%和12.7%,qN较CK分别降低8.7%、18.1%和66.6%。     

福建省三明市农户采用水稻新品种影响因素实证分析

为找出影响农户采用水稻新品种的相关因素和显著因素,本研究在实地问卷调查的基础上,运用列联表分析法找出影响农户采用水稻新品种相关性高的因素,进一步地用二元Logistic回归模型,对农户采用水稻新品种的显著影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明水稻种植面积、农技培训、新老品种种子价格差、农技指导4个因素是显著影响农户采用水稻新品种的因素。其中,水稻种植面积对农户采用水稻新品种的影响最大;农技培训对农户采用水稻新品种有正向影响;种子价格差对农户采用水稻新品种有抑制作用;技术指导会促进农户采用水稻新品种。     

60Co不同剂量辐射对木薯主要农艺性状影响的研究

为了探讨60Co不同剂量辐射对木薯主要农艺性状的影响,为木薯辐射诱变育种提供依据,以木薯品种‘新选048’为供试材料,采用2000 γ、3000 γ、4000 γ、5000 γ、6000 γ、7000 γ、8000 γ、9000 γ 8个等级的60Co辐射剂量对木薯种茎进行辐射处理,研究60Co辐射对木薯主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明：60Co不同剂量辐射,木薯的株高、茎粗、单株块根数、块根淀粉含量有明显差异。8000 γ辐射比5000 γ辐射平均株高增加40.26 cm,茎粗增加0.53 cm,块根长增加4.66 cm,块根粗增加0.37 cm。4000 γ辐射比9000 γ辐射块根淀粉含量提高4.53个百分点。由此可见,木薯采用60Co不同剂量辐射是获得突变体的有效途径。     

一株产α-淀粉酶细菌的分离、鉴定及酶学性质初步研究

利用纯培养和碘液显色从松毛虫幼虫肠道中分离筛选得到一株产α-淀粉酶细菌2N02,通过16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。摇瓶发酵后,产生的α-淀粉酶酶活力20.0 U/mL;经硫酸铵沉淀、透析脱盐后,初步研究酶学性质,测得酶反应最适温度50℃,最适pH值6.5,Mg2+、Ca2+对酶具有激活作用,Zn2+和EDTA则抑制酶活性。研究表明,该菌株是产α-淀粉酶较好的材料,具有一定的应用前景。     

圣女果酵素的制备工艺及抗氧化性质研究

以圣女果为原料,以SOD酶活及总酸为检测指标,用液态分步发酵法制备圣女果酵素。优化分步发酵的工艺条件,并对圣女果酵素的抗氧化性质进行研究。结果表明,水添加量50%,白砂糖添加量20%,发酵温度32℃,活性干酵母接种量0.5%,pH值4.1,发酵时间16 h进行一次发酵;发酵温度30℃,乳酸菌接种量0.1%,pH值5.0,发酵时间36 h进行二次发酵。此时发酵效果最好,SOD酶活可达324 U/mL,总酸含量为0.219 g/mL.该圣女果酵素对DPPH自由基的清除能力超过了维C,对羟自由基的清除能力接近维C,但对超氧阴离子的清除能力低于维C。     

蛋白酶产生菌的筛选及酶学性质研究

从养牛厂附近的土壤中分离得到一株产蛋白酶性质优良的菌株,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌,对其最适产酶条件进行了研究。试验表明,最适碳源为玉米粉,最适氮源为玉米浆,300mL摇瓶最适装液量为60mL,最适接种量为2%,起始pH值为4.5和6.5时有2个产酶高峰,并对其进行酶学性质的研究。该酶最适温度为65℃,最适pH值为7.5,该酶在50℃以下保温30min酶活仍较高,在70℃以上酶活全部丧失。在pH值7.0～9.0时比较稳定,而在pH值5.0以下时酶活下降很快。金属离子Pb2+,鳌合剂EDTA能抑制蛋白酶的活性,而Fe2+能激活蛋白酶活性。     

不同鲜食、野生葡萄皮多酚类物质抗氧化活性比较

对9个广西主产鲜食、野生葡萄品种的葡萄皮多酚类物质含量及其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率的影响进行比较研究。结果表明,葡萄皮中多酚类物质含量较高的品种为野生葡萄“野酿2号”毛葡萄和鲜食葡萄“温克”,含量分别为22.63 mg/g和19.77 mg/g。所有品种葡萄皮多酚对DPPH自由基清除率均在85%以上,抗氧化效果显著,但品种间对超氧阴离子自由基清除率差异较大,清除率最高的是“夏黑”（98.3%）,其次是“野酿2号”毛葡萄（85.7%）,最低的是“甬优一号”（35%）。果皮总酚含量高,同时抗氧化活性优于其他品种的是“野酿2号”毛葡萄、“温克”“、新株系Y137”毛葡萄和“夏黑”4个葡萄品种。     

海马抗氧化活性肽制备工艺研究

旨在建立海马寡肽的制备工艺,探究寡肽的抗氧化活性。采用酶解法将海马原料制备成海马蛋白酶解肽,将游离氨基酸含量、DPPH·清除率及还原力作为考核指标,在获得制备海马酶解寡肽的最佳蛋白酶的基础上,选取酶添加量、pH、酶解温度及时间为因素,通过单因素和正交试验设计制备海马蛋白酶解肽,对其酶解工艺进行优化。最终获得海马抗氧化活性肽的最佳工艺条件为:风味蛋白酶添加量6000 U/g,酶解温度45℃,酶解时间9 h;在此工艺条件下,酶解产物的游离氨基酸含量为4.198 mg/m L,DPPH·清除率为92.758%,还原力为1.091。试验获得制备海马抗氧化活性肽最优酶解工艺,为进一步研发成保健食品提供坚实的基础。     

蓝莓VcMYB启动子克隆及其功能初步分析

为探究VcMYB启动子在转录过程中如何发挥调控作用,利用FPNI-PCR法从蓝莓中克隆到调控原花青素合成相关的转录因子VcMYB的768 bp启动子序列。用PLACE和Plant CARE在线启动子预测工具分析了该启动子,结果表明其序列中存在启动子的基本元件CAAT-box和TATA-box,还包含一系列的响应元件,如光响应元件、低温响应元件、防御与胁迫响应元件和茉莉酸甲酯响应元件等。为进一步分析该启动子的功能,构建了该基因启动子与GUS基因融合的植物表达载体VcMYBpro::GUS,并用农杆菌转化拟南芥。对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色分析,结果表明该VcMYB启动子能驱动GUS基因在转基因拟南芥中表达,并且经脱落酸(ABA)、4℃低温、LED光照和持续光照处理后,转基因拟南芥中GUS的表达活性增强,推测该基因受ABA、低温和光的调控。     

The effect of delaying harvest date on fruit quality and storage of late highbush blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

The effect of delaying harvest on fruit quality and storage life was measured for the late-season highbush blueberry cultivars ‘Aurora’, ‘Elliott’ and ‘Liberty’. In all three cultivars as fruit ripened, there was a steady decline in TA while SS remained stable, indicating that the fruit were becoming sweeter. This was supported by taste panel perceptions of greater sweetness associated with later harvested fruit. There was also a significant overall reduction in fruit firmness and storage life as the percentage of blue fruit at harvest increased; however, a significant interaction for storage life between crop ripeness and cultivar was observed, indicating that the fruit of some cultivars were less influenced by overall crop ripeness than others. The storage life of ‘Elliott’ was significantly affected negatively by crop ripeness, while ‘Aurora’ and ‘Liberty’ were not. ‘Liberty’ produced the highest percentage of sound fruit of the three cultivars and its fruit stored the longest, suggesting that ‘Liberty’ and ‘Aurora’ fruit can be left longer on the bush before harvesting than ‘Elliott’ without significantly damaging storage life. This would allow ‘Aurora’ to develop a sweeter flavor before shipping. The physicochemical and sensory evaluations were highly correlated, suggesting that TA, SS and firmness can be used as predictors of consumer preferences.     

微波辅助提取燕麦总酚及其抗氧化能力评价

本文对燕麦麸皮中总多酚进行微波提取,与热回流提取方法进行比较。探讨溶剂、料液比、微波功率、微波处理时间等对总酚得率的影响,并运用L9(34 )正交试验对微波加热提取燕麦麸皮总酚类物质的工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,微波功率对总酚得率有显著影响,微波处理时间影响较小。最佳工艺是：75%乙醇,料液比（m/v）1:8,微波功率640 W,微波辐射时间15 min,此条件下提取燕麦麸皮总酚的提取得率为9.72 mg.g-1,高于传统的热回流提取多酚的得率6.67 mg.g-1。提取物的抗氧化能力用DPPH清除率表示,相当与同质量α-生育酚的90.4%。结论：利用微波加热提取燕麦麸皮中的多酚比传统的热回流方法效率高,提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

Alteration in important quality traits and antioxidant activities in Brassica oleracea with Ogura cybrid cytoplasm

In vegetable brassicas, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system is the most preferred mechanism for hybrid seed production and Ogura cybrid cytoplasm is the only source used widely. Effects of the alien cybrid cytoplasm on important quality traits need to be understood for their effective use in breeding programme. In analysing 38 Ogura cybrid cytoplasm‐based cauliflower CMS lines, it was revealed that introgression of Ogura cytoplasm resulted in significant alteration in important quality traits. Cupric reducing antioxidant activity and ferric reducing ability of plasma values were increased up to 5–10 times in different genotypes. Among 38 analysed CMS lines, concentration of plant pigments such as anthocyanin, total chlorophylls and ascorbic acid was reduced in 21, 17 and 32 genotypes, respectively. However, the concentration of total carotenoids and β‐carotene was elevated in most of the CMS lines and total carotenoid was increased up to 20 times in the CMS line, Ogu13‐85‐2A. The results indicate the role of nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction and mitochondrial genome in determining concentration of different quality traits.     

Selection of soybean mutant lines with altered seed coat colour and their antioxidant activity

In this study, the flavonoid and isoflavone contents in four checks with seed coat colour altered from yellow to black were determined, and their antioxidant activity was measured. Three anthocyanins (delphinidin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, D3G; cyanidin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, C3G; and petunidin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, Pt3G) were detected in the four checks, while their controls (cvs. ‘Danbaek’ and ‘Daepung’) were not found. Among them, D‐16 derived from cv. ‘Danbaek’ showed the highest anthocyanin contents. The isoflavone contents of all checks showed lower levels compared to their controls. Among six isoflavones, glycitein was only detected in DP‐39. To analyse the radical scavenging activities among the four checks, we conducted DPPH, FRAP and UWLA assays. Significant differences in antioxidant activities were obtainable in the four checks, which contained significant differences in levels of anthocyanins and isoflavones. Based on these results, gamma irradiation may change the isoflavone and anthocyanin contents of soybean. Our four checks selected in this study may be useful for breeding soybean varieties to alter their nutritional values.     

Effect of oxalic acid on quality attributes of artichokes stored at ambient temperature

The effect of oxalic acid (OA) on the overall quality of artichokes (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek, formerly Cynara scolymus L. cv. Blanca de Tudela) was investigated for the first time in this vegetable. Artichokes were dipped in OA solution at 1 mM for 10 min and then stored at 20 °C. OA application delayed the deterioration process in artichokes during storage by retarding weight loss, softening, colour changes and chlorophyll degradation. In addition OA significantly reduced mesophilic aerobics and yeast and moulds counts with respect to controls. Finally, the content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity were not affected negatively by OA treatment. Thus, OA treatment might be a promising method for delaying postharvest deterioration and maintaining the overall quality of artichokes.     

不同种类绿茶提取物抗氧化活性研究

测定了三种绿茶的总多酚、黄酮和花青素含量,利用亚铁离子螯合能力、DPPH清除能力和铁还原力法对三种绿茶提取物的抗氧化活性进行分析,结果表明绿茶中以黄山毛峰的总酚含量最高。黄酮含量基没有显著性差异。花青素的含量由大到小依次是信阳毛尖、黄山毛峰和营州芽峰。亚铁离子螯合能力,黄山毛峰>信阳毛尖>营州芽峰。在稀释倍数为2时,黄山毛峰的亚铁离子螯合能力分别是信阳毛尖和营州芽峰的1.32倍和1.38倍。在0.25-1mgDW/mL的浓度下,黄山毛峰的对DPPH的清除能力要显著高于信阳毛尖和营州芽峰,而信阳毛尖和营州芽峰之间无显著性差异。在稀释倍数为2时,黄山毛峰的铁还原力分别是信阳毛尖和营州芽峰的1.35和1.4倍。     

Individual anthocyanins and their contribution to total antioxidant capacity in response to low temperature and high CO2 in stored Cardinal table grapes

In this study, we have analyzed the profiles of individual anthocyanins in the skin of Cardinal table grapes and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in response to low temperature (0 °C) and high CO₂ levels (20% for 3 days). An analysis of the representative colour parameters of this red-violet variety was also determined. The anthocyanin composition was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–MS). The contribution of individual anthocyanins to the TAC value of table grapes was calculated on the basis of their concentration and antioxidant capacity measured as the TEAC value (slope of the anthocyanin/slope of Trolox). Chromatographic analysis identified six anthocyanins, including pelargonidin 3-glucoside (Pg-3-G), in the skin of Cardinal table grapes. Short-term storage at 0 °C in air had an increasing effect on the concentration of each of the identified anthocyanins. After 3 days at 0 °C, untreated grapes had the highest anthocyanin content (27.55 mg/100 g FW) and displayed the largest TAC value (52.45 mM TE/100 g FW). Peonidin 3-glucoside (Pn-3-G) was the predominant anthocyanin, and it was mainly responsible for the rise in the calculated TAC value in untreated grapes. Pn-3-G had a low average TEAC value (1.73 mM), but its contribution could be explained by the sharp increase in the content of this anthocyanin the first days of storage at 0 °C. In contrast, the Pn-3-G content in grapes at the end of the 3-day CO₂ treatment did not change, and both the total anthocyanin content and the calculated TAC value remained significantly constant in comparison to the levels in pre-stored grapes. In addition CO₂ treatment had a positive effect on the amount of Pg-3-G concomitant with a pronounced decline in delphinidin 3-glucoside (Dp-3-G) and smaller decreases in petunidin 3-glucoside (Pt-3-G) and malvidin 3-glucoside (Mv-3-G). These effects of high CO₂ levels on the profile of individual anthocyanins were progressively lost when grapes were transferred to air. Indeed, after prolonged low-temperature storage when the colour of the berries become dark violet, similar calculated TAC values were quantified in untreated grapes and in those exposed to 20% CO₂. These data provide new insights about the effect of low temperature and high CO₂ levels on the concentration of the individual anthocyanins identified in cardinal table grapes.     

ABA and UV-C effects on quality,antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin contents of strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch.)

Effects of 1 mM abscisic acid (ABA) and 4.1 kJ/m² UV-C radiation on quality, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin contents, and anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme activities of large green strawberry fruit stored at 20 °C were evaluated. Results showed that ABA promoted color formation, firmness decrease, soluble solids content and anthocyanin accumulation while UV-C inhibited these processes. Activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and p-coumarate ligase were immediately upregulated by approximately 50% with UV-C radiation but were inhibited, including dihydroflavonol 4-reductase especially on day 3 or 4. UV-C radiation had little effect on activity of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H). ABA enhanced activities of anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes except C4H. These data indicated that the stimulatory effect of ABA on strawberry anthocyanin accumulation was related to enhancement of biosynthetic enzyme activities, while the effects of UV-C were more transient. In addition, it appeared that C4H was not a rate-limiting enzyme in the strawberry anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.     

大麦醇溶蛋白及其酶解产物的抗氧化活性研究

为了探寻出大麦蛋白中最具抗氧化活性的片段,对大麦醇溶蛋白粗提物及其酶解产物的抗氧化活性进行研究。从大麦面粉中提取大麦醇溶蛋白,对其粗提物进行凝胶层析法分离纯化,并模拟人体消化道系统酶解得到不同组分的酶解产物,采用FTC法及FARP法对酶解前后及不同组分酶解产物的抗氧化活性进行比较。结果显示,大麦醇溶蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化活性显著高于其未经酶解的粗提物,酶解产物中C-大麦醇溶蛋白的活性显著高于其他组分。可见,大麦醇溶蛋白是一种优良的天然抗氧化剂,并且经消化酶解会大大提高其抗氧化活性。