几种药剂对B型烟粉虱的毒力及药效测定

通过不同药剂分别与苦参碱·内酯混配及药剂中添加 32 3助剂后对B型烟粉虱 1～2龄若虫的毒力测定和药效试验 ,结果表明 :各药剂毒力排序为爱福丁 >苦参碱 .内酯 >吡虫啉 >天王星 >扑虱灵。各药剂加 32 3助剂后均可提高药效 ,爱福丁、吡虫啉、扑虱灵与苦参碱·内酯混配也可提高药效。生产上轮换用药和药剂合理混配有利于B型烟粉虱的防治和延缓抗药性的产生。     

几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性, 采用土壤处理和茎叶喷雾处理的方法, 开展了5种土壤处理除草剂和13种茎叶喷雾处理除草剂在推荐剂量下防治百合田杂草的田间药效试验和对兰州百合的安全性评价。土壤处理试验结果表明:药后60 d, 5种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草具有较好的防除效果, 且对兰州百合安全。对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达83.23%和89.15%以上, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为87.28%和89.58%以上。其中, 50%异丙隆WP 1 350 g/hm2(有效成分用量, 下同)和240 g/L乙氧氟草醚EC 180 g/hm2的防效最好, 表现出很好的除草活性。茎叶喷雾试验结果表明:15%硝磺草酮OD 150 g/hm2、30%苯唑草酮SE 27 g/hm2、15%噻吩磺隆WP 33.75 g/hm2、56%2甲4氯钠SPX 840 g/hm2、24%氨氯吡啶酸AS 108 g/hm2、30%二氯吡啶酸AS 180 g/hm2和30%氨氯·二氯吡啶酸AS 150 g/hm2喷雾处理, 药后45 d, 这7种除草剂对兰州百合田阔叶杂草具较好的防除效果且对兰州百合安全, 株防效在77.99%～93.48%, 鲜重防效在81.62%～95.05%, 但对禾本科杂草基本无效。70%嗪草酮WP 735 g/hm2能有效防除兰州百合田杂草且对兰州百合安全性高, 对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为96.95%和99.52%, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.81%和95.21%。研究结果可为兰州百合田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

几种酰胺类除草剂毒力、药效及安全性评价

为探讨几种酰胺类除草剂在南方玉米田应用的可能 ,对 4种此类除草剂的毒力、药效及安全性作了全面的比较。室内小杯法毒力测定结果表明 ,4种除草剂毒力从大到小 (LC50 从小到大 )依次为 :乙草胺 (2 9.7770 μl/L± 9.0 6 4 1μl/L) >甲草胺 (180 .2 0 0 8μl/L± 2 5 .8796 μl/L) >异丙甲草胺 (194 .2 374 μl/L± 2 8.4 731μl/L) >丁草胺 (373.5 5 0 6 μl/L± 17.80 79μl/L)。 4种药剂 4 5d鲜重防效 ,乙草胺为 72 .6 0 %～ 84 .4 0 % (10 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 、2 0 0ml/6 6 7m2 和 30 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 ) ;甲草胺为 5 1.6 0 %～ 75 .70 % (15 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 、30 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 和 4 5 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 ) ;异丙甲草胺为2 0 .5 0 %～ 6 6 .70 % (10 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 、2 0 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 和 30 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 ) ;丁草胺为 9.5 0 %～ 35 .0 3% (75ml/ 6 6 7m2 、15 0ml/6 6 7m2 和 30 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 )。对各处理玉米株高测量及统计结果表明 ,甲草胺 4 5 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 和乙草胺 10 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 、2 0 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 的玉米株高显著高于对照 ,丁草胺 30 0ml/ 6 6 7m2 的玉米株高显著低于对照 ,其余各处理玉米株高与对照无显著差异。     

几种杀虫剂对斑翅果蝇室内毒力测定

在实验室条件下,选取6种常用杀虫剂,采用胃毒触杀联合毒力测定方法测定了室内成虫种群对这几种药剂的敏感性。毒力测定结果表明:藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的毒力相对较高,而阿维菌素、氟虫腈、异丙威的毒力较低。藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯可作为防治斑翅果蝇的候选药剂。     

Mobility and persistence of four herbicides in soil of a South Australian vineyard

The use of persistent herbicides has increased the potential for contamination of soil, soil water and groundwater. The mobility, dissipation and fate of four herbicides, norflurazon, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and trifluralin, used in South Australian viticulture, have been studied in a typical sand‐over‐clay vineyard soil. Following herbicide application at field rates to plots up‐slope of miniature lysimeters, surface soil and soil water were sampled regularly over the period of annual rainfall. The concentration of each herbicide in the soil cores, surface soil and soil water was determined by GLC‐NPD following solid‐phase concentration procedures where necessary. Oxadiazon dissipated more quickly than the other three herbicides in the soil. Norflurazon was the most mobile of these herbicides in this soil. However all four herbicides were found in the soil water within the first year, though only norflurazon was found in the soil water in the subsequent year. Norflurazon moved laterally to a greater extent than the other herbicides. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

几种杀虫剂对南瓜实蝇蛹的毒力测定

在室内条件下采用浸渍法,分别测定了12种杀虫剂对南瓜实蝇蛹的毒力和二元混剂的共毒系数。供试杀虫剂对南瓜实蝇蛹的毒性大小依次为:毒死蜱>喹硫磷>氯唑磷>甲基异硫磷>辛硫磷>敌敌畏。高效氯氟氰菊酯、阿维菌素、敌百虫、丁硫克百威、噻虫嗪、高效氯氰菊酯对南瓜实蝇蛹的药效较差。敌百虫和辛硫磷(1:9)对南瓜实蝇蛹的LC50为96.2879mg/L,辛硫磷和毒死蜱(9:1)的共毒系数为590.77。     

七种除草剂对水稻旱育抛栽大田杂草防除试验

水稻旱育抛栽大田秧苗叶龄小,人工除草难度大,对化学除草剂的安全性要求高,为了筛选适合本地推广使用的除草剂品种,１９９８年我们在中稻上进行了小区试验及部分品种的大田示范,现将试验结果整理如下。１材料与方法１．１供试药剂及用量用法每６６７ｍ２５％丁草胺颗...     

几种新除草剂冬麦田不同施药期除草效果评价

防除以看麦娘为主的禾本科杂草,啶磺草胺以冬前施用较好,阔世玛、骠马和麦极在冬前和春季均可施用。啶磺草胺和阔世玛可同时防除阔叶杂草。     

The differential binding and biological efficacy of auxin herbicides

Background

Auxin herbicides have been used for selective weed control for 75 years and they continue to be amongst the most widely used weed control agents globally. The auxin herbicides fall into five chemical classes, with two herbicides not classified, and in all cases it is anticipated that recognition in the plant starts with binding to the Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1) family of auxin receptors. There is evidence that some classes of auxins act selectively with certain clades of receptors, although a comprehensive structure–activity relationship has not been available.

Results

Using purified receptor proteins to measure binding efficacy we have conducted quantitative structure activity relationship (qSAR) assays using representative members of the three receptor clades in Arabidopsis, TIR1, AFB2 and AFB5. Complementary qSAR data for biological efficacy at the whole-plant level using root growth inhibition and foliar phytotoxicity assays have also been analyzed for each family of auxin herbicides, including for the afb5-1 receptor mutant line.

Conclusions

Comparisons of all these assays highlight differences in receptor selectivity and some systematic differences between results for binding in vitro and activity in vivo. The results could provide insights into weed spectrum differences between the different classes of auxin herbicides, as well as the potential resistance and cross-resistance implications for this herbicide class. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Methods for assessing the toxicity of herbicides to submersed aquatic plants

A new test design for the non-axenic submergent aquatic macrophytes Elodea canadensis Michx. and Myriophyllum spicatum L. has been developed for potential use in herbicide toxicity testing. For the non-axenic cultures, the best growth conditions were observed in the Elendt-M4 medium in which no growth of algae or bacteria was observed. Cuttings were placed in beakers containing only the artificial M4 medium or were planted in small beakers containing OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) sediment (5% peat, 75% sand, 20% kaolinite), which were then placed in larger vessels with the M4 medium. The plants were observed for main and secondary shoot length, biomass and root formation within 2-3 weeks of planting. Growth rates were calculated for total plant length and biomass. The variance between the replicates was low throughout the experiment [coefficient of variation (CV) < 26% for total plant length, and between 16 and 40% for biomass]. Relative growth rates based on total plant length were determined as 0.028 and 0.050 per day for M. spicatum in the systems containing M4 medium only and medium plus sediment respectively. Similar results were observed for E. canadensis, with relative growth rates of 0.26 and 0.073 per day in the two test systems. The root-shoot ratio at harvest was greater by a factor of 2-3 for E. canadensis in the M4 medium than in the system containing sediment. However, comparable ratios were observed for M. spicatum in the two test systems. Both growth in total plant length and growth in biomass of the two species have potential as measures of toxicity.     

几种除草剂对大麻田杂草的防效

对大麻安全性最低的除草剂是48%地乐胺EC,苗后7 d受害株率为23%。50%乙草胺EC和96%精异丙甲草胺EC对大麻的药害较轻。对大麻株高影响最大的是48%地乐胺EC,药后7 d和14 d的株高均显著低于空白对照,其他处理均接近空白对照。药后15 d对大麻田杂草的株防效最好的是96%精异丙甲草胺EC和50%乙草胺EC,分别为90.7%和89.8%,显著高于25%扑草净WP的79.7%和48%地乐胺EC的77.5%。药后30 d各处理对杂草的株防效都略有下降,但趋势基本一致。对大麻田杂草鲜重防效最好的除草剂为96%精异丙甲草胺EC和50%乙草胺EC,鲜重防效分别达到了89.4%和89.1%。在保证对大麻安全的前提下,96%精异丙甲草胺EC 1 050 mL/hm2和50%乙草胺EC 750 mL/hm2均可作为大麻田播后苗前除草剂使用,且能对杂草起到良好的防除效果。     

Guideline for the efficacy evaluation of herbicides

The biological evaluation of a herbicide involves a programme of trials for assessment of efficacy in weed control and of selectivity to the crop. Trials may be used for efficacy evaluation or selectivity evaluation according to weed occurrence, provided the conditions specified in the guideline are satisfied.
This guideline gives detailed instructions for the conduct of single trials and general recommendations for the whole evaluation programme which may include other trials (practical use trials, succeeding crop trials, varietal sensitivity trials–Appendix I).     

几种除草剂在燕麦田的应用效果

通过9种除草剂1,0个处理,对3个燕麦品种进行3次重复试验,初步筛选出异丙甲草胺＋苯达松茎叶喷雾对燕麦等禾本科杂草具有理想的防除效果。     

天然植物源助剂SD、SDP的特性及与除草剂应用效果

天然植物源助剂SD、SDP具有良好的润湿性、渗透性和粘着性 ,此助剂与除草剂、杀虫剂混用 ,能提高药效 ,减少药液流失 ,具有抗雨水冲刷的功能。本文介绍了其作用特点 ,基础应用研究的结果 ,以及SD、SDP与胺苯磺隆、草甘膦等除草剂使用技术和开发前景     

磺酰脲类除草剂及其安全剂研究进展

本文简述了磺酰脲类除草剂的概况、长残留药害以及使用安全剂缓解残留药害的研究进展,并展望了磺酰脲类除草剂及其安全剂的发展前景。     

The toxicity of herbicides to non-target aquatic plants and algae: assessment of predictive factors and hazard

Widely used herbicides sometimes inadvertently contaminate surface waters. In this study we evaluate the toxicity of herbicides to aquatic plants and algae and relate it to environmental herbicide concentrations and exposure scenarios, herbicide formulation and mode of action. This was done experimentally for ten herbicides, using the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor L. and the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak, supplemented with a database study comprising algae toxicity data for 146 herbicides. The laboratory study showed that herbicide formulations in general did not enhance herbicide efficacy in the aquatic environment. The Roundup formulation of glyphosate proved to be the only exception, decreasing the EC(50) of the technical product for both L. minor and P. subcapitata approximately fourfold. Comparison of the sensitivity of L. minor and P. subcapitata revealed up to 1000-fold higher sensitivity of L. minor for the herbicides categorized as weak acids (pK(a) < 5), emphasizing the importance of higher plants in hazard assessment. Database analyses showed that no herbicide group, categorized by site of action, was significantly more toxic than another. Synthetic auxins were the exception as they are virtually non-toxic to unicellular algae. There was no strong correlation between toxicity to algae and K(ow) of the herbicides, not even within groups having the same site of action. Evaluating all data, few herbicides were toxic at concentrations below 1 microg l(-1), which is the 99.9th percentile of the herbicide concentrations measured in the Danish surveillance programme. Joint action of several herbicides cannot however be excluded.     

几种除草剂混用对亚麻田杂草的防除效果

对3种混用除草剂防除南方亚麻田杂草进行了试验。试验结果表明,金都乐+2甲4氯钠、金都乐+高效盖草能、乙草胺+烯草酮3种混用除草剂可有效扩大杀草谱,提高防除效果,可以在南方亚麻田推广应用。     

几种封闭除草剂两个时期用药效果对比及其交互作用分析

通过田间小区试验评价了前期筛选的几种适用“播喷同步”的封闭除草剂对水稻的安全性及对直播田杂草的防效, 明确了“播喷同步”技术与常规播后4 d封闭的差异, 以及施药时期×除草剂种类交互作用及对控草效果的影响, 优化水稻直播田杂草防控策略?试验结果表明, 播种当天(播喷同步)或播种后4 d(常规方法)喷施120 g/L噁草酮EC 360 g/hm2+10%苄嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm2(有效剂量, 下同)?33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG 74.25 g/hm2+300 g/L丙草胺EC 450 g/hm2?60%丁草胺EC 1 350 g/hm2+10%吡嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm2?35%吡嘧·嘧草·丙OD 525 g/hm2?300 g/L丙草胺EC 450 g/hm2+10%苄嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm2, 5组除草剂处理对直播稻均无可见药害, 各“播喷同步”处理的杂草防除效果不低于常规播后4 d用药; 同步喷施33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG+300 g/L丙草胺EC防效最高, 药后35 d对禾本科?莎草科?阔叶草防效达到98.3%及以上; 水稻直播4 d后喷药, 水稻成苗率提高但 35 d 的禾本科杂草防效低, 33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG+300 g/L丙草胺EC处理受喷药时间影响小; 复合双因子方差分析表明, 单一因子会对水稻安全性?杂草防效产生显著影响, 用药时期×除草剂种类交互对水稻安全性无显著影响, 对控草效果影响显著?因此, 直播田封闭除草剂宜尽早施药提高防治效果, 同时应选用安全高效的除草剂, 33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG+300 g/L丙草胺EC处理, 可于播种当天到播种后4 d内用药, 保障直播田杂草防治效果的同时兼顾水稻安全?     

六种三唑类杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病菌的毒力及其安全性和田间防效评价

为筛选出有效防治番茄叶霉病的药剂,采用生长速率法及平板涂布法测定6种三唑类杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发和芽管伸长的毒力,评价其对番茄植株的安全性和对叶霉病的田间防效。结果表明,己唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和氟硅唑对番茄叶霉病菌菌丝生长的毒力均较高,EC_(50)分别为0.50、0.55、0.80、2.42 mg/L,其次为腈菌唑和四氟醚唑,EC50分别为6.92、15.08 mg/L。6种杀菌剂抑制病菌分生孢子萌发及芽管伸长的作用均较弱,对芽管伸长的抑制活性高于对孢子萌发的抑制活性;戊唑醇和四氟醚唑抑制孢子萌发的作用相对较强,100 mg/L处理的抑制率为60%~70%,戊唑醇、四氟醚唑和己唑醇抑制芽管伸长的作用相对较强,100 mg/L处理的抑制率均在70%以上。己唑醇和戊唑醇200 mg/L处理番茄植株,显著抑制其株高,苯醚甲环唑和腈菌唑对其影响相对较小,这4种杀菌剂对番茄植株的叶色及形态均无明显影响;且这4种杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病的田间预防效果均高于治疗效果,其中150 mg/L己唑醇的预防效果和治疗效果均最高,分别为90.67%和85.58%;苯醚甲环唑的最低,300 mg/L时预防效果为80.16%,治疗效果为71.68%。     

3种环境友好型药剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

测定了3种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力和田间防效。室内生物测定结果表明,多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素对西花蓟马成虫的LC50值为0.050～2.887mg/L,对西花蓟马若虫的LC50值为0.040～0.457mg/L;田间药效试验表明,田间防治西花蓟马时推荐使用剂量(防效>80%)分别为:2.5%多杀菌素悬浮剂30～60g/667m2,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油30～60g/667m2,1.8%阿维菌素乳油不可低于75g/667m2。