741杨几个重要栽培生理特性的研究

以７４１杨嫩枝扦插苗为材料，采用盆栽沙培、土培或溶液培养法，研究了７４１杨的抗旱性；适宜生长的介质ｐＨ值和培养液浓度，Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ施肥量和配比；用人工遮阴法研究了７４１杨的耐阴性。７４１杨不耐旱，在中等水分胁迫条件下（基质含水量日变幅为田间持水量的４８％～６５％）没有表现出明显的渗透调节、降低蒸腾速率等作用，生物量只达到对照（充分供水）的６０．５％．但在严重水分胁迫下（相对含水量日变幅２５％～３５％）能通过自身调节机制并继续存活。７４１杨生匕的最适ｐＨ值为５．０～７．５，只有当介质ｐＨ＞９．５时才强烈抑制生物量增长。７４１杨溶液培养时，盐浓度体积百分数以０．２３２％最好，浓度达到０．４６４％时，不仅抑制生长，而且出现水分胁迫症状。７４１杨Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ的适宜施肥浓度分别为３０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，６．６ｍｍｏｌ·１－１，，最适配比为１０：ｌ：４．５。７４１杨是一个喜光树种，在全日照下生长最好，在较弱光（全日照的２４．５％）表现出很强的适应性。它不能长期生活在２．５％日照条件下。     

水分胁迫条件下臭柏匍匐茎的蒸腾和吸水特性

在臭柏长期室内石砾土栽培条件下,通过培养液中加入PEG以调节溶液渗透势,设置对照区(pF值3.0)、水分胁迫区(pF值2.3)2种处理,并分别从匍匐茎中部人工培养不定根,测定有不定根和无不定根匍匐茎小枝的蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其水势的日变化和叶片水分特性.结果表明:1)在水分胁迫条件下,匍匐茎先端小枝通过降低正午水势提高吸水能力;基部小枝通过控制蒸腾,维持枝条水势防止失水.2)有不定根的匍匐茎通过降低质壁分离时的水势(ψwtlp)和充分吸水时的渗透势(ψ,ssat)提高吸水能力,而且增加细胞弹性率,迅速降低膨压保证失水时能尽快关闭气孔;而无不定根匍匐茎虽然吸水能力较差,但细胞壁柔软,即使蒸腾失水,也能在较长时间内维持膨压,保证生命活动进行.     

优良白杨新品种BL193对水分胁迫的反应

用盆栽法设置３个土壤相对含水量，研究ＢＬ１９３苗木生长和生理指标对土壤水分胁迫的反应。结果表明，在水分胁迫条件下，苗木生长受到严重抑制，蒸腾速率和气孔阻力日变幅减小，净光合速率降低；随着水分胁迫的加剧，渗透调节能力得到一定程度提高；为维持苗木正常生长，土壤含水量应不低于田间持水量的６０％。     

杨树无性系幼苗光合作用和PV水分参数对水分胁迫的响应

比较研究了不同水分条件下杨树2个无性系幼苗的生长、光合特性和多种水分参数等，探讨其对水分胁迫的适应机制。结果表明，水分胁迫下2个无性系幼苗的生长减慢．净光合速率降低，昭林杨6号受水分胁迫影响较小，欧美杨64号受水分胁迫影响较大。胁迫初期，2个无性系光合作用受气孔限制，胁迫后期及复水后的恢复期，光合作用受非气孔限制。胁迫时杨树呼吸速率降低，尤其是昭林杨6号，以保持碳平衡。胁迫时2个无性系的ψs^100、ψs^0、ROWC^0均降低，ψs^100与ψs^0差值增大，表明杨树可以通过渗透调节维持压力势，对水分胁迫作出适应性反应，与欧美杨64号相比昭林杨6号这种能力更强，表明其抗旱性强。     

西藏柏木抗旱生理研究

本研究采用人工干旱对比盆栽试验方法,探讨在水分胁迫下,西藏柏木生理生化指标变化规律及其抗旱机制。研究结果表明：在干旱条件下,叶水势降低,水分饱和亏缺增加,失水速率减小;电解质渗透率略有降低,脯氨酸累积增加,叶绿素ａ／ｂ值变大;生长阻滞含水量是田间持水量的５７％。综合分析表明,西藏柏木属于抗旱植物,抗旱机制是低水势忍耐脱水。     

宁夏盐池沙地水分动态研究初探

采用沙地土壤定位研究方法，系统地研究了毛乌素沙地土壤的水分特性及SPAC(土壤-植物-大气连续体)中水势的变化规律。结果表明：(1)经验方程θ=AS^-B对该地区的土壤水分特征曲线有良好的模拟性，该区土壤的水分特性为：持水量低，供水力小，耐旱性差；(2)水分从树叶扩散到大气中的阻力是土壤-植物-大气连续体中水分传输的主要阻力，土壤水势的变化受降雨、土壤蒸发和林木蒸腾的共同影响，林地的土壤水分表现出明显的季节性变化，树木的叶水势日变化呈明显的单峰曲线，树木受到水分胁迫时水势最低值出现的时间前移，大气水势、土壤水势与叶水势之间均具有一定的相关性。     

干旱多风环境下沙棘移栽苗木致死机理与成活率的提高

研究了水分胁迫下沙棘苗木萌芽过程中体内水分状况与ABA累积的关系，土壤含水量和风速对沙棘苗木含水量和水势有明显的影响，当定植后根系土层的土壤含水量低于14.5%。风速达到6m/s，可使苗体含水量占干重比值小于1.2,水势小于-2.5Mpa,芽和韧皮中ABA含量与苗体组织含水量,萌芽率及成活率呈显著负担关;在干旱多风条件下苗木成活率显著降低,即使少量成活的苗木幼芽生长缓慢。在干旱多风条件下沙棘造林宜采取截干、埋苗造林，避免苗木自身过度失水而降低成活率和成活后的生长，因此，可显著提高造林成活率。     

不同土壤水分对信阳五月鲜桃光合作用日变化的影响

为探讨土壤水分变化对信阳五月鲜桃光合作用日变化的影响,以2年生信阳五月鲜桃幼树为试材,应用Li-6400光合作用测定系统,测定5个水分梯度下信阳五月鲜桃叶片光合参数的日变化过程。结果表明:当土壤相对含水量大于74.9%时,信阳五月鲜桃光合速率、蒸腾速率以及水分利用效率都维持在一个较高的水平。当土壤相对含水量为92.5%时,光合速率和蒸腾速率均有所下降,这主要是由于气孔因素的限制引起的。当土壤相对含水量为55.7%时,光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均表现出了较好的变化趋势,但依然低于高水分状态下的光合蒸腾值。当土壤相对含水量低于24.1%时,光合作用降低的主要因素转为非气孔限制因素。信阳五月鲜桃最适的光合作用和最高的水分利用效率的土壤相对含水量为74.9%左右。     

干旱胁迫下金沙江干热河谷主要造林树种盆植苗的蒸腾耗水特性

对土壤干旱胁迫条件下金沙江干热河谷29个植被恢复树种盆植苗的蒸腾耗水特性进行了研究,结果表明:(1)白天不同幼苗蒸腾耗水量均随干旱时间的延长而持续下降,而且下降的幅度具有明显差异;当水分供给量相同时,高强度蒸腾失水的幼苗在极度干热的天气里更易亦更快地受到干旱的胁迫.(2)干旱6 d后,黑荆、新银合欢、杞木和兰桉的实际蒸腾耗水量下降幅度最大,达85.78％～93.11％;久树、攀枝花、山毛豆、山合欢及云南松的下降幅度最小,仅为6.37％～17.42％.蒸腾量下降比例的聚类结果与幼苗k值大小比较结果基本一致.(3)幼苗第1天的蒸腾量大小决定了定量供水条件下幼苗蒸腾失水的动态变化状况.随着干旱胁迫的延伸,幼苗夜晚蒸腾量占全天蒸腾量的比例有所增加.(4)当幼苗处于严重水分胁迫时,3月份25种供试幼苗白天蒸腾耗水量下降幅度的大小排序与中度水分胁迫时一致.(5)依据幼苗白天蒸腾耗水速率与土壤水势的数量关系,应用系统聚类法将29种供试幼苗分为高、亚高、亚低及低蒸腾耗水速率等4类.     

不同土壤水分条件下雷公藤的生长及光响应特征

选择2年生雷公藤盆栽扦插苗为实验材料,研究了不同土壤水分条件下(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%)雷公藤的生长及光响应特征,结果表明:在4种水分条件下,雷公藤枝条和叶片的生长量及叶片质量均随土壤含水量的增加而逐渐增加,土壤含水量为80%时生长量较好,叶绿素含量及比叶鲜重、干重均较高,土壤含水量为20%时生长相对较差,与各处理间差异显著;随着水分胁迫的加重,雷公藤的光合和蒸腾速率逐渐降低,不同土壤水分条件下,雷公藤光合与蒸腾的光响应均表现出一致的变化趋势,即随着光照强度的增加,其光合与蒸腾速率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.