高蛋白木本饲料开发利用研究概述

我国木本饲料资源丰富,具有产量、粗蛋白含量高等营养特点,开发并合理利用木本饲料可以缓解蛋白质饲料资源紧缺问题。文章综述了高蛋白木本饲料的饲用价值及开发现状、加工调制技术,总结了木本饲料对单胃动物、反刍家畜的饲喂效果及其组合效应的研究成果,并提出叶蛋白开发和组合效应机制研究等方面的展望。     

反刍动物含次生代谢物饲料的组合效应

文章综述了反刍动物含次生代谢物饲料的组合效应,并对该类饲料的组合效应进行了分类,指出了其与常规饲料组合效应的异同及今后值得重点思考的几个问题。同时还就此类饲料组合效应的研究方法进行了比较,指出应在体外产气技术的基础上结合动物饲养试验来进行含次生代谢物饲料的组合效应及其营养代谢机理。     

饲料间的组合效应及其在配方设计中的应用

就日粮中各饲料间的相互作用在消化道与组织代谢层次产生的正、负组合效应及其营养代谢机理进行了综述。指出现行日粮配方技术与饲料评定以各饲料原料间营养值的“可加性”为基础的不合理性,以及饲料间的组合效应没有引起足够重视的原因是现行的饲料常规分析方法不能反映饲料在动物体内的组合效应,从而有必要建立基于动物的饲料评定体系。研究就如何在日粮配方设计中通过日粮配合来调控饲料间的组合效应、避免饲料间的负组合效应、最大限度地发挥饲料间的正组合效应以提高饲料的营养价值及其在开发利用我国众多非粮饲料上的意义进行了讨论。     

反刍动物秸秆基础日粮补饲苜蓿的组合效应

本文综述了反刍动物秸秆基础日粮补饲苜蓿的组合效应，并对该类饲料组合效应的产生机理进行了归纳，指出经作者改进的卢德勋（2003）提出的组合效应综合评定指数（MFAEI）可对饲料间组合效应进行整体量化．指导反刍动物秸秆基础日粮的补饲。     

含次生代谢物饲料组合效应评定方法的比较研究

文章综述了植物次生代谢物的概念、功能及其营养与抗营养作用,并就反刍动物含次生代谢物饲料组合效应的研究方法进行了比较研究,指出瓶子产气法较注射器产气法更适合于在发展中国家开展此类研究,同时提出了具体的设计方法。并特别指出,在用体外产气技术筛选出具代表性的组合后,再结合动物饲养试验,能较全面、准确地评定含次生代谢物饲料的组合效应及其营养代谢机理。     

适于北方高寒地区种植的11种木本饲料树种饲用营养成分评定

与草本饲料相比,木本饲料具有营养丰富、种类繁多、经济实惠、蛋白质和灰分含量较高等特点。近年来,随着全球范围内对木本饲料的重视,木本饲料相关研究逐步回暖,特别是木本饲料种质资源筛选的研究发展较快。我国木本饲料树种极为丰富,储量巨大,但由于木本饲料种质资源筛选研究进展缓慢,使得木本饲料资源开发利用相对滞后。为促进木本饲料种质资源的筛选,加强我国木本饲料的开发力度,本研究对北方常见的11种木本饲料树种饲用部分的营养成分进行测定,比较11种木本饲料树种粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、灰分等主要成分的差异,结合统计学方法筛选出营养丰富、适宜家畜采食、绿色无公害、可广泛在北方高寒地区发展的木本饲料树种资源,以期为北方高寒地区开发木本饲料资源提供技术支撑。     

四种木本饲料在畜禽养殖中的应用

木本饲料作为一种新型植物饲料资源,越来越受到研究者们的重视。开发和利用木本植物饲料,有利于缓解我国传统饲料资源日趋紧张的状况,促进我国畜牧业长期稳定绿色健康的发展。近年来国内外学者对木本饲料问题进行了大量的研究并取得了丰硕的成果。本文主要对木本饲料的研究进行较为系统性的阐述,内容主要涉及辣木、柠条、桑树、构树四种木本饲料资源方面的研究,以期为该领域的进一步研究提供参考依据。     

木本饲料在畜牧业中的应用研究进展

木本饲料来源广且数量多,在畜牧业中应用可缓解饲料原料供应不足的问题。文章综述了木本饲料在国内外的利用现状和利用前景,分析了木本饲料的营养特点以及部分木本饲料在畜禽上的饲喂效果,旨在为中国木本饲料的开发应用研究提供参考。     

影响组合效应的因素及其营养调控

卢德勋（2000）指出，日粮组合效应的实质是来自不同饲料的营养物质、非营养物质以及抗营养物质之间互作的整体效应，并且根据利用率或采食量等指标分为“正组合效应”、“负组合效应”和“零组合效应”三种类型。其中正组合效应可以提高粗饲料的消化率和采食量，如对低质饲草进行青绿饲料的催化性补饲时会产生正的组合效应，而负组合效应会降低有效代谢能，典型负组合效应如大量饲喂富含可溶性碳水化合物饲料，导致日粮纤维物质降解率下降。本文主要就影响饲料间组合效应的作用机理、影响因素及其调控技术等方面进行简要综述，以期为畜牧养殖业提供相应的理论参考。     

木本饲用植物资源的开发及生产应用研究

本文论述了木本饲料的概念及特点，分析了木本饲料对我国畜牧业发展的重大意义和开发前景。在对国内外木本饲料发展史进行回顾和对当前我国木本饲用植物资源开发利用状况总结的基础上，本研究将我国木本伺用植物资源分为针叶乔木、阔叶乔木、灌木及半灌木、木质藤本和竹类6种类型并对每类饲用植物资源进行了分析评述。文章综述了木本饲料的饲用价值和饲喂效果，并从生产加工途径、毒性及脱毒技术方面对木本饲料的生产加工技术进行了探讨，最后针对我国木本饲用植物资源的状况，提出了挖掘资源、综合开发、加强科研、引种驯化的发展战略。     

Secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles in an Amazonian forest fragment of Colombia: influence of dung type and edge effect

Seeds of many plant species are secondarily dispersed by dung beetles, but the outcome of this interaction is highly context‐specific. Little is known about how certain anthropogenic disturbances affect this plant–animal interaction. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of dung type on secondary dispersal by dung beetles in a forest fragment, and to determine whether this interaction is affected by edge effects. Using pitfall traps, we captured dung beetles attracted to dung of 2 frugivorous mammals: woolly monkeys and howler monkeys. We found differences between both dung beetle assemblages, but these differences were not consistent in time. Using seeds surrounded by both dung types, we carried out a field experiment using seeds of 2 plant species. We found that the probability of secondary dispersal by dung beetles was higher for seeds placed in woolly monkey dung. Finally, we carried out a field experiment using plastic beads as seed mimics to assess edge effects. We found that secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles was negatively affected by edges. The disruption of plant–animal interactions along anthropogenic forest edges could have long‐term negative effects on forest dynamics by affecting processes of regeneration.     

Prediction of digestibility and energy concentration of winter pasture forage and herbage of low-input grassland--a comparison of methods.

Regarding the estimation of the energy concentration or digestibility of herb-dominated forage and plant samples from winter pastures, it could be expected that the estimation is only reliable when in vitro methods with rumen fluid as inoculum (= gas production techniques) are used. For the verification of this thesis based on logical reflections, an in vitro-method with rumen fluid added as inoculum, as well as chemical, and enzymatic methods were applied under consideration of existing estimating functions. As a possible reason for the observed divergence of the methods, effects of fungal infections or, respectively, secondary compounds in herbs are discussed. At the present state of knowledge, it is adequate to estimate the energy concentration in vitro by gas tests, as far as fattening types like suckler cows and beef cattle are concerned, maybe in contrast to the forage evaluation for dairy cows.     

Effects of Plant Secondary Compounds on Nutritional Carrying Capacity Estimates of a Browsing Ungulate

Carrying capacity estimates based on digestible protein (DP) and energy (DE) are useful in comparing effects of land management practices or the ability of different vegetation communities to support herbivores. Plant secondary compounds that negatively affect forage quality would be expected to change nutritionally based estimates of carrying capacity. We evaluated the effect of plant secondary compounds on nutritionally based carrying capacity estimates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) in Tamaulipan thorn scrub of northern Mexico. Forage biomass, nutrient concentration, and tannin concentration (protein-precipitating capacity) were measured for 23 forage items during spring and summer in three replicate pastures. Nitrogen in phenolic amines was estimated for the two principal woody browse species in deer diets and was assumed to be unavailable for amino acid synthesis. Carrying capacity estimates were calculated based on three dietary concentrations of DP and DE. Nutritional carrying capacity estimates that accounted for antinutritional compounds were reduced 50 ± 6%, 28 ± 8%, and 0 ± 0% (mean ± SE) for diets of high, medium, and low DE concentration, respectively, compared to estimates from models that ignored the effects of these compounds. Accounting for effects of plant secondary compounds reduced DP-derived carrying capacity estimates 4 ± 3%, 47 ± 9%, and 9 ± 8% for diets with high, medium, and low concentrations of DP, respectively. High variation in percent reduction in carrying capacity estimates occurred because of site and seasonal variation in plant species composition and biomass, making application of a single correction factor to account for plant secondary compound effects on carrying capacity infeasible. Protein-precipitating capacity of tannins accounted for > 98% of the reductions in carrying capacity estimates based on DP. Our results clearly demonstrate the need to consider effects of tannins on ungulate carrying capacity estimates based on DP and DE. Estimates can be further refined by accounting for nonprotein nitrogen and other antinutritional compounds in all forage items.     

植物原生质体分离及培养早期阶段损伤和修复机理的研究

作者首次提出植物原生质体早期阶段培养的本质是遭受损伤的植物细胞完成其自身修复的过程。并从自由基代谢、次生物质(包括植物防御因子、丹宁、酚类物质等)的代谢、蛋白酶的合成和分解、及基因表达的调控等不同层次阐述植物原生质体培养早期阶段损伤和修复的过程。及其这些过程发生变化对植物原生质体培养产生的影响作用。作者展望。藉以这些方面研究的深入,可为建立针对性较强的培养技术和方法提供实验依据,这对增强植物原生质体培养技术实验的稳定性,发展和应用该技术进行作物和牧草的遗传改良,都具有重要的意义。     

体外产气法评价辣木叶与玉米的组合效应

本试验旨在以苜蓿为对照研究辣木叶与玉米的组合效应。辣木叶/苜蓿与玉米分别按100:0、80:20、60:40、40:60、20:80、0:100的比例进行组合,采用体外发酵法研究不同组合间的体外发酵参数及其组合效应值的变化。结果表明:随着玉米比例的升高,两组培养液pH、氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度和乙丙比均呈下降趋势,而乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、48h产气量(48 h GP)和潜在产气量逐渐升高;辣木叶组和苜蓿组的pH、48h GP和丁酸无差异(P0.05),TVFA、乙酸、丙酸、产气速率和有机物消化率(OMD)极显著高于苜蓿组(P0.01);辣木叶组的48 h GP和微生物蛋白(MCP)组合效应值以及综合组合效应值(AEs)与苜蓿组无差异(P0.05),TVFA、乙酸和NH_3-N的组合效应值显著高于苜蓿组(P0.05);以48 h GP、NH_3-N、MCP、TVFA浓度和OMD的组合效应值以及综合组合效应值AEs为主要衡量指标,辣木叶与玉米的组合比例为60:40时,正组合效应达到最大。从本试验结果可以得知,辣木叶是一种与苜蓿营养价值相当的粗饲料资源,辣木叶与玉米比例为60:40时的饲料利用效率最高。     

Use of plants in novel approaches for control of gastrointestinal helminths in livestock with emphasis on small ruminants

Helminth infections are a major cause for reduced productivity in livestock, particularly those owned by the poor worldwide. Phytomedicine has been used for eons by farmers and traditional healers to treat parasitism and improve performance of livestock, and many modern commercial medicines are derived from plants. However, scientific evidence on the anti-parasitic efficacy of most plant products is limited, regardless of their wide ethnoveterinary usage. Scientific validation of the anti-parasitic effects and possible side-effects of plant products in ruminants is necessary prior to their adoption as a novel method for parasite control. A variety of methods has been explored to validate the anthelmintic properties of such plant remedies, both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro assays are useful as pre-screens of activity and are mainly performed with the free-living rather than parasitic stages of nematodes. Concentrations of potentially active substances used in vitro do not always correspond to in vivo bioavailability. Therefore, in vitro assays should always be accompanied by in vivo studies when used to validate the anthelmintic properties of plant remedies. In vivo controlled studies have shown that plant remedies have in most instances resulted in reductions in the level of parasitism much lower than those observed with anthelmintic drugs. Whether it is necessary or not to achieve very high efficacy in order for plant remedies to have a role in the control of parasitism depends on the determination of biologically important levels of reduction of parasitism and it will be required prior to the wide-scale use of plant products for parasite control. Similarly, standardisation of validation studies in reference to the numbers of animals required for in vivo studies to measure direct anthelmintic effects of a plant needs to be established. Although in many cases the active compounds in the herbal remedies have not been fully identified, plant enzymes, such as cysteine proteinases, or secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycosides and tannins have shown dose-dependent anti-parasitic properties. However, as some of the active compounds may also have anti-nutritional effects, such as reduced food intake and performance, it is essential to validate the anti-parasitic effects of plant products in relation to their potential anti-nutritional and other side effects. A concerted effort on isolation, development, and validation of the effects of these herbal remedies will have to be undertaken before their wider acceptance.     

草食动物与草地植物多样性的互作关系研究进展

动物-植物互作关系一直是草地生态学研究的核心问题之一。在草地放牧系统中的动植物界面上,生物多样性的作用突出而敏感,因此,对动物与植物多样性的互作关系探讨,有益于深刻阐释放牧系统的稳定性与持久性机制。本文综述了有关草食动物对草地植物多样性的作用结果、影响因素、作用机制,以及植物多样性对草食动物生产性能、多度和多样性影响的研究现状,并就今后的研究方向提出几点建议:扩展动物多样性及不同动物组合对植物多样性的作用机制研究;加强有关植物多样性变化对草食动物、特别是大型草食性动物的反馈作用过程研究;加强对动物采食行为的深入理解,尤其是动物采食对植物多样性响应机制的认识;加强草食动物与植物多样性之间的动态互作关系研究,以及这种互作关系变化对草地生态系统过程及功能的影响研究。     

利用体外瘤胃发酵法研究全株玉米青贮与花生蔓和羊草间的组合效应

本研究旨在利用体外瘤胃发酵法研究全株玉米青贮与花生蔓及羊草间的组合效应。将全株玉米青贮与花生蔓以100∶0,90∶10,80∶20,70∶30,60∶40,50∶50,40∶60,30∶70,20∶80,10∶90,0∶100的比例进行组合,筛选出全株玉米青贮与花生蔓的最优组合后再与羊草以这11个比例进行组合。利用体外瘤胃发酵技术,测定24 h产气量、微生物蛋白产量及瘤胃干物质降解率的单项组合效应指数和多项组合效应指数。结果表明,1)在全株玉米青贮与花生蔓的不同比例组合中,产气量和干物质降解率单项组合效应指数均以70∶30的组合最大,分别为0.69和0.72,极显著高于其他比例的组合(P<0.01),微生物蛋白产量则产生了显著的负组合效应;2)在全株玉米青贮与花生蔓的不同比例组合中,多项组合效应指数以比例为70∶30的组合最大;3)在全株玉米青贮花生蔓最优组合(70∶30)与羊草的不同比例组合中, 产气量和干物质降解率单项组合效应指数均以80∶20的组合最大,分别为0.17和0.18,极显著高于其他比例的组合(P<0.01),微生物蛋白产量则产生了显著的负组合效应;4)在全株玉米青贮花生蔓最优组合(70∶30)与羊草的不同比例组合中, 多项组合效应指数以比例为80∶20的组合最大。综上,在本试验设计条件下,全株玉米青贮与花生蔓比例为70∶30的组合、全株玉米青贮-花生蔓-羊草比例为56∶24∶20的组合具有最大组合效应。     

对家禽饲料代谢能值评定方法中若干误区的探讨

迄今国际上对禽类饲料代谢能值的表述有诸多方式。在其立论依据、试验设计及测试手段等方法学方面存在着许多悬而未决的问题。本文通过饲料间组合效应,试验设计中的养分有效性分配原则,对经典的套算法在推理中的随意性以及在建立数学模型时必要的校正因子的扬弃等问题进行了探讨。限于篇幅,对家禽饲料代谢能评定方法的技术路线问题拟做另文探讨。     

不同粗饲料组合对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的研究

旨在研究全株玉米青贮（WCS）、小麦秸秆（WS）和苜蓿青贮（AS）不同组合比例对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响,筛选不同饲料组合应用的最适比例。将全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆、苜蓿青贮以不同比例组合（80∶10∶10, 70∶10∶20, 70∶20∶10, 60∶10∶30, 60∶20∶10, 60∶30∶10, 50∶10∶40, 50∶20∶30, 50∶30∶20, 50∶40∶10, 0∶100∶0, 100∶0∶0, 0∶0∶100）进行体外发酵试验,测定分析不同饲料组合对体外产气量（GP）、干物质降解率（IVDMD）、pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响,计算各组合的单项组合效应值（SFAEI）和综合组合效应值（MFAEI）。结果表明,全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆和苜蓿青贮的组合比例对GP的影响极显著（P<0.01）。随着全株玉米青贮比例增加,GP逐渐增加。各组体外发酵液pH保持为6.68~6.89（P<0.01）。NH₃-N的变化范围为14.31~26.01 mg·100 mL^-1（P<0.01）。全株玉米青贮比例一定时,IVDMD随着苜蓿青贮比例增加而增加。不同比例组合的全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆和苜蓿青贮体外发酵液中VFA浓度差异极显著（P<0.01）。60∶30∶10组乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,其丙酸浓度也为最高（13.99 mmol·L^-1）。各比例组合乙酸/丙酸在2.76~3.20,组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。不同组合的综合组合效应值均为正组合效应,70∶20∶10综合组合效应值（0.9343）最高。由此可见,全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆和苜蓿青贮比例为70∶20∶10时,组合效应最佳。