不同品种猪肉pH值高光谱检测的模型传递修正算法

针对猪肉pH值高光谱检测模型受品种差异影响存在适用性差的问题,比较了不同算法,提出了一种基于光谱值校正的模型传递算法,以用于品种之间的模型传递。以山黑猪为主品种建立PLS模型,用该模型直接预测零号土猪样本时,预测相关系数仅为0.415,预测均方根误差为0.180 4,预测精度较差。分别用斜率/截距(S/B)算法、模型更新算法以及光谱值校正传递算法对山黑猪模型进行修正或传递并进行了比较。采用S/B法时,山黑猪模型对零号土猪的预测相关系数仍为0.415,预测均方根误差由0.180 4降至0.134 3,下降了25.54%。采用模型更新算法时,把14个零号土猪样本添加到山黑猪校正集,修正后的山黑猪模型对零号土猪样本的预测性能较优,Rp由0.415提高至0.797,提高92.05%,预测均方根误差由0.1804降低为0.1121,下降了37.86%。采用光谱-理化值共生距离法结合DS算法的光谱值校正传递算法时,山黑猪模型对零号土猪样本的预测相关系数由0.415提高至0.837,提高了101.69%,预测均方根误差由0.1804降低至0.0856,下降了52.55%。结果表明,光谱值校正的传递算法能够有效消除品种之间光谱差异,提高了山黑猪模型的适用性,且传递修正效果优于S/B算法和模型更新算法。     

苹果可溶性固形物近红外在线光谱变量优选

为简化近红外光谱模型,提高对苹果可溶性固形物含量的预测精度,将移动窗口偏最小二乘法(MWPLS)与遗传算法、连续投影算法相结合优选特征变量,建立偏最小二乘回归校正模型。其中移动窗口偏最小二乘法和遗传算法相结合优选的36个光谱变量建立的校正模型预测结果最好,可以有效筛选近红外光谱特征波长,模型预测相关系数为0.90,模型的预测均方根误差为0.70°Brix。     

树形对适收期黄花梨糖度VIS/NIR光谱检测的影响研究

针对树体的光通透性影响果实糖分的积累,不同树形的果实品质存在差异的问题,研究了树形对适收期黄花梨糖度可见/近红外光谱检测模型的影响。采集了适收期前后6个批次、不同树形(开心形和棚架形)的黄花梨果实480个进行实验,两类树形果实糖度差异显著(p0.05),采用同一树形黄花梨建立的模型预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.69°Brix、0.64°Brix,相对分析误差RPD分别为2.08、1.97;单一树形全部样品建立的模型对不同树形样品的RMSEP分别为1.31°Brix、1.07°Brix,RPD分别为1.14、1.36;2类树形联合模型RMSEP为0.59°Brix,RPD为2.38。结果表明,树形对适收期黄花梨糖度预测模型的精度和稳健性均有较大影响,对进一步研究近红外光谱技术在田间水果采收期品质及最佳采收期检测的应用有一定的参考价值。     

苹果内部品质分级机械手设计与试验

为检测苹果内部品质,基于可见/近红外光谱检测技术并结合分拣机械手,设计了苹果内部品质分级机械手。该装置主要由夹持机构、近红外光谱采集系统、控制系统等组成。机械手稳定夹持苹果后采集苹果的近红外光谱数据,上位机软件中的预测模型对光谱数据进行分析处理,并显示光谱曲线和预测结果。为建立苹果可溶性固形物含量预测模型,基于该装置采集了苹果在650～1 100 nm波长范围内的光谱数据,通过国家标准测量法测得苹果样本的可溶性固形物含量,采用SG卷积平滑(SG-smooth)、标准正态变量变换(SNV)和多元散射校正(MSC)对光谱数据进行预处理,并结合可溶性固形物含量测量值建立偏最小二乘(PLSR)模型。结果表明,采用多元散射校正方法预处理后的建模效果最优,其预测模型的校正集和预测集相关系数分别为0. 978 2、0. 970 1,均方根误差分别为0. 274 6、0. 326 3°Brix。选取20个同品种苹果样本对该装置的稳定性和准确性进行了测试,可溶性固形物含量预测值与测量值相关系数为0. 957 3,均方根误差为0. 422 4°Brix。试验结果表明,苹果内部品质分级机械手在夹持苹果的同时可以实现对苹果可溶性固形物含量的准确预测。     

食用油酸值与过氧化值近红外光谱模型转移研究

在使用近红外光谱技术进行食用油酸值与过氧化值检测时,仪器制造与检测环境的差异导致不同仪器建立的校正模型无法共享。为解决食用油酸值与过氧化值模型转移问题,使用125个食用油样本于主机建立偏最小二乘校正模型,采用光谱空间转换法进行模型转移,并与斜率/截距算法、直接标准化算法、分段直接标准化算法、极限学习机自编码器算法进行对比。结果表明,采用光谱空间转换法进行模型转移后,验证集酸值与过氧化值的预测均方根误差分别从0.583 6 mg/g和15.801 0 mmol/kg降低到了0.167 0 mg/g与9.989 3 mmol/kg,说明光谱空间转换法可以有效应用于食用油酸值与过氧化值间的模型转移,使不同仪器之间实现模型共享,这对于近红外光谱应用于食用油品质快速检测具有实际意义。     

基于无参数高效算法的近红外光谱模型传递研究

模型传递可解决不同近红外光谱仪间多元校正模型无法共享的问题。以食用油为研究对象,对其酸值和过氧化值模型进行传递分析。在主机上建立偏最小二乘多元校正模型,利用无参数高效模型传递(PFCE)算法中NS-PFCE无标样算法和FS-PFCE有标样算法分别实现模型传递,探讨了标准化样品数量对模型传递效果的影响。并与经典的3种有标样传递算法和2种无标样传递算法进行对比。结果表明,经NS-PFCE无标样传递后,从机酸值与过氧化值预测集均方根误差分别从0.613 mg/g和16.153 mmol/kg下降到0.275 mg/g和9.523 mmol/kg;而经FS-PFCE有标样传递后,从机酸值与过氧化值预测集均方根误差分别下降到0.274 mg/g和8.945 mmol/kg。且随着标准化样品数量的增加,经PFCE算法传递后预测集均方根误差越低。无参数高效模型传递算法联合应用单一的无标样算法和有标样算法两种传递方式,增强了传递模型的适应性和包容性,同时有效地降低主机光谱与从机光谱之间的差异,实现了不同光谱仪间校正模型的共享。     

水果糖度近红外光谱在线检测装置

采用短波近红外光谱仪,进行机械传送、光谱采集处理、自动控制等系统的设计和集成,研制水果糖度近红外光谱在线检测装置。在550~850nm范围,采用偏最小二乘法,建立了苹果糖度近红外光谱在线检测数学模型。经比较,标准正交校正和一阶导数处理后的光谱建立的数学模型预测效果最优,模型的相关系数为0.78,模型预测均方根误差为0.67°Brix。实验表明:水果糖度近红外光谱在线检测装置可准确地检测苹果糖度含量。     

基于近红外光谱的猪肉水分在线检测与分级

基于近红外光谱法,优化光纤探头检测距离并通过检测距离调节系统和多点同时检测,设计了猪肉水分在线检测分级系统。首先,为确定光纤探头与生鲜猪肉样品表面间的最佳检测距离,在13个不同检测距离下(5~29 mm)采集了54个样品的光谱,采用多元散射校正方法对原始光谱进行预处理,分别建立了第1波段(349~1 435 nm)、第2波段(1 037~1 761 nm)和双波段结合3种情况的含水率偏最小二乘回归模型,分析了不同检测距离和不同波段的模型,确认19 mm为在线检测分级装备的最佳检测距离。然后,通过检测距离实时调节系统动态固定最佳检测距离,设计了双波段多点同时检测系统,采集45个猪肉样品在静态条件和在线条件下的光谱,通过比较分析,两种情况下预测结果相近,从而证实了所设计的在线系统能够预测猪肉水分,并且双波段融合建模效果优于单波段,预测结果为:校正集相关系数和校正均方根误差分别为0.906和0.598,验证集相关系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.836和0.402。最后,利用独立的21个猪肉样品验证猪肉预测分级模型精度及稳定性,结果判断正确率为90.48%,表明可见近红外光谱法结合多点检测能有效地在线检测猪肉水分并分级。     

饲料玉米品质分析的化学计量学方法

以饲料玉米为研究对象,采用化学计量学方法,利用全波段光谱数据建立玉米粗蛋白预测的简单快速精准预测模型。结果表明：原始光谱经去趋势算法预处理后,Rank-KS算法选择校正集和预测集,使用偏最小二乘（Partial least square,PLS）方法进行建模,校正集和预测集的相关系数分别为0.991 5和0.981 3,校正集和预测集的均方根误差分别为0.063 4和0.113 8。预测集的相对分析误差RPD为5.02,大于评估阈值3.0。所建模型精度和稳定性较为理想,可满足在线生成检测的要求。     

可移动式苹果内部品质果园产地分级系统

为满足苹果内部品质产地检测分级需求,本研究研发出检测模块和分级模块,构成可移动式苹果内部品质果园产地分级系统。在此系统的基础上,以苹果糖度和霉心病为代表品质指标,提出一种基于乘法效应消除（Multiplicative Effect Elimination,MEE）的光谱校正方法,用于消除苹果物理属性差异导致的有效光程变化对光谱的影响。利用该系统获取苹果600~900 nm漫透射光谱数据,分别采用多元散射校正（Multiple Scattering Correction,MSC）、标准正态变量变换（Standard Normal Variate Transform,SNV）和MEE算法对苹果光谱预处理后,建立糖度偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression, PLSR）预测模型和霉心病偏最小二乘判别（Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA）模型。结果表明,MEE算法相比于MSC和SNV算法建模结果更好,糖度预测模型的校正集相关系数（Rc）、校正集均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error of Calibration,RMSEC）、预测集相关系数（Rp）和预测集均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error of Prediction,RMSEP）分别为0.959、0.430%、0.929和0.592%;霉心病判别模型的校正集敏感性、校正集特异性、校正集准确率、预测集敏感性、预测集特异性和预测集准确率分别为98.33%、96.67%、97.50%、100.00%、90.00%和95.00%。将建立的最佳预测模型导入分级系统进行试验,结果表明该系统的分级准确率为90.00%,分级速度约3个/s。该系统具有成本低、结构简单、移动方便等优点,可以满足苹果内部品质果园产地检测分级需求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。