Reduction in nitrate accumulation by molybdenum in spinach grown at low pH

Abstract

Spinach was grown in the greenhouse in soil with the pH adjusted to 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0, N fertilizer rates of 0, 50 and 200 mg N/Kg soil, and Mo fertilizer rates of 0, 0.3 and 1.2 mg Mo/Kg soil. The NO₃‐N concentration of the tissue increased with fertilizer N or a rise in pH from 5.0 to 7.0. The addition of Mo at either rate reduced the NO₃ concentration of spinach grown at pH 5.0 and 5.5 but had no effect on plants grown at pH 6.5 or 7.0. At pH 6.0 the 1.2 mg Mo/Kg soil rate was effective at the 50 and 200 mg N/Kg soil fertilizer rates but had no effect on spinach grown without a N application. At the same pH, the 0.3 mg Mo/Kg soil rate had no effect on NO₃ content of spinach grown with the 50 mg N/Kg rate but did reduce the NO₃ content of spinach grown without N added or with the 200 mg N/Kg soil. The 1.2 mg Mo/Kg soil rate was more effective than 0.3 mg Mo/Kg rate in reducing NO₃ content of spinach grown with 200 mg N/Kg soil at pH 5.0–6.5 inclusive but gave variable results when no N or 50 mg N/Kg soil was added. Molybdenum did not affect the total N or NO₂ concentrations of the plants.     

Determination of alachlor and its metabolite 2,6-diethylaniline in microbial culture medium using online microdialysis enriched-sampling coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography

In this study, a simple and novel microdialysis sampling technique incorporating hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) coupled online to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the one-step sample pretreatment and direct determination of alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N -(methoxymethyl)acetanilide) and its metabolite 2,6-diethylaniline (2,6-DEA) in microbial culture medium has been developed. A reversed-phase C-18 column was utilized to separate alachlor and 2,6-DEA from other species using an acetonitrile/water mixture (1:1) containing 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 as the mobile phase. Detection was carried out with a UV detector operated at 210 nm. Parameters that influenced the enrichment efficiency of online HF-LPME sampling, including the length of the hollow fiber, the perfusion solvent and its flow rate, the pH, and the salt added in sample solution, as well as chromatographic conditions were thoroughly optimized. Under optimal conditions, excellent enrichment efficiency was achieved by the microdialysis of a sample solution (pH 7.0) using hexane as perfusate at the flow rate of 4 μL/min. Detection limits were 72 and 14 ng/mL for alachlor and 2,6-DEA, respectively. The enrichment factors were 403 and 386 (RSD < 5%) for alachlor and 2,6-DEA, respectively, when extraction was performed by using a 40 cm regenerated cellulose hollow fiber and hexane as perfusion solvent at the flow rate of 0.1 μL/min. The proposed method provides a sensitive, flexible, fast, and eco-friendly procedure to enrich and determine alachlor and its metabolite (2,6-DEA) in microbial culture medium.     

重庆市植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量评价

对重庆市14个县(区)的334个植烟土壤样品的有效态微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B和Mo的含量状况和分布特征进行分析,结果表明,重庆市20%以上植烟土壤缺Mo、Zn,75%以上土壤缺B,有效铁、锰含量较丰富,有效铜极丰富。有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量均与土壤pH值呈负相关关系,有效钼含量与土壤pH值呈正相关关系,有效硼含量在pH<7.0时随pH的增加而增加,但在pH>7.0时含量下降。植烟土壤中有效铁和有效铜含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系,而有效锰、硼和钼与有机质无明显相关性。     

喀斯特地区湘西州植烟土壤pH分布特征及其影响因素

为了解湘西州植烟土壤pH特征,于2015年采集湘西烟区1 242个土壤样本,采用传统统计学和地统计学方法分析了湘西州植烟土壤pH区域分布和空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)湘西烟区植烟土壤pH变幅为4.17~8.17,平均值为6.12,变异系数为18.30%;处于植烟土壤pH适宜范围内(pH为5.5~7.0)的样本占34.06%,pH小于5.0的植烟土壤样本为20.77%,pH大于7.5的植烟土壤样本为18.20%;(2)7个主产烟县植烟土壤pH平均值在5.44~6.84;不同县植烟土壤pH差异极显著;(3)植烟土壤pH有从西向东递减的分布趋势;(4)成土母岩、土壤类型、水土流失状况、灌溉能力、海拔高度、耕作层厚度、有机质含量、土壤颗粒组成显著影响植烟土壤pH;(5)水土流失严重、无灌溉能力和耕作层较浅的烟田、紫色砂页岩发育的土壤、红壤和红黄壤以及粘粒比例较大的土壤容易酸化;(6)土壤pH呈现出随海拔降低和有机质含量升高而升高的趋势。     

Effect of rewetting air-dried soils on pH and accumulation of mineral nitrogen

The effect of rewetting a number of air-dried soils on pH and on accumulation of mineral-N was examined in a laboratory incubation study. When rewetted-soils were incubated at 25°C three patterns of change in soil _pH and in accumulation of mineral-N were observed. Ammonification and nitrification proceeded together in soils with pH values greater than 6.0; soil pH decreased whilst concentrations of nitrate rose and those of ammonium remained low. By contrast, in soils with pH values less than 5.0, although ammonification proceeded there was no appreciable nitrification; soil pH increased whilst concentrations of ammonium rose and those of nitrate remained very low. In a third group of soils with pH values between 5.0 and 5.5, there was a delay in nitrification, but ammonification was not retarded; soil _pH initially rose as concentrations of ammonium increased, but when nitrification subsequently commenced the _pH decreased, concentrations of nitrate rose and those of ammonium declined. When microbial activity in rewetted soils was inhibited by incubation at 3°C, or in a chloroform atmosphere at 25°C, there was little change in concentrations of ammonium and nitrate, and soil pH remained relatively constant.
Such changes in soil _pH, induced by ammonification and nitrification, are likely to have important consequences to soil chemical studies where _pH-dependent reactions are being studied using rewetted soils. Changes in pH can be minimized by using field moist rather than air-dried soils.     

Accumulation and composition of total organic carbon in reclaimed coal mine lands

Reclaimed coal mine lands have the potential to sequester atmospheric carbon (C); however, limited information exists for the western USA coalfields. This study was carried out on two chronosequences (BA‐C₃ grasses and DJ‐shrubs) of reclaimed sites at two surface coal mines to determine the effects of vegetation, soil texture, and lignin content on soil total organic carbon (TOC) accumulations. In the BA chronosequence, TOC increased over 26 years at an average rate of 0·52 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 0–30 cm depth and was significantly correlated with clay content. Comparison between < 1 and 16‐year‐old stockpile soils indicated TOC content did not differ significantly. In the DJ chronosequence, TOC content in the 0–30 cm depth declined from 31·3 Mg ha⁻¹ in 5‐year‐old soils to 23·4 Mg ha⁻¹ in 16‐year‐old soils. The C:N ratios suggested that some (up to 2·0 per cent) of the TOC was potentially derived from coal particles in these reclaimed soils. Soil total N (TN) contents followed a similar trend as TOC with TOC and TN concentrations strongly correlated. Lignin contents in TOC of all reclaimed soils and topsoil stockpiles (TSs) were higher than that of nearby undisturbed soils, indicating the recalcitrant nature of TOC in reclaimed soils and/or possibly the slow recovery of lignin degrading organism. Results indicated that TOC accumulations in DJ were largely controlled by its composition, particular lignin content. In BA sites TOC accumulation was strongly influenced by both clay and lignin contents. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川和重庆地区的植茶土壤与茶叶品质

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of triphenyltetrazolum chloride(TTC) on soil microorganisms and the availability of pH characterization medium in BIOLOG plates.Application of TTC decreased the color development sharply and resulted in a great biocidal effect on the growth and reproduction of soil microorganisms,indicating that TTC can affect the discrimination on soil microbial community.The microtitration plates with 21 cabon sources and two different pH levels(4.7 and 7.0) were used to determine microbial community structure of eight red soils.The average utilization(average well colour development) of the carbon sources in the paltes with different pH levels generally followed the same sigmoidal pattern as that in the traditional BIOLOG plates,but the pH 4.7 plates increased the discrimination of this technique,compared with the pH 7.0 plates.Since most tested soils are acid,it seemed that it‘s better to use a suitable pH characterization medium for a specific spil in the sole carbon source test.     

Effects of increased nitrogen supply on the lignification of poplar wood

The short-term influence of adequate and high nitrogen fertilization on poplar lignification was investigated. The high nitrogen supply decreased lignin staining in the newly formed secondary xylem, indicating that lignin deposition was affected. Acetyl bromide determinations gave a 9-10% decrease in lignin content; however, Klason lignin content was unchanged. Thioacidolysis showed that elevated N supply affected lignin structure such that there was a reduced frequency of lignin units involved in beta-O-4 bonds, a reduced syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, an increased frequency of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin units, more guaiacyl units with free phenolic groups, and more p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester-linked to poplar lignins. These features suggest that lignins from poplars grown under high N bear structural similarities to lignins formed during early stages of wood development. The findings also indicate that a gravitational stimulus inducing the formation of tension wood and high N availability lead to similar and additive effects on lignin content and structure.     

湘西植烟土壤pH和主要养分特征及其相互关系

为了解湘西烟区植烟土壤pH和主要养分特征及其相互关系,于2015年采集烟区1 242个土壤样本,研究了植烟土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的适宜性分布、县域分布以及pH与这些养分指标的量化关系。结果表明:1湘西烟区植烟土壤pH平均值为6.12,有20.77%样品偏酸和18.20%的样品偏碱;有机质和碱解氮含量的平均值分别为28.42 g/kg和145.63 mg/kg,总体上处于适宜水平;有效磷含量的平均值为28.94 mg/kg,有近40%样品偏高;速效钾含量平均值为198.76 mg/kg,有近45%的样品偏低。2主产烟县植烟土壤pH和养分差异极显著。3土壤主要养分含量与pH之间呈现曲线关系;当pH5.5时或pH8.0时,随土壤pH变化,主要养分含量变化较大;当pH在5.5~8.0时,随土壤pH变化,主要养分含量变化平缓。当pH5.5时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量快速下降;当pH在5.5~8.0时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量缓慢升高,碱解氮含量缓慢下降;当pH8.0时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量快速下降,速效钾含量快速升高。     

Solubility of heavy metals in a contaminated soil: Effects of redox potential and pH

To assess the mobilities of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a contaminated soil, the effects of redox potential and pH value on metal solubilities were investigated. Both redox potential and pH were found to greatly affect heavy metal solubility in the soil. Results showed that the soil suspension under continuous oxygen aeration for 21 days resulted in increases of redox potential from 290 to 440 mV and pH value from 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Soluble concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn varied with time, and were all lower than 1 mg kg^?1. When the soil suspension was aerated with nitrogen, final redox potential was ?140 mV and pH value of 7.1. The soluble metal concentrations were slightly higher than those aerated with oxygen. The equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted under three different pH values (3.3, 5.0, 8.0) and three redox potential (325, 0, ?100 mV). Results showed that metals were sparingly soluble under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0). Metal solubilities were higher when under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), and increased drastically when pH was kept at 3.3. When solubilities were compared under same pH values, it was observed that metal solubilities increased as redox potential decreased. Generally speaking, acidic and reducing conditions were most favorable for metal solubilization, and the effect of pH was more significant than that of redox potential. It was proposed that heavy metals were mostly adsorbed onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. The pH-dependent metal adsorption reaction and the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides under reducing conditions was the mechanism controlling the release of heavy metals from soils.     

Humus degradation under the influence of simulated ‘acid rain’

The purpose of these investigations was to describe changes occurring in soil under the influence of simulated ‘acid rains’. It was achieved by treating three kinds of soil with water solutions of pH: 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.8 for two vegetation periods. Differences were found in the pH of soils reaching 2.5 values in the sorption complex. The content of H⁺ increased and the sum of bases considerably decreased. Significant changes in number of bacteria, fungi, macromycetes were found. In most acid solutions they decreased by 100% as compared with the reference surface. The processes of nitrification, cellulose decomposition and soil respiration were limited, whereas ammonification was stimulated. Under the influence of ‘acid rains’ the content of C and N remained unchanged, while the content both of fulvic and grey and brown humic acids was reduced. With the increase in soil acidity the content of hymatomelanic acids increased. So significant changes in the content of bitumen, humins, humic C and the Q_4/6 color quotient were observed under the influence of simulated ‘acid rains’.     

模拟淋溶条件下沼液对菜田土壤磷素淋洗及其形态的影响

以不同磷水平菜田土壤为研究对象,通过土柱淋溶模拟试验,探讨施用沼液对土壤磷素形态及其移动性的影响。结果表明:与单施去离子水的对照相比,施用沼液通过减少淋洗溶液体积降低淋洗液中总磷含量722.3μg·柱~(-1),中、高磷土壤淋洗液总无机磷(TIP)分别减少507.2μg·柱~(-1)和1 319μg·柱~(-1)。低、中磷土壤淋洗液中水溶性无机磷(DIP)减少158.1μg·柱~(-1)和474.3μg·柱~(-1)。在低磷土壤中,施用沼液对剖面土壤全磷、有机磷和速效磷含量影响显著,上层(0~7 cm)土壤增加的比例分别为34.8%、37.7%和148%,土壤p H值显著降低0.39个单位,下层(7~14 cm)土壤增加的比例分别为18.5%、29.3%和32.9%,土壤p H值显著降低0.28个单位。在中磷土壤中,施用沼液对上层土壤全磷含量影响未达到显著水平,速效磷增加比例20.1%,下层土壤p H值降低0.33个单位。在高磷土壤中,施用沼液对剖面土壤全磷、有机磷和速效磷含量影响未达到显著水平,下层土壤p H值降低0.34个单位。因此,施用沼液降低土壤磷素淋洗,增加低磷土壤磷素有效性含量,但对中磷和高磷水平土壤的磷素影响未达到显著水平。     

氮添加和凋落物增减对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体及其碳氮的影响

大气氮沉降可通过改变土壤氮素可利用性(直接影响)和改变凋落物输入量(间接影响)对森林土壤碳氮动态产生影响.土壤团聚体是森林表层土壤最具代表性的基本结构单元,对于稳定贮存有机碳氮具有重要意义.通过氮添加和凋落物增减试验设计,探索氮添加和凋落物增减对土壤团聚体及其碳氮组分的影响.结果 表明:(1)凋落物增加(+L)和减少(...     

Lignin is involved in the reduction of Verticillium dahliae var. longisporum inoculum in soil by crop residue incorporation

Verticillium wilt is an increasing problem in European cauliflower production. In this study, several crop residues were screened for their ability to reduce the viability of microsclerotia when incorporated into soil. In addition, the role of fungitoxic volatiles and lignin in the crop residue-mediated reduction in microsclerotia viability was studied.Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and corn (Zea mays) were incorporated in naturally infested soil samples collected from two cauliflower fields in Belgium, labelled Is1 and S3. The effectiveness in reducing the viability of microsclerotia depended on the soil sample and on the type of residue. In the Is1 soil, broccoli, cauliflower and ryegrass incorporation significantly reduced the inoculum level by more than 90%, while Indian mustard significantly reduced numbers of viable microsclerotia by 50%. In the S3 soil, broccoli, cauliflower and Indian mustard were not effective, whereas ryegrass and corn incorporation reduced the microsclerotia level by 50% or more. In conclusion, incorporation of ryegrass and corn was more effective than incorporation of crucifer residues.In the conditions tested, fungicidal volatile compounds did not play an important role in Verticillium microsclerotia reduction in soil. Volatiles from broccoli and cauliflower did not affect microsclerotia viability in an in vitro bioassay, whereas the volatiles from Indian mustard killed the microsclerotia. Indian mustard incorporation in soil, however, only had a minor effect on microsclerotia viability.In the S3 soil, 1% (w/w) Kraft pine lignin, a waste product of the paper industry, had to be added to observe a significant reduction on the viability of microsclerotia, whereas in the Is1 soil, a significant effect was observed when 0.1% (w/w) Kraft pine lignin was added. Acid-insoluble lignin was extracted from all crop residues previously tested. Crop residues with high lignin content seemed to be more effective than crop residues with low lignin content. The reduction of Verticillium microsclerotia viability depended on lignin type and on crop structure, since lignin extracted from cauliflower leaves was more effective than lignin extracted from cauliflower stems and corn leaves were more effective than corn roots. Microsclerotia reduction was higher after fresh residue incorporation than after incorporation of their extracted acid-insoluble lignin, indicating that the effect of crop residue incorporation on microsclerotia viability cannot be explained solely by the effects of lignin.Incorporation of lignin-rich substrates in soil may open up new perspectives for integrated control of Verticillium.     

模拟酸雨对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以中性溶液（pH=7.0）为对照,研究了pH值为1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0和6.0模拟酸雨对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标随着pH值的降低而降低,弱酸（pH5.0～6.0）条件下小麦种子能够正常萌发和生长,种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标与对照没有显著差异（P > 0.05）;在pH低于5.0时,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长严重受阻,种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标均显著低于对照（P < 0.05）;pH为1.0时,小麦种子则完全失去活性;不同pH值模拟酸雨胁迫对小麦幼苗生理指标影响较大,叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、保护酶（SOD,POD,CAT）和非保护酶（PPO,PAL）活性随酸性的增强呈降低趋势,而相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量呈上升趋势。综合分析认为,小麦幼苗生长比种子萌发对模拟酸雨的响应更为敏感。     

Impacts of Acid Rain on Base Cations,Aluminum, and Acidity Development in Highly Weathered Soils of Thailand

The impacts of simulated acid rain on leachability of major plant nutrients, toxic element [aluminum (Al)], and acidity development in highly weathered tropical soils of Thailand were studied. Leaching experiments were conducted on soil columns with acidic solutions of pH 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, and with water of pH 7.0 as a control treatment. Leaching losses of base cations from all soils increased with the decrease in pH associated with simulated acid rain (SAR) additions, and were found to be quite high under SAR with pH 2.0. The leaching removal of these cations was lesser at pH 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 but greater than that in pH 7.0. The leaching of base cation from the soils depended not only on acid rain pH but also on soil properties, especially cation exchange capacity, soil texture, and initial base content. The significant losses of major plant nutrients [such as potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺)] from the plant root zone over extended periods could cause nutrient imbalance and lower soil productivity.     

粘土作为乳化剂的研究Ⅰ.粘土悬液的pH值与乳浊液稳定性的关系

固体粉末可以作为乳化剂早在本世紀初就已发现^[1]。由于所得的乳浊液一般地讲液滴较粗,稳定性也差,因而长期以来很少被注意。最近L.N.Mukerjee和S.N.Srivastava等人系統地检查了多种难溶无机化合物和粘土作为工业用和农业喷洒用乳化剂的可能性^[2,3]。但对于粘土粉末作为乳化剂的条件没有深入研究。本文是研究一定pH范围内几种本国粘土的乳化效能。     

土壤中钙键和铁/铝键结合的有机碳差异的比较

为研究矿质元素在有机碳矿化中所起的作用,以棕壤、黄棕壤、红壤为供试土壤,比较了不同利用方式和施肥处理土壤中钙键、铁/铝键结合的有机碳的差异。结果表明,从北至南的地带性土壤(棕壤、黄棕壤和红壤)系列中,全钙及与有机碳结合的钙依次降低,钙键结合的有机碳占有机碳总量的比值依次升高;铁/铝键结合的有机碳及其占全碳的比值依次升高。与自然土壤相比,耕作土壤在不施肥条件下,钙键有机碳、铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量的比值增加,且铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率始终比钙键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率要高;覆膜比不覆膜时铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率比钙键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率高得多。这表明,与全土有机碳相比,有机碳矿化稳定性由高到低依次是铁/铝键有机碳、钙键有机碳、全土有机碳。     

添加木质素和生物炭对土壤氮、磷养分及水分损失的影响

研究添加木质素和生物炭对土壤氮、磷养分及水分损失的影响,降低土壤改良剂使用成本,增加造纸黑液中木质素的利用途径,促进木质素在土壤改良中的应用。试验选取生物炭改良剂与木质素作为对比,通过土柱淋溶和静态吸收法,研究不同添加量(质量分数为0,1%,2%,4%)的木质素和生物炭对土壤氮磷养分、水分、脲酶活性以及pH的影响。土壤中添加木质素和生物炭均能减缓pH变化程度;抑制土壤脲酶的活性,且在添加氮肥后的1～20天抑制效果明显,其抑制效果与添加量呈正相关。添加量为1%,2%,4%的木质素和生物炭与对照组相比,铵态氮挥发量分别显著减少8.29%,14.29%,14.86%和3.79%,11.65%,15.26%;全氮淋溶量分别显著减少32.37%,37.70%,42.49%和25.43%,30.70%,39.54%;全磷淋溶量分别显著减少23.68%,40.48%,48.12%和6.97%,22.88%,35.30%;水分淋溶量分别显著减少7.71%,15.82%,9.29%和9.91%,15.00%,16.06%。在本试验中,木质素、生物炭质量分数分别为2%和4%时对降低土壤氮、磷养分和水分损失的效果最佳。因此,可以说明木质素和生物炭在水肥保持上的效果相近,在一定程度上可以替代生物炭改良剂在土壤中的应用。     

Soil nutrient mobility in response to irrigation with carbon dioxide enriched water

Abstract

In our experiments, carbonated water (CW) modified the equilibria in soil. Application of CW decreased the soil pH about 1.5 units one hour after irrigation ended. Minimal, though well defined, differences in soil pH were observed between the two carbonated treatments. The same relationship between the treatments was not found in pH levels of the leachate. This seems strictly related to the temporal and spatial changes in the carbon dioxide (CO₂) acidifying effect caused by chemical and biological factors as water descended the soil column. The temporary reduction in soil pH in the CW treatment induced the highest nutrient mobility for most of the elements.