曝气增氧微气泡-水界面和水体表面的氧传质的计算分析

在水产养殖池塘中微孔曝气充氧系统日益受到关注,为了探究微气泡-水界面与水表面湍动对氧传质的贡献,在不同曝气流量、不同淹没水深条件下进行了水体底部微孔曝气增氧试验。基于氧体积传质理论,采用美国土木工程协会推荐的计算模型和两区氧传质模型进行耦合求解,计算得到了水体底部微孔曝气增氧过程中气泡-水界面和水表面湍动扩散氧体积传质速率。对温度修正后的体积传质速率进行分析,结果表明,在一定的淹没水深下,气泡-水界面和水表面湍动扩散氧体积传质速率均与曝气流量成正比;而在一定的流量下,气泡-水界面和水表面湍动扩散氧体积传质速率与水深成反比。针对于浅型养殖池塘,随着曝气管淹没水深的增加,虽然水表面传质的贡献率有所下降,但是其贡献仍然很大,占到了80%以上。结合微孔曝气式增氧系统具有能耗较低、安装简单等优点,采用微孔曝气式增氧系统对浅型水域增氧和湍动混合具有较大优势,值得推广采用。     

Volatile Organic Contaminant Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants During Secondary Treatment

Volatile organic contaminant (VOC) emissions from wastewater treatment plants may occur through a variety of mechanisms which mainly include volatilization, evaporation, biodegradation, and photodecomposition. A mathematical model incorporating the significant factors affecting VOC emissions from a secondary treatment facilities has been developed and verified with the operational data from wastewater treatment plant in south Florida. The model includes mass transfer considerations for volatilization from clarifier surfaces and weirs, in addition to volatilization from aeration basins. A simple model such as this one can be a useful tool to estimate VOC emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants and to evaluate the present and future state of compliance with applicable air quality standards.     

Transfer of aroma compounds in water-lipid systems: binding tendency of beta-lactoglobulin

Interactions of volatile aroma compounds with protein in aqueous solutions, especially whey proteins, have received significant attention in recent years. This work attempts to improve our understanding of the mass transfer in multiphasic systems, such as emulsions at the lipid-water interface, and to reveal the role of beta-lactoglobulin in the release rate of solutes. For this purpose the rotating diffusion cell has been used. From a practical point of view it enables evaluation of the transfer through the aqueous phase, through the oil and the interfacial transfer. The effect of beta-lactoglobulin, medium pH, and solute concentration has been investigated. Benzaldehyde and 2-nonanone have been studied, and miglyol has been chosen as an oil phase. It has been demonstrated that mass transfer has a rate-limiting step, which depends on physicochemical parameters such as hydrophobicity of the volatile, diffusion and partition coefficients, and rheological properties of the aqueous phase.     

Two resistance mass transfer model for the adsorption of dyes onto Bagasse Pith

The adsorption of four dyestuffs onto bagasse pith has been studied. A method has been presented for the prediction of concentration decay vs time. The model is based on external mass transfer and pore diffusion and enables the external transport coefficients and the effective diffusivities to be determined. Constant mass transport. coefficients were obtained for each dye-pith system to correlate the effects of varying the initial dye concentration and pith mass. The external mass transfer coefficients are 1.4 × 10^?2, 1.24 × 10^?2, 1.5 × 10^?3, and 2.5 × 10^?3 cm s^?1 and the effective diffusivities are 6.5 × 10^?6, 2.6 × 10^?6, 4.5 × 10^?7, and 5.7 × 10^?7 cm² s^?1 for Basic Blue 69, Basic Red 22, Acid Blue 25, and Acid Red 114, respectively.     

Dry deposition loading of Lake Michigan by airborne particulate matter

A transport model as a function of particle size is presented which couples Chicago area meteorological data through the mixed layer with laboratory and field data on water surface dry deposition. The model is used to (a) estimate a minimum mass transfer efficiency by dry deposition from the Chicago area to Lake Michigan, (b) compare this minimum with the maximum wet deposition likely, and (c) estimate the transfer efficiency of trace metals. Dry deposition is found to cause 15% or more mass transfer efficiency of aerosols to the Lake. This value is considered to be equal to or greater than the efficiency of precipitation scavenging mass transfer. However, dry deposition as a function of particle size is such that the transfer of trace metals by this mechanism appears to be a few percent or less. Consequently, precipitation scavenging appears to be the dominant mechanism for trace metal transfer to Lake Michigan.     

VOC emissions from primary clarifier weirs

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from wastewater treatment processes via stripping and volatilization. Significant progress has been made in modeling these emissions, but questions remain regarding operative mass transfer mechanisms in certain processes. In the case of flow over weirs and drop structures, two approaches have been presented: mass transfer is modeled as taking place either (1) entirely in the nappe, or (2) entirely in air bubbles entrained by falling water in the tailwater pool. In the present work, these two very different modeling approaches are evaluated using experimental results on liquid-side concentrations of chlorinated solvents above and below a primary clarifier weir. The model locating the primary emission mechanism within entrained air bubbles in the tailwater pool is found to predict observed liquid-side VOC concentrations better than the model which considers only emissions from the weir nappe.     

非饱和土壤热质运移的数学模型

A system atic study of coupled heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils under complex boundary conditions was carried out and a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils was established by non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory. The gradient of volumetric moisture content, the gradient of temperature, the salt mass concentration and vapor pressure were the primary driving forces influencing the process of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils. Based on the thermodynam ic analysis and the mass and energy conservation principles, a set of mass and energy equations were developed. The initial and boundary conditions of soil column for one dimension were also given out.     

Defluoridation of water by adsorption on fly ash

The ability of fly ash to remove fluoride from water and wastewaters has been studied at different concentrations, times, temperatures and pH of the solution. The rate constants of adsorption, intraparticle transport, mass transfer coefficients and thermodynamic parameters have been calculated at 30, 40, and 50 °C. The empirical model has been tested at various concentration for the present system. The removal of fluoride is favorable at low concentration, high temperature and acidic pH.

     

Modeling dynamic flavor release from water

A mathematical model derived from the convective mass transfer theory was developed to predict dynamic flavor release from water. A specific mass transfer correlation including a new term for volatile permeability was applied. The model was entirely based on physicochemical constants of flavor compounds and on some parameters of an apparatus used for validation. The model predicted a linear pattern of release kinetics during the first 30 s and large differences of absolute release for individual compounds. Both calculated and experimentally determined release profiles of a test mixture of flavors showed good agreement.     

Simulation of heat and moisture transfer through a surface residue—soil system

A simulation model suitable for describing the dynamic aspects of mass and energy transfer in a soil—residue—atmosphere system has been developed and used to determine soil heat and water budgets. The model has been programmed in BASIC and uses numerical methods suitable for microcomputer applications. It displays a fundamental coupling of the surface residue to the soil—atmosphere system, and uses network analysis to describe heat and moisture transfer. Short-wave and long-wave radiative transfer, changes in energy status, rainfall interception by the residue, infiltration, redistribution, evaporation, and drainage are all accounted for. Daily input requirements include global short-wave radiation, maximum and minimum air temperatures, average wind speed, precipitation, and temperature and water content deep within the soil. General site, residue, and soil characteristics are also needed.Surface residues are treated as a thin layer with uniform horizontal distribution and residue loading rate is 3000 kg ha⁻¹. Application of the model to energy and water budget studies using environmental data recorded at Pullman, WA during 1981/82 is discussed. Simulation results indicate that for the Pullman conditions surface residues decreased evaporation by roughly 36% when compared with simulations of bare soil evaporation. Monthly trends, however, indicate that the effectiveness of residues in conserving soil moisture decreases as the length of rain-free periods increases.     

开放式太阳能物料干燥热湿迁移模型的构建及验证

基于开放式太阳能物料干燥过程中存在干燥品质不可控、随机性较大的问题。根据传热传质理论知识,建立开放式太阳能物料干燥热湿迁移预测模型,在综合考虑太阳能辐射、室外空气温湿度、室外风速等影响因素的基础上,对模型中的参数进行选择,并利用MATLAB软件编制求解程序,该模型能够预测出干燥过程中物料表面的温度及水分迁移速率变化。为验证模型的准确性,以红薯为干燥物料对其开放式太阳能干燥过程进行试验测试。结果表明:物料表面温度、水分迁移速率的模拟值与试验值之间的决定系数分别为0.96、0.89,均方根误差分别为0.97℃、28.35 g,其相关性程度较高,说明该模型能够较准确预测开放式太阳能物料干燥过程中物料表面温度及水分迁移速率,可以用于开放式太阳能干燥的工艺控制。     

Dose-response relationships for the addition of limestone to lakes and ponds in the Northeastern United States

A titration based model (DeAcid) has been used to predict treatment dose and times for reacidification for CaCO₃-treated lakes in the Living Lakes, Inc. (LLI) aquatic liming program. Water quality constitutents (pH, ANC and Ca) were used to measure the effectiveness of the dosing model and reacidification rates. Data from 22 lakes or ponds in 5 northeast states have been collected since June 1986. With few exceptions, pH and ANC values ranged from 4.5 to 6.5 and ?30 to +65 ueq L^?1, respectively, in untreated sites and 6.5 to 7.8 and 120 to 300 ueq L^?1, respectively, in sites approximately 30 days after treatment. Changes in Ca concentration levels have been used to evaluate the utility of the dose model for treatment of both inland and coastal waters. For coastal, seepage lakes application of a single-box mass transfer model to observed post-liming changes in ANC and Ca adequately simulates lake response.     

Modelling and Validation of Heat Transfer in Stored Rough Rice without Aeration

Temperature and moisture content are the two main factors that affect grain storage without aeration. A two-dimensional, finite difference model was developed to predict temperature and moisture content of rough rice stored in a cylindrical bin subjected to variations in ambient air temperature variation. Mass transfer is considered to affect heat transfer model and also mass and heat transfer are linked by the moisture content dependent thermo-physical properties of rough rice. Model validation was made by comparing predicted with experimental measured temperature data at different points of a pilot silo. The proposed model can be used to optimise the design and operation of rough rice storage systems.     

农作物秸秆皮带输送量的影响因素分析

该文以农作物秸秆的皮带输运特性为研究对象,以玉米秸秆为例,分析了秸秆全水分、粒度分布,以及皮带输送倾角和皮带速度对质量输送量的影响规律。结果表明,玉米秸秆的质量输送量和堆积密度随全水分的增加近乎线性增加,干物质的质量输送量呈线性下降;全水分增加时,质量输送量随着堆积密度的增加,其变化率逐渐减小;粒度对质量输送量和动堆积角的影响较大;带速在临界速度1.6 m/s前后,质量输送量的趋势发生明显变化。同时,该文对小麦秸秆、甜高粱秸秆进行了试验规律验证,发现输送规律基本一致,仅小麦秸秆在输送倾角变化时的质量传输规律略有差异,充分显示生物结构特征相似的秸秆具有相同的传输规律。试验证实,流态化临界角与各粒度区间的动堆积角满足线性加权关系,为其他农作物秸秆的皮带输送提供了必要的研究方法。     

发酵柑桔皮渣流化干燥传热传质分析

为了开发高效合理的柑桔皮渣发酵—干燥成套设备,需要进行发酵柑桔皮渣的干燥机理分析、传热传质的研究。该文采用流化干燥方法对发酵柑桔皮渣的干燥进行试验研究,建立了小型的流化床干燥试验台,分析了风速、颗粒粒径、初始含水率等对发酵柑桔皮渣流化干燥过程中传热传质的影响。试验表明：流化床的传热传质性能与流体的物理性质、操作参数、颗粒本身的物理性质以及流化床的特性密切相关。试验结果表明,传热系数沿流化床床高增加而减小,在床高4～6 cm之间,传热系数减小的幅度较大;在风速、颗粒粒径、初始含水率3个影响因素中,风速对传热系数的影响最大,当风速从2.06 m/s增大到2.75 m/s时,床高2～4 cm区域的平均局部传热系数增大了近92%。根据试验结果建立了传热传质数学模型并获得了传热无因次准则方程式,为强化传热传质以提高干燥效果提供了理论依据。     

多孔介质干燥过程传热传质研究

该文根据非平衡态热力学和相平衡理论，建立了多孔介质对流干燥内部传热传质过程的二维数学模型，该模型充分考虑了传热与传质之间的相互耦合，用控制容积积分法采用全隐格式对该模型进行分析求解，并与玉米干燥实验数据进行对比。结果表明，表面对流换热系数、干燥介质温度和湿度的变化对热、湿迁移过程均有较大影响，而表面对流传质系数对湿迁移过程影响不大，温度和湿度梯度的耦合产生“局部增湿”现象。     

油菜籽流化床恒速干燥传热传质特性及模型研究

在油菜籽干燥过程中,干燥工艺(热空气温度、速度和油菜籽初始含水率)主要影响着恒速干燥阶段的传热、传质系数,为此该文基于恒速干燥阶段,借助流化床干燥试验装置,试验分析了油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度、热空气流速对油菜籽流化床干燥对流传热、传质系数的影响,结果表明:各影响因素的敏感性主次顺序为油菜籽初始含水率热空气温度热空气流速,其中油菜籽初始含水率为29.72%的对流传热、传质系数约为含水率14.41%的1.9倍,2.25 m/s热空气流速的对流传热、传质系数约为1.75 m/s的1.2倍,65℃热空气温度的对流传热、传质系数分别约为45℃的1.2倍和1.4倍。为此,以对流传热、传质系数为性能指标,根据Box-Behnken试验设计原理,应用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件,建立了影响因子与性能指标的回归模型,通过验证发现对流传热、传质系数两个模型预测值与试验值的最大相对误差仅为4.83%和4.79%,表明该两个回归模型拟合度较好,可靠性较高。研究结果可为强化传热传质提高油菜籽流化床干燥效率提供理论依据,同时也为生产工艺条件选择和干燥设备设计提供理论支撑。     

5HCCX-1.6型多单元带式干燥机干燥过程的计算机模拟

多单元带式干燥机干燥过程的计算机模拟研究,有利于优化其干燥工艺参数,提高干燥效率,减少能耗,保证物料的干燥品质。该文利用面向对象的高级程序语言Visual C++建立了玉米多单元带式干燥的深床干燥数学模拟程序,并编制人机交互界面,预测干燥设备内的物料和干燥介质状态参数。同时用Matlab软件对数据进行处理,分析了热风温度、相对湿度以及风速等干燥工艺参数对干燥过程的影响,结果表明热风温度对干燥速率影响最大,其次是风速,热风相对湿度影响最小。为验证模型的准确性,选用5HCCX-1.6型多单元带式干燥设备进行试验研究,结果表明该模拟程序能较好的预测该类干燥设备的干燥过程,并对实际生产有一定的指导作用。