植物耐盐机理与耐盐植物选育研究进展*

文中结合对植物耐盐生理基础的讨论，综述了耐盐植物，尤其是耐盐树木的选育研究进展。植物对盐分胁迫的反应和适应是一个复杂的生理过程，既有蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物等结构和能量物质的代谢，还有酶、激素等生长调节物质的合成与激话。在这一系列的反应过程中包含着离子交换与逆向运输，信号刺激与传递．基因活化与合成，其中渗透调节起着关键作用；在渗透调节过程中，离子如K^ 、Ca^2 等在浓度和时空上的变化对渗透调节的启动，调节速率和调节能力都有着重要作用。此外，脯氨酸、脯氨酸甜菜碱、甘氨酸甜菜碱等作为可配伍溶质在调节渗透势变化、整合盐分离子方面有着无可代替的作用。Ca^2 |作为第二信使的一个重要组成部分．在胁迫信号传递方面的功能正受到日益重视。激素如ABA在渗透调节和胁迫基因的诱导方面发挥了重要作用。胁迫基因目前主要是指渗透调节基因。首先在细菌中被发现，后来在高等植物中也相继分离克隆出来。有许多不同的方法用来选育耐盐植物，包括选、引、育等常规育种方法和基因工程，突变体育种等生物工程方法。它们各有特点．都发挥了各自的作用。对植物耐盐机理有限的认识以及高等植物结构与功能的高度复杂性制约着耐盐植物选育工作的进展。     

大庆地区主要造林树种耐盐碱能力评价

采用室内盆栽试验的方法 ,初步评价了主要造林树种的耐盐碱能力。试验结果表明 ,乔木树种 10 9柳 ,灌林树种柽柳、枸杞耐盐碱能力最强 ,可以在盐碱土地上探索发展     

我国园林植物耐盐性评价及鉴定研究进展

园林植物耐盐性评价体系建立、耐盐碱园林植物筛选及其在盐碱地园林绿化中的应用至关重要,可为盐碱地区园林绿化树种选择提供依据,以维持生物多样性和生态稳定性。文中从园林植物盐胁迫处理方式及处理时间、植物耐盐性评价指标、数据分析等方面对盐碱区景观绿化植物耐盐性评价进行讨论,发现评价中存在指标多、周期长、结果多样性等问题。同时从地域和形态习性的角度对景观绿化植物耐盐性鉴定进行了梳理,将我国常见的343种绿化植物按耐盐级别进行了分类,其中特耐盐植物80种、强耐盐植物103种、中度耐盐植物93种、轻度耐盐植物55种;南方耐盐植物明显多于北方,在耐盐植物种类和数量上,灌木多于乔木,而草本较少。概述了耐盐碱园林绿化植物的应用现状,对如何解决我国园林植物耐盐性评价、鉴定和在实际应用中的诸多问题,以及我国耐盐碱园林植物研究方向进行了展望。     

重金属铅和镉对土壤与作物的危害及防治

重金属污染环境对人类的危害很大,对作物产量和质量也影响极大。在受重金属污染的土壤上,如果种农作物或其它植物,可采用排土客土法,也可施用化学改良剂或调整种植结构,发迹耕作制度,减少生金属进入食物链,在垦复绿化时要造反估大气污染和土壤污染的极端条件下能良好地生长。     

黄河河口区城镇引种非抗盐花木栽植技术

分析了黄河口地区城镇园林绿化引种非抗盐花木不易成功的原因,针对盐碱土采用合理的治盐工程措施和管理技术可显著提高花木栽培的成活率和保存率。     

A comparison of root growth dynamics of silver maple and flowering dogwood in compacted soil at differing soil water contents

Many bottomland tree species are tolerant of compacted soil and perform well in urban environments; however, the mechanism underlying this tolerance is unknown. Increased soil water content has been shown to alleviate some of the effects of soil compaction on plant growth, presumably because increasing soil water reduces soil strength. We hypothesized that tree species tolerant of very wet soils would have opportunities for root growth in compacted soil when high soil water contents reduced soil strength, whereas species intolerant of bottomland conditions would not. We tested this hypothesis on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), a mesic species intolerant of inundation, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), a bottomland species. Seedlings of both species were grown in pots for 21 and 30 days, respectively, in a growth chamber in native loam soil maintained at various combinations of soil strength and soil water tension. Downward root growth rate decreased in response to increasing soil strength in both species. At low soil strength (0.6 MPa), downward root growth rate of dogwood seedlings slowed when soil was either excessively wet or dry, whereas root growth rate of silver maple seedlings increased linearly with soil water content. In moderately compacted soil (1.5 g cm(-3) bulk density), silver maple seedlings had greater root growth rate, root length per plant, and ratio of root length to root dry weight in wet soil (0.006 MPa soil water tension) than in moist and dry soils (0.026 and 0.06 MPa, respectively), even though mean oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) was only 0.28 &mgr;g cm(-2) (SE = 0.05). No such effect was detected in highly compacted soil (1.7 g cm(-3) bulk density) in either species. Mean ODR showed a weak positive correlation with soil water tension (r = 0.40, P = 0.07), but was unrelated to soil strength. We conclude that silver maple roots can grow in moderately compacted soil when high soil water content decreases soil strength, whereas dogwood is unable to take advantage of this opportunity.     

7种园林植物的耐盐性研究

利用滨海盐碱土配制栽培土壤,采用大棚盆栽试验方法,对7种常见园林绿化植物的生长表现、存活率、高生长、叶绿素含量、相对含水量进行研究的结果表明:连翘、月季和四季桂的耐盐性较差,只能在含盐量不大于2.3 g/kg的土壤中正常生长;其次为金叶女贞,能在含盐量不大于4.6 g/kg的土壤中生长;雪松能在含盐量不大于4.9g/kg的土壤中正常生长;油松能在含盐量不大于5.8g/kg的土壤中正常生长;爬地柏耐盐性最强,能正常生长于含盐量高达8.7g/kg的土壤中.     

Future outlook for Pinus patula in South Africa in the presence of the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium circinatum)

Approximately 50% of the area planted to softwood trees in South Africa has been established with Pinus patula, making it the most important pine species in the country. More effort has gone into developing this species for improved growth, tree form and wood properties than with any other species. This substantial investment has been threatened in the last 10 years by the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. The fungus infects and contaminates nursery plants and, once transferred to the field, causes severe mortality of young trees in the first year after establishment. Although nurserymen have some control of the disease, it is recognised that the best long-term solution to mitigate damage because of F. circinatum infection is to identify tolerant species, clones and hybrids for deployment in plantations in the future. Research has shown that alternative species such as P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. elliottii are suitable for warm sites. Pine hybrids, particularly between P. patula and the high-elevation sources of P. tecunumanii, appear to be a suitable replacement on subtemperate and temperate sites. Although these alternative species and hybrids are more sensitive to subfreezing temperatures than P. patula, their planting range can be increased by including cold tolerance as a selection criterion. Future breeding efforts will most certainly focus on improving the tolerance of pure P. patula to F. circinatum, which can be achieved by identifying specific family crosses and tolerant clones. The commercial deployment of disease-tolerant control-pollinated P. patula and hybrid families will most likely be established as rooted cuttings, which requires more advanced propagation technology. In the long term, new seed orchards comprised of P. patula clones tolerant to F. circinatum could be used to produce seed for seedling production.     

Tolerance of Pinus patula full-sib families to Fusarium circinatum in a greenhouse study

The pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum, has caused large-scale mortality of young Pinus patula Schiede and Deppe ex Schltdl. and Cham. seedlings in nurseries in South Africa since 1990. Diseased seedlings have been inadvertently carried to the field, which in turn have died and has reduced stocking below an acceptable level. Tree breeders have suggested that the only long-term solution to limit infection by this pathogen is to identify and deploy tolerant P. patula families. A commonly used technique to identify tolerant clones is to artificially inoculate open-pollinated progeny from orchard clones with F. circinatum under greenhouse conditions. In these trials, large variation in tolerance to the pathogen among seedlings within open-pollinated families was observed and this could be influenced by the pollen parent. Therefore, identifying individual full-sib families, where both parents are known, should improve the identification of tolerant families, which can then be repeated. In this study, cuttings from control-pollinated P. patula seedling hedges were inoculated with F. circinatum in a greenhouse. The results showed large family variation where some of the full-sib families were similar in tolerance to P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii seedlings. Therefore, it is recommended that breeders focus on identifying specific family combinations that are more tolerant to F. circinatum.     

厦门大学校园内石栗生长不良原因初步研究

通过对石栗 (Aleuritesmolucana)个体生长状况、生理指标、土壤养分和盐分含量及叶片元素含量的分析 ,初步认定厦门大学校园内的石栗生长不良的主要原因是盐害 ,而不是由于土壤养分缺乏。石栗是一种比较耐盐的园林绿化树种 ,在盐度不高于 3 5mg·g-1的土壤上能正常生长     

Study on Cultural Technologies and Salt-resistance of Nitraria sibirica in Coastal Areas with Serious Salt-affected Soil

In this research, five Nitraria sibirica provenances such as Dayilu were selected to do experiment of salt-resistance, combining fixed plots test with typical plot investigation, measuring survival rate and growth as main indicators. The experiments of main cultural technology were done on Nitraria sibirica in 4 types of site preparation, 3 types of planting, 3 designs for planting density. The Nitraria sibirica experiments for the effects of curbing salt and improving soil were done by testing soil nutrients, salt content, soil physical properties as focal points in typical site of 3-4 years woods. The experiment results showed that the Nitraria sibirica could survive well with soil salt content of 0.6%, and that survival rate declined distinctively as soil salt content exceeded 0.8%. However, high soil salt content did not influence growth in the year of planting. There were obvious differences in salt-tolerance among Nitraria sibirica provenances; Dayilu was the best on salt-tolerance, the other 4 pro     

盐碱地改良利用研究进展

该文简要回顾了盐碱地改良利用研究的历史，介绍了当前国际上开展此项研究的最新进展情况。以水肥为中心，工程措施、农业措施、生物措施相互结合，是改良盐碱地的有效途径；盐水灌溉、采用新的化学改良方法、引种耐盐植物等是盐碱地改良利用的新措施；耐盐生理研究的进步，促进了耐盐品种的选育工作，加快了盐碱地改良利用的步伐     

Agroforestry on alkali soils: Effect on some management practices on initial growth,biomass accumulation and chemical composition of selected tree species

This field study started in July 1982 on a typical alkali soil (Aquic Natrustalf, ESP 99.7) examined the growth responses to some management practices in a unified system planned to establish agroforestry. The planting of 3 salt tolerant tree species with two methods: on flat natural surface (FSPB) without rainwater conservation and on ridges (0.6 m high, 1.5 m at top and 2.5 m at base) having parallel trenches of the same section to store 300 mm of monsoon rainwater; constituted the main plot treatments. The tree planting with and without forage grassDiplachne fusca linn. in the inter-row space and planting in shallow (15 × 60 cm) and deep (15 × 180 cm to cross hard pan) augerholes filled with amendment treated soil (2 kg gypsum, 8 kg FYM, 50 g N, 10 g zinc sulphate and original soil) formed the sub and sub-plot treatments replicated 4 times in a split-split plot design.The mean plant height ofEucalyptus tereticornis smith;Acacia nilotica L; andParkinsonia aculeata L. in 2 years period was 273 and 328, 240 and 240 and 211 and 199 cm respectively with and without rainwater conservation. The corresponding height of the 3 tree species was 314 and 287, 250 and 231 and 207 and 203 cm with and without grass in the inter-row space. Similarly the plant height was 247 and 354, 182 and 298, 172 and 238 in shallow and deep augerholes respectively. The tree height and basal diameter differences with and without rainwater conservation and grass growth remained non-significant but deep augerhole planting was markedly superior to the shallow augerhole planting. The 2 year biomass accumulation also followed the same trend. The grass competed with trees for moisture during hot dry summer months and increased plant mortality particularly in the shallow augerholes and more so on ridges. The plant roots, essentially, remained confined to the amended soil of the augerholes in FSPB but proliferated in the loose soil of ridges or grass and submergence ameliorated surface soil of trenches.Acacia nilotica accumulated low sodium and had the lowest Na:Ca and Na:K ratio. It was found more promising than eucalyptus and parkinsonia as it experienced low mortality and had better chemical constitution to tolerate adverse alkali soil environment. The rainwater conservation system needed further evaluation before drawing final conclusions.     

Recent trends in nursery practice in New Zealand

The plantation resource in New Zealand is now 1.73 million hectares, of which 90% is Pinus radiataD. Don (radiata pine). The resource has been expanding at over 50,000 ha per year since 1992, although new planting is currently declining. In 1998, new planting and restocking of previously clear-felled areas was 81,100 ha. Initial stocking rates vary, but are typically in the range of 800–1000 plants per hectare, requiring around 80 million nursery plants to be raised per year.Sufficient open-pollinated seed is produced for New Zealand requirements. An increasing proportion of more expensive control-pollinated seed is being used to increase genetic gain. This has led to increased use of vegetative propagation by cuttings and tissue culture, providing more than 25% of current planting stock. These propagules, especially cuttings, often have better early performance compared with seedlings, perhaps because of their larger size. Clonal forestry options are also now being evaluated.Seedling quality specifications have been well defined for bare-root radiata pine, but not well quantified for more recent plant types such as vegetative propagules or container-grown plants. Both root system quality and physiological age can be important for vegetative propagules. These propagules, especially cuttings with a physiological age of less than 4 years, have performed as well as seedlings for growth, and have been better than seedlings for stem form and early stability. Container-growing of planting stock is being introduced with this more valuable genetic material, and issues of plant quality are being raised, as it is expensive to grow large stock in containers. More research should be done to determine what plant quality standards are required to ensure successful establishment with these stock types.     

Why seedlings grow: influence of plant attributes

Successful forest restoration requires planting quality seedlings with optimal growth potential. Thus, nurseries need to produce seedlings with plant attributes that favor the best chance of successful establishment once they are field planted. From the mid-twentieth century on, research foresters have critically examined plant attributes that confer improved seedling growth under various restoration site conditions. This review examines the value of commonly measured seedling quality attributes (i.e., height, diameter, root mass, shoot-to-root ratio, drought resistance, freezing tolerance, nutrient status, root growth potential, and root electrolyte leakage) that have been recognized as important in explaining why seedlings with improved attributes have better growth after planting. Seedlings with plant attributes that fall within the appropriate range of values can increase the speed with which they overcome planting stress, initiate growth, and become “coupled” to the forest restoration site, thereby ensuring successful seedling establishment. Although planting high quality seedlings does not guarantee successful seedling establishment, it increases chances for successful establishment and growth.     

盐渍化土壤改良利用新方法——植物耐盐基因的遗传转化

土壤盐碱化是目前全球最严重的环境问题之一,包括人口膨胀在内的各方面因素使人类不断开发和利用大面积的土地,逐渐生成新的次生盐渍化,加速了土壤盐碱化的进程。通过农业生物技术培育耐盐植物品种或开发利用有经济价值的盐生植物资源以改良土壤已成为研究热点。文中综述了植物耐(抗)盐碱逆境胁迫的相关基因和外源基因遗传转化的方法,并对现今生物耐(抗)盐碱逆境胁迫的基因转化研究进行了展望。     

红木在广州地区的栽培及生长表现

概述红木的形态特征、育苗栽培技术和在广州市地区引种栽培情况,表明红木适应广州地区的土壤与气候环境,具有粗生、速生、抗逆性强和耐修剪等特点,适用于园林绿化种植。同时提出了发展红木经济林用于提取胭脂树橙色素的做法。     

不同树种种质耐苏打盐碱土的苗木试验

应用完全随机区组试验,对38份植物种质进行耐苏打盐碱能力试验,结果表明:白刺种质不适合在弱盐碱地块下生长。在低、中含盐碱地块下试验的苗木,其保存率差异极显著,但成活率差异都不显著。选出白榆57、72、212、216、8033,沙枣、白蜡、杜梨、西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺、甘肃柽柳、甘蒙柽柳和多枝柽柳为耐中度苏打盐碱土的植物。在高浓度土壤含盐量地块下,不同种质苗木成活率与保存率差异显著,筛选出西伯利亚白刺(通榆种源)、齿叶白刺、甘肃柽柳、甘蒙柽柳和多枝柽柳为耐重度苏打盐碱土的植物。     

PHYSIOLOGY OF WOODY PLANT UNDER SALT CONDITION

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