生物炭对豫西丘陵区农田土壤团聚体稳定性及碳、氮分布的影响

为研究生物炭对豫西丘陵地区农田土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及其碳、氮在团聚体中分布的影响,进一步探明生物炭对丘陵区农田土壤结构和养分的长期作用效果。采用田间长期定位试验,生物炭用量为0(C0),20(C20),40(C40)t/hm~2 3个处理,研究生物炭施用5年后对土壤团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,探究土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特性。结果表明:施加20,40 t/hm~2生物炭可提高0—20,20—40 cm土层的机械性0.5 mm以上粒级和水稳性0.053 mm以上粒级团聚体含量。在0—20 cm土层中,C20和C40处理下0.25 mm的机械性团聚体(DR_(0.25))分别较对照增加3.78%和6.83%,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WR_(0.25))分别较对照增加31.0%和49.45%,土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))分别较对照降低4.30%和6.85%,土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)分别较对照降低9.71%和14.77%,土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)分别较对照增加28.44%和45.34%,几何平均直径(GMD)分别较对照增加32.04%和54.92%。各粒级的有机碳和全氮含量随生物炭施用量的增加而增加,有机碳和全氮含量都以0.25～0.053 mm粒级最高,且0—20 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量高于20—40 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量;随着生物炭施用量的增加,2,2～0.25,0.25～0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之增加,而0.053 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之降低。总体来说,生物炭能够改善豫西丘陵地区农田土壤的团聚体结构,增加土壤大团聚体的含量,增强团聚体的稳定性,提高土壤团聚体中碳、氮含量,有利于豫西地区农田土壤肥力的保持和持续健康发展。     

保护性耕作对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田套作模式土壤团聚体的影响,在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对传统耕作(T)、垄作(R)、传统耕作+覆盖(TS)和垄作+覆盖(RS)4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作体系玉米大豆共生时期土壤团聚体进行筛分和测定分析.结果表明:在玉米条带,随着团聚体粒级的减小各处理间水稳性团聚体质量分数差异降低,且差异主要出现在＞0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体中.但是在小麦—大豆条带,不同处理的水稳性团聚体含量没有明显差异.不同土层的土壤水稳性团聚体含量趋势一致,大小排序为A1(＞2 mm粒级的团聚体)＞A2(2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体)＞M2(＜0.053mm粒级的团聚体)＞M1(0.25～0.053 mm粒级的团聚体).0-5 cm土层＞2 mm粒级的团聚体含量在36.31％～54.84％之间,低于5-10 cm土层的含量(55.22％～70.73％),耕作处理对土壤水稳性团聚体的影响主要表现在0-5 cm土层中,5-10 cm土层各处理间没有差异.不同粒级团聚体内有机碳含量大小排序为A2＞A1＞M1＞M2,有机碳主要富集在2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体内,其中的水稳性团聚体有机碳含量变化尤其敏感.保护性耕作措施能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,虽然2～0.25 mm粒级中的有机碳含量最高,但是它的质量分数较低,土壤总有机碳增加主要是由于＞2 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量提高.在西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作模式下,保护性耕作有利于改善土壤团聚体结构,增加大团聚体含量,促进土壤有机碳的固定.     

长期施用有机肥对西北半干旱区小麦田土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳的影响

以国家土壤质量安定观测实验站黄绵土区长期定位试验为研究平台,研究长期施肥对半干旱区小麦田土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体含量随粒级减小总体呈先降低后增加的变化趋势,团聚体有机碳含量随粒级减小呈增加的变化趋势。长期化肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)和单施有机肥(OM)较单施化肥(NPK)处理显著增加了>0.25 mm团聚体含量和团聚体平均质量直径,提高了>1 mm粒级土壤团聚体对有机碳的贡献率。各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量及团聚体有机碳储量均随着土层的加深而降低,>1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳对长期施用有机肥的农田有机碳变化响应敏感。NPKM和OM较NPK处理显著增加了0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体有机碳含量及其储量,其中0～10 cm土层团聚体有机碳储量分别增加了34.1% 和25.2%,10～20 cm土层分别增加了26.89% 和17.95%,而长期NPK处理对团聚体有机碳含量及其储量影响不明显。综上所述,在西北黄土丘陵半干旱区黄绵土条件下,长期施用有机肥(NPKM和OM处理)可显著提高耕层>0.25 mm团聚体含量及其稳定性,增加团聚体有机碳储量,土壤增碳培肥效果显著,而单施化肥对改善农田土壤团聚体结构及其固碳培肥效果不明显,需加强与有机肥配施从而实现土壤培肥。     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复中不同粒级土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

对黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分布特征及其对植被恢复的响应进行了研究。结果表明：（1）黄土丘陵区不同植被覆盖条件下,土壤有机碳的分布具有一定的表聚性,0～20 cm土层中有机碳的含量均高于20～40 cm中有机碳的含量,不同植被群落下有机碳的含量大小为：大针茅群落〉长芒草群落〉铁杆蒿群落〉百里香群落;（2）同一深度土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳的分布特征是：0.5～0.25 mm与1～0.5 mm两个粒级中有机碳的含量最高,〉1 mm的团聚体中有机碳的含量有随粒级增大而减小的趋势;（3）恢复年限对不同粒级土壤团聚体中有机碳的含量影响很大,有机碳的含量随恢复年限的增加总体呈上升趋势。黄土高原沟壑区土壤有机碳的积累与土壤团聚体的粒级和植被恢复的类型、年限等有明显的关系。     

灌溉方式对保护地土壤微团聚体及其碳、氮分布的影响

以连续13年沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种不同灌溉方式灌溉的保护地土壤为对象,研究不同灌溉处理保护地土壤微团聚体的分布及其碳、氮含量变化.结果表明,不同灌溉处理间,0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤微团聚体含量均以渗灌处理最高,且0-10 cm土层灌溉处理间差异大于10-20 cm土层;各灌溉处理0-10 cm土层和10-20 cm土层土壤微团聚体均以0.01～0.05 mm粒级为优势粒级,0.05～0.25 mm粒级为次优势粒级,而＜0.01 mm粒级土壤微团聚体含量最少;灌溉处理间0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层各粒级土壤微团聚体全氮含量分布的总体趋势是滴灌高于沟灌和渗灌,且颗粒越小、这一处理间差异越明显,而处理间各粒级土壤微团聚体总碳含量差异不明显;0-10 cm土层某粒级土壤微团聚体总碳和全氮含量高于10-20 cm土层同粒级土壤微团聚体,而在同一土层微团聚体粒径越小、其总碳和全氮含量越高.从土壤结构及养分性状考虑,滴灌和渗灌比沟灌更适合于保护地蔬菜栽培灌溉.     

长期施肥下不同种植年限碱化草甸土水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布

以松嫩平原碱化草甸土为研究对象,通过长期施用有机肥,对不同种植年限碱化草甸土水稳性团聚体及有机碳的粒径分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,土壤较大粒级水稳性团聚体(>1mm)含量减少,而0.25~0.5mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量明显增加随种植年限的增加,各粒级碱化草甸土有机碳平均含量呈增加趋势。2~5mm粒级土壤有机碳平均含量最高,随粒级的减小,有机碳含量逐渐减少,0.25~0.5mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量与有机碳含量呈现显著正相关关系种植4a后,碱化草甸土土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳含量开始呈现稳中有升的趋势。     

长期施用有机肥对草甸碱土水稳性团聚体及其碳氮分配的影响

试验依托东北农业大学盐碱土长期定位试验站(始建于1995年),研究不同施肥年限下草甸碱土水稳性团聚体含量及其碳、氮分配规律。结果表明,长期施用有机肥可以显著增加0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量52.3%~60.8%,0.5~0.25 mm粒级的水稳性团聚体随着种植和有机肥施用年限的提高显著增加。施肥5年后,草甸碱土土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量开始呈现稳中有升的趋势。大团聚体对有机碳和全氮的贡献率分别为47.9%~89.3%和52.9%~82.1%。5 mm和5~2 mm粒级的团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量与该粒级团聚体数量均呈显著性正相关。连续5年高量有机肥的投入,已经对草甸碱土培肥改良起到了显著效果,此后维持正常的施入量即可。     

不同生长年限紫花苜蓿草地土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

对黄土高原地区不同生长年限紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草地土壤团聚体0~40 cm土层的分布及其有机碳含量特征进行研究。结果表明:土壤总有机碳随着生长年限的增加而呈先增加后减小的趋势,各年限0~10 cm土壤有机碳含量均最高,呈表聚现象。不同生长年限紫花苜蓿湿筛处理下土壤团聚体均以0.106 mm粒级团聚体为主,约为40%~90%,随土层深度增加而减小;0.25 mm粒级团聚体在4年时含量最高,并随生长年限的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势。不同年限紫花苜蓿土壤团聚体有机碳以0.106 mm粒级团聚体含量最高,随粒级的减小而增加;不同年限紫花苜蓿土壤20~40 cm团聚体有机碳含量高于0~20 cm土层,并随生长年限增加呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

横坡和顺坡耕作对紫色土土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

通过径流小区试验,分析探讨了紫色土横坡和顺坡两种耕作模式下表层(0~20 cm)土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳含量的特征,为紫色土区坡耕地的有效改造和综合利用提供科学依据。试验结果表明,横坡耕作下土壤水稳性指数K值比顺坡耕作高38.99%,而土壤分散性D值为顺坡耕作的1.64倍,横坡耕作抗蚀性大于顺坡耕作。横坡耕作>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量比顺坡耕作增加3.62%,>5 mm、5~3 mm、3~2 mm水稳性团聚体含量横坡耕作均高于顺坡耕作,横坡耕作显著提高>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量。横坡耕作下团聚体结构体破坏率较顺坡耕作减少3.05%,团聚体平均重量直径为顺坡耕作的1.39倍。2种耕作模式下0.5~2 mm团聚体有机碳含量均最高,>0.25 mm不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量百分数均随粒径的减小而减小,均在0.5~0.25 mm粒级下达到最小。横坡和顺坡耕作模式下2~1 mm团聚体有机碳含量无显著差异。横坡耕作较顺坡耕作能够显著增加紫色土>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量,且对有机碳的固持作用更好,有利于土壤结构的改善。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被群落土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分的分布

有机碳是形成土壤团聚体的重要物质,植被群落通过有机残体的输入增加土壤有机碳含量,从而通过影响团聚体的形成而影响土壤结构。为探究不同植被群落对土壤结构改良的意义,对黄土丘陵区森林带和草原带的不同植被群落土壤团聚体中有机碳组分进行了研究。结果表明:(1)研究区域森林带土壤有机碳含量大于草原带,森林带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:辽东栎群落>人工刺槐群落>狼牙刺群落,草原带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:人工沙棘群落>达乌里胡枝子+茭蒿群落>铁杆蒿+达乌里胡枝子群落;(2)土壤活性有机碳和腐殖质碳占土壤总有机碳的比例在两种植被带之间基本相同,相同植被群落土壤活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的比例高于腐殖质碳占总有机碳的比例;(3)森林带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量显著高于草原带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量,各种形态的有机碳随着土壤团聚体粒级的增大有机碳含量呈先增加后减少或者随着团聚体粒级的增大而增大的趋势,2~0.25 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量最高;(4)草原带每种植被群落土壤活性有机碳含量空间差异性较大,辽东栎群落各种形态土壤有机碳含量的空间差异性都较大,<0.25 mm团聚体腐殖质碳含量大于其他粒径;(5)草原带人工沙棘群落土壤各种形态有机碳在土壤剖面上的含量差异很小,其他各植被群落0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均大于10~20 cm土层。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.