氮锌配施对冬小麦根土界面锌有效性及形态分级的影响

【目的】 氮能够促进冬小麦根系对锌的吸收及在籽粒中的积累。研究氮锌配施对冬小麦根土界面锌有效性及形态分级的影响,有助于探究氮锌配施促进冬小麦吸收锌的可能机制,为合理施用氮肥来提高冬小麦籽粒锌含量提供一定的理论依据。 【方法】 以冬小麦为试材进行了根箱培养试验。分别设置三个氮水平 (0、0.2和0.4 g/kg) 和两个锌水平 (0和10 mg/kg),分析了冬小麦地上部锌含量、根际土和非根际土有效锌含量、pH以及六种锌形态含量。 【结果】 氮锌配施 (N_0.2Zn₁₀和N_0.4Zn₁₀) 处理显著提高了冬小麦地上部干物质重和锌含量。在不施锌 (Zn₀) 条件下,N_0.4处理显著提高根际土壤的有效锌含量;在Zn₁₀条件下,N_0.4和N_0.2处理均显著降低根际土有效锌含量,却提高了非根际土有效锌含量。无论施锌与否,N_0.4和N_0.2处理均显著降低根际土壤的pH,但对非根际土壤的pH影响不大。在Zn₀条件下,N_0.4和N_0.2处理显著降低了根际土壤交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌及非根际土氧化物结合态锌含量,提高了非根际土交换态锌、根际与非根际土壤残渣态锌含量。在Zn₁₀条件下,N_0.4和N_0.2处理显著提高了根际和非根际土交换态锌、非根际土松结有机态和紧结有机态锌及根际土残渣态锌含量,降低了根际土松结有机态、碳酸盐结合态锌及根际与非根际土壤残渣态锌含量。 【结论】 氮锌配施提高冬小麦锌含量,促进冬小麦锌的吸收,可能是由于氮锌配施与冬小麦根系共同作用降低了根际土壤pH,促进土壤中锌从松结有机态和碳酸盐结合态向交换态转化,从而提高了土壤锌的有效性。      

氮锌配施对不同冬小麦品种产量及锌营养的影响

为比较石灰性土壤氮锌配施对不同小麦品种生长及锌营养的影响,选10种本地主要种植小麦品种,进行连续两年的田间试验,测定小麦产量及锌含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤上单施锌肥和氮锌配施对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量的影响因品种而异。单施锌肥及氮锌配施处理可显著增加土壤有效锌含量,但单施锌肥处理仅增加"西杂1号"、"武农148"、"郑麦9023"籽粒锌含量;氮锌配施增加除"小偃22"外其余9种供试小麦品种籽粒锌含量,增幅为7.3%～54.7%。单施锌肥对小麦锌累积量增加的效果不明显;氮锌配施可显著增加小麦地上部锌累积量,两季分别增加6.5%、29.8%。单施氮肥可显著增加小麦锌吸收,但其主要累积在小麦茎叶部。在石灰性土壤上,单施锌肥虽显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,但对小麦产量及籽粒Zn含量增加有限,氮锌肥配施可取得较好效果。     

氮锌配施对作物产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响研究进展

锌是作物生长必需的微量元素之一,在作物生长发育过程中起着至关重要的作用。但众所周知,锌肥施入土壤后有效性下降,利用率较低,提高锌肥有效性一直以来广受关注。而氮是作物生长发育所必需且需求量较大的营养元素,与锌元素具有协同效应,氮锌科学配施不仅可以提高锌肥有效性,也能提高氮肥利用率,并能促进作物生长和养分吸收,提高产量,但氮锌的这种协同作用因土壤类型、作物种类等的不同而不同。所以了解氮锌配施在不同土壤类型、不同作物上的应用效果及其影响因素具有重要的生产意义。通过查阅大量文献,对氮锌肥配施在不同土壤类型、不同作物上的应用效果进行了综述,并分析了氮锌配施效果的影响因素。结果显示,氮能促进作物对锌的吸收和转运,提高作物籽粒中锌的浓度;锌可通过促进氮的代谢过程,提高作物对氮素的吸收利用。氮锌配施具有明显的协同效应:(1)促进作物生长,提高作物产量,改善作物品质;(2)增加作物对氮、锌的吸收。但这种协同效应受作物种类、土壤性质、氮锌配施比例及配施方式等因素的影响,导致氮锌配施的应用效果也不同,在生产中应根据不同土壤和作物科学配施氮锌,以实现高产高效。氮锌科学配施能够促进作物高产、优质,但目前关于氮锌配施的作用机理研究还较少,氮锌配施技术也还有待进一步优化。因此,未来应加强氮锌互作机理研究,明确不同条件下氮锌配施最优比例及方式,从而为促进锌高效利用及研发氮锌肥料新产品提供技术依据和理论指导。     

长期施用有机肥和化肥对菜田土壤锌有效性的影响

菜田土壤肥料定位试验结果表明, 长期施用有机肥和氮肥能够提高土壤有效锌含量,而且随着氮肥用量的增加,土壤中锌有效性增强。无论施有机肥或不施有机肥,磷钾化肥单施或配施对土壤锌有效性都不会产生明显影响。土壤中锌的有效性受多种因素影响,本试验条件下,土壤有效锌含量与土壤全碳、全氮含量均呈极显著的正相关关系,而与土壤pH值之间相关性比较小。     

小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理研究

本文报道了淮北平原砂姜黑土区小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理的研究.结果表明,在缺锌的砂姜黑土上,氮锌配合施用具有显著的增产效果.盆栽小麦增产10.2%～18.8%;大田小麦平均增产9.76%～16.6%.氮锌配合施用显著提高了土壤有效锌和速效氮含量水平,促进了小麦对氮锌的吸收,有效提高了植株氮锌含量,土壤水解氮含量增加了9.13%～21.2%;有效锌含量提高了32.3%～64.5%,小麦氮锌含量分别升高5.2 0%～13.0%和18.9%～36.7%,氮和锌积累量分别增加22.2%～49.7%和40.2%～68.2%. 说明在本试验条件下适当的氮锌配施对小麦生长发育具有明显的促进作用.     

低锌旱地土壤水分对小麦产量和锌利用的影响

【目的】西北旱地土壤有机质含量低,pH和碳酸钙含量高,导致土壤有效锌含量低,加之水分缺乏,不仅制约冬小麦生长和产量,还严重影响小麦锌的吸收利用。本研究选取西北旱地典型缺锌区,在土施锌肥的基础上,设置了2年的补充灌水田间试验,进一步研究水分对土壤锌有效性、 小麦生长、 产量以及锌和相关元素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2010~2012年在陕西永寿县进行,采用裂区设计,锌肥为主处理,在不施锌与施锌(ZnSO4·7H2O)50 kg/hm2的基础上,设置在冬小麦关键生长期补充和不补充灌水2个副处理。在成熟期采集植株样品,测定了小麦产量、 生物量,各器官部位的锌及氮、 磷、 钾、 铁的含量; 采集0—40 cm土层土壤,测定了土壤有效性锌含量。【结果】在返青期、 孕穗期补灌20~30 mm水分对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部位锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,不施锌和施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理小麦籽粒锌含量分别提高3.8%~16.3%、 3.8%~13.1%,灌水使锌肥利用率提高21.2%~177.8%。灌水量和灌水时期的不同也影响锌在小麦各器官部位的分配与累积,第一季施锌和不施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理锌收获指数分别降低5.1%和2.0%,而第二季锌收获指数分别提高2.1%和2.7%。两季灌水对小麦籽粒中铁及大量元素氮磷钾含量的影响亦各不相同。【结论】在旱地缺锌土壤上,小麦生长关键期灌水对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部分锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,说明水肥结合对旱地石灰性土壤锌和锌肥有效性的影响应引起进一步重视,这对提高旱地缺锌地区作物和人体锌营养水平具有潜在意义。     

小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理研究

本文报道了淮北平原砂姜黑土区小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理的研究。结果表明 ,在缺锌的砂姜黑土上 ,氮锌配合施用具有显著的增产效果。盆栽小麦增产1 0 2 %～ 1 8 8% ;大田小麦平均增产 9 76 %～ 1 6 6 %。氮锌配合施用显著提高了土壤有效锌和速效氮含量水平 ,促进了小麦对氮锌的吸收 ,有效提高了植株氮锌含量 ,土壤水解氮含量增加了 9 1 3%～ 2 1 2 % ;有效锌含量提高了 32 3%～ 6 4 5 % ,小麦氮锌含量分别升高 5 2 0 %～ 1 3 0 %和 1 8 9%～ 36 7% ,氮和锌积累量分别增加2 2 2 %～ 49 7%和 40 2 %～ 6 8 2 %。说明在本试验条件下适当的氮锌配施对小麦生长发育具有明显的促进作用     

氮锌配施对冬小麦产量及土壤氮素转化相关酶活性的影响

  【目的】  锌(Zn)能够促进冬小麦对氮(N)素的吸收利用。研究氮锌配施对冬小麦土壤氮素形态转化及相关酶活性的影响,有助于探究氮锌配施促进冬小麦吸收利用氮的可能机制,为通过合理施肥提高冬小麦产量和品质提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘郑麦379’为试材进行壤质潮土培养试验,设置CK (不施N和Zn)、Zn (施Zn 10 mg/kg)、N (施N 0.2 g/kg)、N+Zn (施N 0.2 g/kg+Zn 10 mg/kg) 共4个处理,分析了冬小麦产量及产量构成要素,测定4个生育期植株各部位N、Zn含量,土壤NO₃–-N和NH₄+-N含量及土壤硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性。  【结果】  与CK相比,Zn、N及N+Zn显著提高了冬小麦每盆穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量,提高了不同时期小麦根、茎叶、穗和籽粒中N、Zn含量,且N+Zn处理的提高幅度明显高于Zn和N处理。随着冬小麦生育期的延长,各处理下土壤NO₃–-N和NH₄+-N含量有所降低,亚硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性有所提高,蛋白酶活性有所降低。N和N+Zn处理能显著提高土壤NO₃–-N含量,且N+Zn在冬小麦生育后期提高土壤NO₃–-N含量的幅度显著高于N处理。Zn、N及N+Zn处理能显著提高冬小麦生育后期土壤NH₄+-N的含量,且N+Zn处理提高的幅度高于Zn处理。Zn处理显著降低了拔节期后土壤硝酸还原酶活性,N及N+Zn处理降低了小麦生育后期土壤硝酸还原酶活性,且N+Zn降低硝酸还原酶活性的程度高于N处理;Zn、N和N+Zn处理均降低了土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性;Zn和N处理显著降低拔节期土壤脲酶的活性,但Zn、N和N+Zn处理均显著提高了土壤蛋白酶活性。  【结论】  氮锌配施提高冬小麦籽粒产量,促进冬小麦吸收土壤氮素,这是由于氮锌配施提高了土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性,促进了土壤有机氮向铵态氮及铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,同时降低了冬小麦生育后期土壤硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性,抑制了硝态氮的反硝化作用,从而提高了土壤中可供冬小麦吸收的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。     

磷锌配施对石灰性土壤磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响

针对磷锌在土壤-植物系统中复杂的交互作用,本文采用盆栽试验,研究了磷锌配施对石灰性土壤中磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施锌明显增加了土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量,土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量随着施磷水平的提高逐渐增加;施磷明显增加了土壤中速效磷含量,在相同施磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量随施锌量的增加而增加;施锌提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒锌含量,且在各施锌背景下随施磷量的增加明显地降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,但提高了籽粒中锌含量。施磷提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒磷含量。在低磷水平(不施磷和施21.82 mg kg-1)时,施锌对茎叶中磷含量的提高作用明显,且随施锌浓度的提高而提高,但籽粒中磷含量逐渐降低;而在高磷水平(174.56 mg kg-1)下,施锌则降低了小麦植株茎叶中磷含量,而籽粒中磷含量却随施锌水平的提高而提高。因此,石灰性土壤中施磷肥提高了土壤中锌的有效性,而锌也提高了磷的有效性,同时发现施磷降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,促进了锌元素从植株向籽粒的运输,增加了小麦籽粒中锌含量,但是在低磷条件下,施锌提高了茎叶磷含量,却降低了籽粒磷含量,而在高磷条件下,施锌降低了茎叶磷含量,提高了籽粒含量。     

有机无机肥配施提高旱地麦田土壤养分有效性及酶活性

【目的】有机无机肥配施可显著提高土壤微生物活性,改善土壤养分供应状况。深入理解不同氮肥用量配施有机肥下土壤的生物化学性状,为充分发挥肥料效益,实现冬小麦高产稳产提供科学施肥依据。【方法】以冬小麦为供试作物,在黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区连续三年进行了田间定位试验。采用裂区试验,设置5个氮肥用量 (N 0、75、150、225、300 kg/hm2),配施或不施有机肥 (30 t/hm2)。在冬小麦拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期,取0—20 cm土层样品,采用常规方法测定土壤养分和酶活性。在收获期,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量。【结果】1) 冬小麦产量以施氮量N 150 kg/hm2配施有机肥处理最高,且有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理相比能够在减少19.1%的氮肥用量条件下,保证冬小麦产量稳产高产,此外在天气不理想的状况下,冬小麦的净收益也能保持在较高水平。2)在冬小麦的整个生育期,有机无机肥配施处理可显著提高0—20 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮含量以及土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性,与单施化肥处理相比分别增加18.2%、27.4%、149.3%、31.4%、27.6%、4.0%、4.7%、1.5%,但对过氧化氢酶活性无明显促进作用,且除了脲酶以施氮量N 300 kg/hm2配施有机肥的活性最高,其余指标均以施氮量N 150 kg/hm2配施有机肥处理效果最佳。3) 施氮量、有机肥、冬小麦生育期显著影响土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,施氮量和有机肥的交互效应显著影响碱性磷酸酶活性,施氮量和冬小麦生育期的交互效应显著影响土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,有机肥和冬小麦生育期的交互效应显著影响土壤碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,施氮量、有机肥和冬小麦生育期三者的交互效应显著影响土壤蔗糖酶活性。4) 相关分析表明,土壤碱性磷酸酶与有机质间、脲酶与速效钾之间均未达显著相关水平,土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶与有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾均呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】土壤养分、酶活性和冬小麦产量之间密切相关,在施用有机肥30 t/hm2的基础上配施氮肥N 150 kg/hm2,有利于增强黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区冬小麦土壤生态系统的可持续性。     

Soil zinc and pH effects on leaf zinc and the interaction of leaf calcium and zinc on zinc toxicity of peanuts

Abstract

Zinc toxicity of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), resulting from excessive amounts of Zn applied to previous crops, has been observed for many years in a limited number of peanut fields in Georgia. A tentative critical value of 12 mg/kg of Mehlich No.1 extractable soil Zn has been reported, but soil pH should be considered in establishing a more precise critical value since availability of soil Zn is affected greatly by soil acidity. A 3‐year study was conducted on a Tifton loamy sand (thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) to evaluate the relationship between soil pH and soil Zn on concentration of Zn in peanut leaves. Factorial treatments were 0, residual, medium, and high rates of Zn and soil pH levels near 5.5, 5.9, 6.2, and 6.8. Pod yields were not affected by treatments and Zn toxicity was not observed. Leaf Zn was affected more by soil pH than by soil Zn, but correlation coefficients were highest where both soil pH and soil Zn were included in the determination. A regression equation, based on soil pH and soil Zn, showed that an increase in soil Zn from 1.0 to 10.0 mg/kg increased leaf Zn 202 mg/kg at soil pH 4.6 and only 9 mg/kg at pH 6.6. Data from growers’ fields, in which samples were collected from eight healthy and toxic areas, indicated that a leaf Ca:Zn ratio of 50 or less was required for Zn toxicity of peanuts rather than high concentrations of leaf Zn per se.     

Comparison of soil zinc extractants for detection of applied zinc and prediction of leaf zinc concentration

Abstract

Many soil extractants have been developed for determination of zinc (Zn) availability to plants. The optimum soil Zn extractant should be useful not only for prediction of plant Zn concentration but also for detection of applied Zn levels. The objectives of this study were: i) to compare soil Zn extradants for detecting applied Zn and for predicting peanut leaf Zn over a range of soil pH levels, and ii) to correlate other soil‐extractable Zn levels with Mehlich‐1. Soil and peanut leaf samples were taken from a field study testing pH levels as the main plots and Zn application rates in the sub‐plots. Extractable Zn was determined on soil samples using Mehlich‐1, Mehlich‐3, DTPA, MgNO₃, and many dilute salt extradants of varied strength and pH. Correlation of extractable soil Zn to cumulative applied Zn levels revealed Mehlich‐1, Mehlich‐3, DTPA, and AlCl₃ extradants to be among the best indicators of applied Zn. Leaf Zn concentration was best correlated with soil Zn extracted by dilute salts, such as KCl, CaCl₂, NH₄Cl, CaSO₄, and MgCl₂. Including soil pH as an independent variable in the regression to predict leaf Zn considerably improved R‐square values. The DTPA‐extractable soil Zn levels were very well correlated with Mehlich‐1‐extractable Zn. Mehlich‐3 extracted about 20% more soil Zn than Mehlich‐1, but Mehlich‐3 soil Zn was not as well correlated to Mehlich‐1 soil Zn as DTPA soil Zn. Lower pH solutions extracted more of the applied Zn, but more neutral solutions extracted Zn amounts which were better correlated with Zn uptake. On the other hand, Mehlich‐1, which had a lower pH, had better correlations with both applied Zn and leaf Zn than did Mehlich‐3. Shortening the DTPA extraction time to 30 minutes resulted in better correlations than the standard two hour extraction time. Chloride (Cl) was the best anion tested in relation to soil applied Zn recovery in combination with potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and aluminum (Al), and Cl optimized leaf Zn correlations for ammonium (NH₄), K, Ca, and magnesium (Mg). The larger the valence of the cation, the better the correlation with applied Zn and the poorer the correlation with leaf Zn.     

Effects of zinc complexes on the distribution of zinc in calcareous soil and zinc uptake by maize

The movement and availability of Zn from six organic Zn sources in a Typic Xerorthent (calcareous) soil were compared by incubation, column assay, and in a greenhouse study with maize (Zea mays L.). Zinc soil behavior was studied by sequential, diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, and Mehlich-3 extractions. In the incubation experiment, the differences in Zn concentration observed in the water soluble plus exchangeable fraction strongly correlated with Zn uptake by plants in the greenhouse experiment. Zinc applied to the surface of soil columns scarcely moved into deeper layers except for Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) that showed the greatest distribution of labile Zn throughout the soil and the highest proportion of leaching of the applied Zn. In the upper part of the column, changes in the chemical forms of all treatments occurred and an increase in organically complexed and amorphous Fe oxide-bound fractions was detected. However, the water soluble plus exchangeable fraction was not detected. The same results were obtained at the end of the greenhouse experiment. Significant increases were found in plant dry matter yield and Zn concentration as compared with the control treatment without Zn addition. Increasing Zn rate in the soil increased dry matter yield in all cases but Zn concentration in the plant increased only with Zn-EDTA and Zn-ethylenediaminedi-o-hydroxyphenyl-acetate (EDDHA) fertilizers. Higher Zn concentration in plants (50.9 mg kg(-)(1)) occurred when 20 mg Zn kg(-)(1) was added to the soil as Zn-EDTA. The relative effectiveness of the different Zn carriers in increasing Zn uptake was in the order: Zn-EDTA > Zn-EDDHA > Zn-heptagluconate >/= Zn-phenolate approximately Zn-polyflavonoid approximately Zn-lignosulfonate.     

玉米幼苗对短暂供锌的反应及缺锌后再供锌的恢复

用溶液培养的方法研究了玉米幼苗对短暂供锌的反应及缺锌后再供锌的恢复效果.结果表明:10～12小时的正常供锌后再缺锌培养,对玉米幼苗的危害比一直缺锌的还大;缺锌培养使玉米幼苗出现缺锌症状后再正常供锌,可使之恢复,低锌使玉米出现的缺锌症状比缺锌培养的更难以恢复,证明低锌比缺锌对玉米造成的危害更大,缺锌使玉米的有机酸分泌增加,低锌增加的更多.     

锌对不同基因型玉米缺锌后的恢复效果及胚乳在缺锌中的作用

用溶液培养法研究不同Zn浓度对玉米缺Zn后恢复效果及胚乳在缺Zn中作用结果表明,不同基因型玉米缺Zn后恢复所需的适宜Zn浓度不同,敏感品种比非敏感品种要求更高的Zn浓度。缺Zn后恢复所需适宜Zn浓度高于正常培养所需适宜Zn浓度,低浓度Zn(0.1μmol/L)无恢复作用(生物量)。带上胚乳使敏感品种在缺Zn、低Zn下受抑程度(缺Zn与供Zn生物量差值)提高,而非敏感品种受抑程度反而减小。缺Zn与低Zn培养时体内P含量提高,胚乳可缓解这种影响。缺Zn后再供Zn可使体内Zn含量提高,而P含量降低,玉米对Zn产生奢侈吸收,使体内Zn含量超过正常供Zn水平,表明缺Zn后植物对Zn的要求提高。0.1μmol/L Zn恢复对“吉单120”玉米Zn含量无明显影响,但“辽单22”玉米Zn含量显著提高,这表明非敏感品种比敏感品种利用低Zn的能力更强。     

不同白菜品种对锌的响应及锌利用效率研究

采用盆栽试验研究了白菜[Brassica campestris L.ssp.Chinensis(L.)Makino]4个品种对不同浓度锌(Zn 0、1、10 mg/kg)的响应.结果表明,白菜的生物量及体内锌含量随锌水平的增加而增加;但白菜品种对锌营养反应的敏感性不同.地上部锌含量、锌积累量和锌吸收效率均以日本华冠(J...     

Soil zinc and pH effects on zinc concentrations of corn plants

Abstract

Z1nc (Zn) deficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) has been detected in 20 or more states 1n the United States including Georgia. Since soil pH is a major factor in assessing the availability of soil Zn, this measurement has been included with acid extractable soil Zn in developing calibration Zn soil tests in North Carolina and Virginia. The objectives of this study were to develop a reliable soil test for Zn based on soil pH and Mehlich 1 soil Zn for corn gown on coarse‐textured soils and to compare our soil test values with those recently published from North Carolina where Mehlich 3 was the extractant. The study was conducted 1n 1979 to 1981 on a Tifton loamy sand (Plinthic Paleudult) site which had been used to study the influence of lime rates on micronutrient availability since 1970. Treatments consisted of four soil pH levels ranging from 5.3 to 6.6 and soil Zn levels ranging from 0.5 to 4.9 mg/kg. The Zn levels were established from the previous study where 5.6 kg Zn/ha had been applied annually for eight years (residual treatment) and by applying 3.36 or 6.72 kg Zn/ha during 1979, 1980 and 1981.

Soil Zn, corn shoot, and ear leaf Zn values were reflective of the amount of Zn applied except that the residual Zn treatment resulted in Zn concentrations > than the annual application of 3.36 kg Zn/ha. Zinc tended to accumulate in the soil and in corn leaf tissue more from the residual Zn than the recently applied Zn treatments, especially at the highest pH levels. Increasingly more soil Zn was required to increase corn shoot and ear leaf Zn one mg/kg as soil pH increased. In the initial year, each unit (kg/ha) of applied Zn increased corn shoot Zn approximately 4 units (mg/kg) at pH 5.3 and only 0.3 unit at pH 6.6. Zinc deficiency symptoms developed in corn shoots for the two highest soil pH levels in two of three years. Corn yields were increased by Zn only in 1980 and were increased by residual or applied Zn at pH levels of 6.2 and 6.6. Regression equations from these studies were utilized to develop predictive corn shoot and ear leaf Zn values over wide ranges in soil Zn and pH. Our field research data using Mehlich 1 extractant could possibly be used satisfactorily in North Carolina regression equations where Mehlich 3 was the extractant; however, certain limitations would need to be imposed in the North Carolina equations.     

Effects of chelated zinc,soluble and coated fertilizers,on soil zinc status and zinc nutrition of maize

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) was greenhouse cultivated with doses of 5, 10, and 15 ppm of zinc (Zn) in order to test the effectiveness of laboratory‐prepared coated and uncoated Zn fertilizers with commercial Zn‐EDTA and Zn‐ligno‐sulphonate (LS). Large increases were achieved both in crop yield and in Zn uptake in all cases while a large part of the Zn applied remained in the soil in easily plant‐available forms. Positive significant correlations were obtained between available Zn and the first three sequentially extracted fractions (water soluble plus exchangeable, organically complexed and that associated to amorphous sesquioxides) and also between the variables, yield, Zn concentration, and plant Zn uptake. Zinc uptake by the maize plants can be fairly accurately predicted from its sequential fractioning in the soil using an equation obtained by multiple regression analysis. Consideration of the amounts of Zn remaining as available (DTPA extractable) in the soil and results of a plant analysis let us conclude that under the conditions of our tests, Zn‐EDTA is a better Zn source than Zn‐LS. In addition, coating of Zn‐EDTA products with rosin improves their performance.     

Prediction of residual effects of zinc sulfate on growth and zinc uptake of corn plants using three zinc soil tests

Abstract

A significant portion of chemical zinc (Zn) fertilizers applied to calcareous soils is not absorbed by the first crop and may, therefore, affect the growth and chemical composition of the subsequent crops. This is called the residual effect of Zn. Soil tests may be used to predict such effects. The present experiment was conducted to study the residual effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on the second crop of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on selected highly calcareous soils of Iran and to compare the suitability of three soil tests for prediction of the effects. Twenty highly calcareous soils of southern Iran (16–58% calcium carbonate equivalent; pH 7.9–8.5), previously treated with three levels of Zn (0, 10, and 20 mg Zn/kg as ZnSO₄) and under one crop of corn, was used in greenhouse to grow a second crop of corn without additional Zn fertilizer but with uniform application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe). Soils were sampled before the second crop and extracted with three Zn extradants, DTPA, EDTA‐(NH₄)₂CO₃, and EDTA. Dry weight of plant tops and Zn concentration and uptake after eight weeks under the greenhouse conditions were used as the plant responses to residual Zn. Statistical analyses including F‐test and multiple regression equations showed that the overall effect of previously‐applied Zn on dry matter was nonsignificant, but Zn concentration and uptake were significantly increased. The three soil tests predicted the Zn concentration and uptake equally well. Moreover, DTPA and EDTA soil tests could predict the dry matter of plants at the highest level of previuosly‐applied Zn (20 mg Zn/kg), especially when selected chemical properties of soil, namely, calcium carbonate equivalent or organic matter content, were considered in the regression equations.     

叶面施锌对马铃薯产量和锌含量的影响

在缺锌土壤中施用锌肥不仅可提高马铃薯产量,而且能显著提高马铃薯块茎锌含量,研究旨在揭示不同 熟性马铃薯叶面施用锌肥的不同施肥量、施肥时期及施肥种类在提高马铃薯产量和块茎锌含量方面的差异。以马 铃薯品种费乌瑞它、大西洋、定薯 4 号为供试材料,于 2020 年 4 月至 2021 年 10 月在大田条件下设置 3 组试验: 试验 1 为不同类型锌肥喷施试验,设不施锌肥为对照(G0)、喷施硫酸锌水溶液(G1)、喷施硫酸锌 + 尿素水溶 液(G2)和喷施安米达·糖醇锌水溶液(G3)4 个处理;试验 2 为不同锌肥喷施量试验,设喷施浓度为 0.00% (F0)、0.02%(F1)、0.03%(F2)、0.04%(F3)、0.05%(F4)和 0.06%(F5)6 个处理;试验 3 为不同时期喷 施锌肥试验,设全生育期不喷施锌肥为对照(L0)、苗期喷施(L1)、现蕾期喷施(L2)、块茎形成期喷施(L3) 和块茎膨大期喷施(L4)5 个处理。结果表明,叶面喷施适量硫酸锌,马铃薯产量、块茎锌含量和叶片 SPAD 值 均有所提高。早熟品种费乌瑞它与中熟品种大西洋,喷施锌肥浓度为 0.30% 时,块茎锌含量较未喷施分别显著增 加 37.25% 和 32.26%;晚熟品种定薯 4 号锌肥浓度为 0.50% 时块茎锌含显著增加 31.75%。不同品种马铃薯喷施关 键时期均在块茎形成期和膨大期,块茎锌含量较未喷施平均显著增加 46.26%。叶面喷施硫酸锌和尿素水溶液增产 增效显著,块茎锌含量显著增加 42.11%,产量显著增加 12.86%。综上所述,结合叶面施锌增加马铃薯产量和块 茎锌含量的田间应用效果分析,在早、中熟品种马铃薯上采用 0.30% 硫酸锌水溶液,晚熟品种上采用 0.50% 硫酸 锌水溶液,因地制宜采用叶面喷施硫酸锌水溶液配施 0.05% 尿素,在马铃薯块茎形成期和块茎膨大期两个关键时 期进行喷施,可协同实现最佳肥料利用效率、最大程度的稳产增产和提高马铃薯的锌营养含量。