秸秆还田与施氮量耦合对冬小麦产量和养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验,比较研究了秸秆还田和不还田条件下氮肥施用量对我国黄淮海平原典型农区冬小麦籽粒产量、产量构成因素、养分吸收过程及土壤速效养分的影响,目的是为了挖掘不同耦合条件下的小麦产量形成机理。结果表明相同施肥条件下,秸秆还田有增加冬小麦籽粒产量的趋势,但只有在施氮量为150和200 kg/hm2时,其差异达显著水平;当不施肥或施氮量为250kg/hm2时,差异不显著,总体来说,秸秆还田的增产率为6.34%~12.17%,这可能主要由于秸秆还田提高了籽粒千粒重所致,也可能与秸秆还田增加了冬小麦拔节-抽穗期地上部生物量氮素吸收量有关。同时,秸秆还田配施氮肥还提高了土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量,为作物养分吸收提供了肥力基础。与不施肥相比,单纯施肥导致的籽粒产量增加主要由于增加单位面积小麦穗数所致,但不同施肥量之间籽粒产量没有显著性差异,表明当地常规施肥习惯有一定节肥潜力。     

不同施氮量对高粱产量及植株养分积累的影响

利用控制性的大田试验栽培技术,连续2a采用氮的添加试验,研究了不同施氮量(CK、低氮LN、中氮MN、高氮HN)对高粱(Sorghum bicolor)产量及植株养分积累的影响。结果表明:施氮处理下高粱植株株高、根长、叶面积指数、茎粗、地上和地下生物量均高于对照,随着氮浓度的增加,高粱植株生长各指标以中水平施氮(MN)处理下达到最大,说明施氮能够促进高粱的生长,但氮肥在高用量时可能会产生轻微抑制作用;施氮对高粱植株叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均有明显的促进作用,不同施氮处理下高粱叶绿素a和b、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈先增加后减小的趋势,说明施氮能够促进高粱叶片叶绿素合成;高粱植株不同部位的碳、氮、磷和钾积累量表现出较大的差异,穗部的碳、氮、磷和钾积累量最高,其次是叶片,根部碳、氮、磷和钾积累量最低,其中不同部位的碳、氮、磷和钾积累量均表现为MNHNLNCK,由此表明了施氮能够增加高粱碳、氮、磷和钾的积累量;施氮对高粱植株养分的影响表现为一定程度的增加效应,随施氮量的增加高粱植株养分呈先增加后降低的趋势,表明了高粱植株在一定程度上对养分的累积作用,其增幅随施氮量的增加而增加。Pearson相关性分析表明,施氮量与株高、茎粗、单株叶面积、单株干重、籽粒产量、穗数和千粒重呈现出显著性相关关系,由此表明,施氮量与高粱主要性状以及养分吸收息息相关,在高粱高产高效栽培中起着重要的作用。     

施氮量对双季稻产量及氮磷钾吸收利用的影响

研究不同施氮量对双季稻产量、氮磷钾积累量及氮磷钾利用率的影响,同时探讨双季稻吸收利用氮、磷、钾素三者间的相互关系。通过田间试验研究施氮量不同、磷钾投入量相同条件下的双季稻产量、双季稻氮、磷、钾积累量、双季稻氮、磷、钾素利用效率及磷钾吸收利用与氮吸收利用的关系。结果表明:双季稻产量在一定范围内(早稻0～105 kg/hm~2,晚稻0～146 kg/hm~2)随施氮量的增加而提高,之后产量随施氮量增加而降低。本试验施氮条件下,早稻产量最高的处理为75%N(105 kg/hm~2),比CK(不施化肥)增产58.1%;晚稻产量最高的处理为100%N(146 kg/hm~2)处理,比CK增产67.6%。施氮水平对双季稻植株氮、磷、钾养分积累量有显著影响,早、晚稻稻谷氮、磷、钾积累量均以100%N处理最高。不同施氮水平对氮、磷、钾养分利用效率也有显著影响。适宜的施氮量可以增加双季稻产量,促进水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,同时提高双季稻的氮、磷、钾素利用效率。综合考虑双季稻产量效应及氮磷钾养分的有效吸收利用,双季稻施氮量为105～146 kg/hm~2较为适宜。     

不同施氮量对棉花产量和棉田土壤养分的影响

为探讨连续定位试验条件下不同施氮水平对棉花产量和棉田土壤养分含量及养分利用效率的影响,于2018—2020年连续3年在阿拉尔开展田间试验,设置6个纯氮处理:0(N0)、90(N1)、180(N2)、270(N3)、360(N4)、450 kg·hm^-2(N5),研究了定点定量施氮对棉花土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分、植株干物重及含氮量、产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,各处理土壤有机质、全氮及速效养分含量均随土层加深而减少。随施氮水平的提高,收获期棉田0~60 cm各土层土壤有机质含量基本无显著差异,全氮、碱解氮含量整体表现为N0、N1和N2处理低于N3、N4和N5处理,速效磷含量变化则反之;不同年限处理间速效钾含量基本以N3处理最低,至2020年N3处理0~60 cm土层速效钾平均含量较其他处理低23.49%~51.13%。棉花地上部单株干物重和单株含氮量均以棉铃占比最高,不同处理分别为59.04%~62.91%和56.48%~65.16%。各处理地上部单株干物重、单株含氮量、皮棉产量和氮肥表观利用率均随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,且均在N3处理达到最大,试验年内N3处理平均单株干物重和单株含氮量分别为117.25和1.96 g,皮棉产量2 419.39 kg·hm^-2,较其他处理分别高出29.75%、14.32%、8.18%、8.54%和10.21%,氮肥表观利用率也最高,为47.26%。因此,综合考虑产量及氮肥利用效率,推荐南疆阿拉尔地区棉花氮肥适宜用量为270 kg·hm^-2。在此施用量下可获得棉花高产,并减少收获期土壤养分残留。本研究结果为棉花精准施肥提供了理论依据。     

施氮量对木薯养分吸收和土壤有效养分平衡的影响

从高效施肥角度出发,采用田间试验,研究施氮量对木薯干物质积累、养分吸收及土壤有效养分含量的影响。结果表明:随施氮量的增加,茎、叶干物质积累量显著增加,但块根干物质积累量先增后降,以施氮130 kg/hm~2的最高,比不施氮增加18.13%。增加施氮量,木薯各器官磷、钾积累量及茎、叶氮积累量明显增加,块根氮积累量则先增加后下降。氮肥农学利用率、生理利用率及偏生产力随施氮量的增加而显著下降,氮肥吸收利用率以施氮130 kg/hm~2的最高,比其他处理提高11.37%~25.12%。木薯收获后,随施氮量的增加,土壤碱解氮明显增加,有效磷及速效钾不同程度下降,但各处理有效磷、速效钾及施氮195 kg/hm~2处理的有效氮明显盈余。综合分析认为,本研究条件下木薯施氮130 kg/hm~2较为适宜。     

施氮量和株距对机插杂交稻结实期养分转运和产量的影响

以中迟熟杂交稻渝香203为材料,研究施氮量和株距对机插稻结实期养分转运和产量的影响,并探讨结实期养分转运与产量形成的关系。结果表明,施氮量及株距对机插稻结实期物质转运、各营养器官养分转运及最终产量均存在显著的调控作用。在机插行距30 cm下,施氮量150 kg·hm-2与机插株距17.5 cm配合可以有效的提高机插稻结实期叶片与茎鞘养分及物质转运、协调高产栽培的穗、粒矛盾,从而显著提高籽粒产量;施氮量为105 kg·hm-2,以机插株距15~17.5 cm为宜,而施氮量为195 kg·hm-2,应适当扩大株距,来缓解机插稻结实期物质输出率及转运率的降低,提高总颖花数及结实率,本试验机插株距以17.5~20 cm为宜。相关性分析表明,施氮量和株距下机插稻稻谷产量与结实期叶片、茎鞘养分转运存在显著和极显著的相关性;并结合产量表现,尤其以叶片及茎鞘磷、钾养分的转运利用率与产量相关性最高(r=0.551**~0.693**),对促进增产更为重要。本研究为中迟熟杂交稻机械化育插秧配套技术应用提供理论和实践依据。     

施氮与灌水对夏玉米产量和水氮利用的影响

通过田间裂区试验,研究了不同灌水量（900、 1200和1500 m3/hm2）和施氮量（0、 150、 210和270 kg/hm2）对夏玉米生长状况、 产量构成及水、 氮利用效率等的影响。结果表明: 当灌水量超过最低量 900 m3/hm2、 施氮量超过150 kg/hm2时,二者对玉米产量、 产量构成因素（穗粒数、 百粒重及穗粒重）和收获指数（HI）以及各生育期干物质积累量等均没有明显影响; 氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力随氮肥用量的增加呈明显降低趋势; 灌水生产效率和水分利用效率随灌水量的增加也显著降低,二者均表现为900 m3/hm21200 m3/hm21500 m3/hm2。因此,在本试验条件下,以W900N150处理的水、 氮利用效率、 产量及其构成因素等较高,并且对环境造成潜在危害最小,为当地地域气候条件下夏玉米生产中节水减氮的较为适宜的水氮配比。     

适宜施氮量提高棉花氮磷钾养分积累和皮棉产量

【目的】棉花是喜磷喜钾作物,适宜的施氮量不仅可以保证棉花的营养生长,还会促进磷、钾的吸收。为此我们研究了中熟和中早熟棉花品种的适宜施氮量。【方法】田间试验于2019—2020年在河南安阳开展。试验采用裂区设计,主区设7个施氮量：0、60、120、180、240、300、360 kg/hm²,依次记为N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300、N360;副区为黄河流域两个主栽棉花品种冀棉228 (中熟)和鲁棉研28号(中早熟)。在棉花采收期,测定了棉花地上部生物量、产量及氮、磷、钾含量,计算氮、磷、钾累积量和皮棉生产效率。【结果】与N0相比,中熟品种冀棉228地上部生物量在施氮0～240 kg/hm²范围内,随施氮量的增加显著增加,施氮量超过240 kg/hm²后生物量不再显著增加;而中早熟品种鲁棉研28号地上部生物量在施氮量超过180 kg/hm²后,就不再显著增加。施氮显著增加了冀棉228和鲁棉研28号地上部的氮、磷、钾累积量,冀棉228分别增加了37.5%、23.5%、29.2%,鲁棉...     

典型黑土不同施氮量对马铃薯产量和氮素利用率的影响

  【目的】  我国马铃薯生产中养分不平衡施用问题严重，过量施氮不利于农业可持续发展和生态环境保护。在养分专家系统 (Nutrient Expert，NE) 推荐施肥量基础上，研究不同施氮量对马铃薯产量、养分吸收和氮肥利用率的影响，为马铃薯推荐施肥提供科学依据。  【方法】  于2017―2018年，分别在黑龙江克山县不同地块进行2个田间试验，在NE系统推荐施肥量 (N₁₈₀) 的基础上，设减施推荐施氮量的50% (N₉₀)、25% (N₁₃₅) 和增施25% (N₂₂₅)、50% (N₂₇₀) 4个处理，并以不施氮肥的处理作对照 (N₀)。测定马铃薯产量、养分吸收量、肥料利用率等指标。  【结果】  017和2018年马铃薯产量均以NE系统推荐的N₁₈₀处理最高，较N₀处理两年平均增产40.4%。N₉₀和N₁₃₅处理低施氮水平 (≤ 180 kg/hm2) 下，随着施氮量的增加，马铃薯产量也明显增加，当施氮量超过NE系统推荐的施肥量 (180 kg/hm2) 后，继续增施氮肥对产量增加无明显作用。与N₀处理相比，两年N₁₈₀处理的块茎、秸秆和全株氮素吸收量平均增幅分别为49.8%、58.2%和52.0%，磷素吸收量平均增幅为36.3%、52.2%和39.8%，钾素吸收量平均增幅为26.4%、46.8%和31.3%，生产1 t块茎 (鲜重) 所需要的氮、磷、钾养分分别为4.6、1.1和5.8 kg。N₁₈₀处理的产量和氮磷钾养分吸收量均为最高，氮素农学效率和回收率与N₉₀和N₁₃₅处理差异不显著。  【结论】  在不超过马铃薯氮素需求条件下，增加氮肥投入可显著增加马铃薯产量和氮素吸收量，NE系统能够指导马铃薯科学施肥，保障马铃薯产量，提高氮肥利用效率。     

不同施氮量及分配对小麦生长发育和产量的影响

不同施氮量及分配试验表明,未施氮素较施用氮素的小麦早熟６天,施用氮素（Ｎ,下同）３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,倒伏严重,产量低。以每公顷施２４０ｋｇ氮素,基肥：追肥＝６：４最好,分蘖比对照多０．５４个／株,有效穗比对照、施氮素１８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２分别多５１、４５、２７万／ｈｍ＾２,每穗粒数分别多１０．７、０．５、０．９粒,产量达８９７１．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,比对照、施氮素１８０ｋｇ／ｈ     

Field efficiency of biofertilizers on the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [(L.) Moench])

An experiment was carried out at the Farm of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from March to July, 2001 to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on morpho‐physiological characters of okra. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. There were nine treatments such as T₀ (control), T₁ (Azotobacter biofertilizer), T₂ (Azospirillum. biofertilizer), T₃ (Azotobacter + Azospirillum. biofertilizers), T₄ (Azotobacter + Cowdung 5 t ha^–1), T₅ (Azospirillum + 5 t ha^–1 cowdung), T₆ (Azotobacter + Azospirillum + 5 t ha^–1 cowdung), T₇ (5 t ha^–1 cowdung), and T₈ (60 % N). The experimental results revealed significant variations among the treatments in respect of morphological characters, e.g. plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem base diameter, tap root length, and physiological characters like root dry weight, leaf area index, and crop growth rate. Number of leaves per plant, stem base diameter, root length, root dry weight, leaf area index, and crop growth rate were larger in T₄, T₅, T₆, and T₈ than the others. In all the parameters, T₈ gave the similar result with biofertilizers in combination with cowdung treatments, and T₇ was identical with T₀ (control). These experimental results revealed that morpho‐physiological characters of okra could be modified by the application of biofertilizer + cowdung. However, biofertilizers + cowdung treatments were comparable to T₈ (60 % N) in this study. This suggests that T₄ or T₆ or T₅ were more benificial in environmentally friendly okra cultivation and may be used as an alternative of inorganic N by saving cost of production and sustaining productivity.     

Influence of Cocoa Pod Husk-Based Compost on Nutrient Uptake of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MOENCH) and soil properties on an Alfisol

This experiment evaluated the potentials of cocoa pod husk (CPH)-based compost on okra and soil chemical properties. Three CPH-based compost: CPH+ Neem leaf (CPH+ NL), CPH+ Poultry manure (CPH+ PM) and CPH+ PM+ NL were prepared. The treatments; 25, 50, 75, 100 kg N/ha of each compost and NPK mineral fertilizer at 40, 50, 60 kg N/ha and control, were applied to 5 kg soil each and arranged in a completely randomized design in three replicates. Two varieties of okra (NH47-4 and LD88) were grown for six weeks and residual effect evaluated. The Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium uptake of okra were determined. Pre- and post-cropping soil analyses were done. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test at α_0.05. The results showed that the nutrient uptake of okra consistently increased with CPH-based compost compared to control in both main and residual cropping. Nitrogen uptake ranged from 53.6 (60 kg N/ha NPK) to 106.7 (50 kg N/ha CPH+ PM) and 16.10 (50 kg N/ha NPK) to 55.06 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ PM+ NL); Phosphorus uptake ranged from 6.9 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) to 24.1 (60 kg N/ha NPK) and 3.70 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) to 9.98 (50 kg N/ha CPH+ PM+ NL), while potassium uptake ranged from 166.4 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) to 244.48 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ PM+ NL) and 64.06 (40 kg N/ha NPK) to 122.29 (75 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) mg/plant in main and residual cropping, respectively. Organic carbon, pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) were also significantly increased by the CPH-based compost. It could, therefore, be concluded that CPH-based compost could be a good fertilizer for okra production.     

Population structure,gene flow and genetic diversity analyses based on agro-morphological traits and microsatellite markers within cultivated and wild germplasms of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.]

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Monech.] is an annual herb of the family Malvaceae and has tremendous nutritional and industrial potential. However, the...     

Interactive effects of saline irrigation water and genotypes on nutrient composition of chamomile (Matricaria Recutita L.)

This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of salinity (2, 6, 9, and 12 dS m^?1 sodium chloride (NaCl)) on three Iranian German chamomile genotypes (Shiraz, Ahvaz, and Isfahan). The Shiraz and Ahvaz genotypes, respectively, had the highest productivity and tolerance level, while the Isfahan was the less salt-tolerant genotype. In contrast to quantitative traits, the Isfahan genotype exhibited superior qualitative traits in terms of essential oil and chamazulene percentage. The differential responses to productivity and salt-resistance were attributed to the genetic variation, higher root to shoot ratios, and compartmentalization of sodium in roots of the Shiraz and Ahvaz genotypes, leading to better nutrient uptake and balance. While the nutrient composition was relatively in the same range for all genotypes, the higher accumulation of phosphorus in root and anthodia of the Shiraz genotype was evident. In addition, anthodia of the Ahvaz and root of the Shiraz genotype stored more nitrogen nutrient element.     

Optimum rate of nitrogen application and seed rate for deteriorated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In order to study the effect of seed quality (SQ), seed rate (SR), and nitrogen rate (NR) on yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was conducted as a factorial-split plot based on the randomized complete block design with four replications in Golestan Province, Iran. Treatments included the combination of SR and NR (recommended rate, 15 and 30% higher than the recommended rate) as the main plots, and SQ (control, 15, 30 and 45?h of accelerated aging) as the subplots. The interaction of NR?×?SR was significant on 1000-seed weight, seed yield, plant height, the number of seeds, biological yield, and harvest index. There was a significant reduction in all traits with an increase in seed aging. Seed yield had a significant and positive correlation with yield components. Using higher density and applying higher nitrogen fertilizer than those of recommended could reduce the negative effects of seed aging in wheat.     

Root water uptake of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) under deficit irrigation system

Root water uptake is a component of water balance that has not been clearly understood. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications under the greenhouse condition at Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. In this study, the root water uptake (RWU) by pepper plant under various irrigation water levels was investigated. Irrigation treatments included control (full irrigation level, FI) and three deficit irrigation levels, 80%, 60% and 40% of the plant's water requirement called DI₈₀, DI₆₀ and DI₄₀, respectively. A no-plant cover treatment with three replications was also used to measure evaporation from the soil surface. Daily measurements of volumetric soil moisture (VSM) were made at 10 cm intervals of the soil column. The differences between the measured VSM and the VSM in the next day, and evaporation rate at the soil surface at the same layer of the no-plant cover treatment were calculated and, eventually, the RWU in each layer per day was estimated. The results showed that the maximum and minimum RWUs were found in the FI and DI₄₀ treatments, respectively. The averages of root water uptakes in the DI₈₀, DI₆₀, and DI₄₀ treatments were reduced by 17.08%, 48.72% and 68.25%, respectively. Furthermore, in the DI₈₀ treatment, the reduced rate of water uptake was less than the reduced rate of water applied to the plants.     

Effects of nitrogen rate and nitrogen form on glycine uptake by pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) under sterile culture

It is well known that plants are capable of taking up intact amino acids. However, how the nitrogen (N) rates and N forms affect amino acid uptake and amino acid nutritional contribution for plant are still uncertain. Effects of the different proportions of nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺) and ¹⁵N-labeled glycine on pakchoi seedlings glycine uptake were investigated for 21 days hydroponics under the aseptic media. Our results showed that plant biomass and glycine uptake was positively related to glycine rate. NO₃^? and NH₄⁺, the two antagonistic N forms, both significantly inhibited plant glycine uptake. Their interactions with glycine were also negatively related to glycine uptake and glycine nutritional contribution. Glycine nutritional contribution in the treatments with high glycine rate (13.4%–35.8%) was significantly higher than that with low glycine rate (2.2%–13.2%). The high nutritional contribution indicated amino acids can serve as an important N source for plant growth under the high organic and low inorganic N input ecosystem.     

黄秋葵中黄酮类化合物提取方法优化及总黄酮抑菌效果研究

为高效提取黄秋葵中黄酮类化合物,本试验以黄秋葵中的4种主要黄酮类化合物和黄秋葵总黄酮含量为响应值,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken响应面试验进行提取工艺优化,并采用牛津杯法考察黄秋葵总黄酮对6种常见致病菌的抑菌活性.结果表明,在提取温度37℃、提取时间20 min、乙醇浓度70％、料液比1:25 g·mL-1的条...     

不同施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响

运用15N示踪法研究了不同施氮量对两个品种水稻（4007和武运粳15）干物质积累量与其对15N吸收及分配的影响。结果表明,当施氮量超过N 150 kg/hm2时, 两个品种水稻子粒产量均不再显著增加。4007在4个施氮量下(N 100,150,200和 250 kg/hm2)分别比无氮区增产22.3%,36.9%,43.2%和38.1%;武运粳15分别增产10.6%,18.8%,27.1%和21.5%。同一施氮量下,4007子粒中15N累积量显著高于武运粳15,但茎叶和根中没有差异。增加施氮量降低了15N在水稻子粒中的分配比例,但提高了茎叶中15N的分配比例。15N在根中的分配比例不受施氮量和品种的影响。研究结果还表明,同一施氮量下,4007对肥料氮的总体利用率要比武运粳15高3～6个百分点。     

Influence of rates and sources of nitrogen on growth,nitrogen uptake and yield of cotton (G. hirsutum L.)

Field experiments on cotton with different forms of urea applied at rates of 40 and 80 kg N/ha were carried out. The results indicated that application of nitrogen increased plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield and nitrogen uptake. The proportion of dry matter and nitrogen in the stem was increased and that in the leaves was reduced by N application. Sulphur coated urea (all applied at sowing) was about the same in effect as N-Serve treated urea and gave significantly more seed cotton yield than untreated urea, neem cake treated urea and sulphur coated urea (applied in two splits). Nitrogen efficiency as expressed by kg seed cotton production per kg N applied was greater with 40 kg N/ha rate than with 80 kg N/ha. Sulphur coated urea (all applied at sowing) gave the highest nitrogen efficiency followed by N-Serve treated urea.